Field and experimental studies on the combined impacts of cyanobacterial blooms and small algae on crustacean zooplankton in a large, eutrophic, subtropical, Chinese lake

Field and experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the combined impacts of cyanobacterial blooms and small algae on seasonal and long-term changes in the abundance and community structure of crustacean zooplankton in a large, eutrophic, Chinese lake, Lake Chaohu. Seasonal changes of the crustacean zooplankton from 22 sampling stations were investigated during September 2002 and August 2003, and 23 species belonging to 20 genera were recorded. Daphnia spp. dominated in spring but disappeared in mid-summer, while Bosmina coregoni and Ceriodaphnia cornuta dominated in summer and autumn. Both maximum cladoceran density (310 ind. l(-1)) and biomass (5.2 mg l(-1)) appeared in autumn. Limnoithona sinensis, Sinocalanus dorrii and Schmackeria inopinus were the main species of copepods. Microcystis spp. were the dominant phytoplankton species and formed dense blooms in the warm seasons. In the laboratory, inhibitory effects of small colonial Microcystis on growth and reproduction of Daphnia carinata were more remarkable than those of large ones, and population size of D. carinata was negatively correlated with density of fresh large colonial Microcystis within a density range of 0-100 mg l(-1) (r = -0.82, P < 0.05). Both field and experimental results suggested that seasonal and long-term changes in the community structure of crustacean zooplankton in the lake were shaped by cyanobacterial blooms and biomass of the small algae, respectively, i.e., colonial and filamentous cyanobacteria contributed to the summer replacement of dominant crustacean zooplankton from large Daphnia spp. to small B. coregoni and C. cornuta, while increased small algae might be responsible for the increased abundance of crustacean zooplankton during the past decades.

Body loadings and health risk assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans at an intensive electronic waste recycling site in China

This study is one of the very few investigating the dioxin body burden of a group of child-bearing-aged women at an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site (Taizhou, Zhejiang Province) (24 +/- 2.83 years of age, 40% were primiparae) and a reference site (Lin'an city, Zhejiang Province, about 245 km away from Taizhou) (24 +/- 2.35 years of age, 100% were primiparae) in China. Five sets of samples (each set consisted of human milk, placenta, and hair) were collected from each site. Body burdens of people from the e-waste processing site (human milk, 21.02 +/- 13.81 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) fat (World Health Organization toxic equivalency 1998); placenta, 31.15 +/- 15.67 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) fat; hair, 33.82 +/- 17.74 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) dry wt) showed significantly higher levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurnas (PCDD/Fs) than those from the reference site (human milk, 9.35 +/- 7.39 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) fat, placenta, 11.91 +/- 7.05 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) fat; hair, 5.59 +/- 4.36 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) dry wt) and were comparatively higher than other studies. The difference between the two sites was due to e-waste recycling operations, for example, open burning, which led to high background levels. Moreover, mothers from the e-waste recycling site consumed more foods of animal origin. The estimated daily intake of PCDD/Fs within 6 months by breast-fed infants from the e-waste processing site was 2 times higher than that from the reference site. Both values exceeded the WHO tolerable daily intake for adults by at least 25 and 11 times, respectively. Our results implicated that e-waste recycling operations cause prominent PCDD/F levels in the environment and in humans. The elevated body burden may have health implications for the next generation.

基于光纤阵列的2×2机械式光开关

于AD批量导入至AEzhangdi

High-performance 2 mm gate width GaNHEMTs on 6H-SiC with output power of 22.4 W @ 8 GHz

Optimized AlGaN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) structures were grown on 2-in semi-insulating (SI) 6H-SiC substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The 2-in. HEMT wafer exhibited a low average sheet resistance of 305.3 Omega/sq with a uniformity of 3.85%. The fabricated large periphery device with a dimension of 0.35 pm x 2 nun demonstrated high performance, with a maximum DC current density of 1360 mA/mm, a transconductance of 460 mS/mm, a breakdown voltage larger than 80 V, a current gain cut-off frequency of 24 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency of 34 GHz. Under the condition of continuous-wave (CW) at 9 GHz, the device achieved 18.1 W output power with a power density of 9.05 W/mm and power-added-efficiency (PAE) of 36.4%. While the corresponding results of pulse condition at 8 GHz are 22.4 W output power with 11.2 W/mm power density and 45.3% PAE. These are the state-of-the-art power performance ever reported for this physical dimension of GaN HEMTs based on SiC substrate at 8 GHz. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Scale study of direct synthesis of dimethyl ether from biomass synthesis gas

We investigated the synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) from biomass synthesis gas using a kind of hybrid catalyst consisting of methanol and HZSM-5 zeolite in a fixed-bed reactor in a 100 ton/year pilot plant. The biomass synthesis gas was produced by oxygen-rich gasification of corn core in a two-stage fixed bed. The results showed that CO conversions reached 82.00% and 73.55%, the selectivities for DME were 73.95% and 69.73%, and the space-time yields were 124.28 kg m- 3 h- 1 and 203.80 kg m- 3 h- 1 when gas hourly space velocities were 650 h- 1 and 1200 h- 1, respectively. Deoxidation and tar removal from biomass synthesis gas was critical to the stable operation of the DME synthesis system. Using single-pass synthesis, the H2/CO ratio improved from 0.98-1.17 to 2.12-2.22. The yield of DME would be increased greatly if the exhaust was reused after removal of the CO2.

笼内金属富勒烯Gd@C_(82)的分离和质谱研究

由于其独特的电子结构，笼内金属富勒烯（碳笼内包容金属原子）的研究一直吸引着人们极大的兴趣，目前已经合成并分离出的笼内金属富勒烯主要包括碳笼内包容铱、钪、镧系原子等。在本论文中我们利用质谱技术对笼内金属富勒烯Gd_2@C_(82)气相离子行为和C_(60)与丙烯酸甲酯气相离子反应进行研究，X光电子能谱对碳笼内轧原子的价态进行研究。笼内金属富勒烯Gd_2@C_(82)是利用电弧放电法合成的。将碳份与三氧化二钆 （C：Gd=1：100, 摩尔比）灌入碳棒，将为棒前处理后，在氦气份保护下进行放电。通过对空心富勒烯在不同沸点的溶解情况进行了研究，发现大碳数的空心富勒烯在高沸点容剂中有较大的溶解度。利用两步高温高压法，既先利用1，2，4－三甲2基苯对大碳数的空心富勒烯进行分离，然后利用吡啶对笼内金属富勒烯进行提取。利用三种不同的质谱电离方式：电喷雾 （ESI），激光解析飞行时间（LDI-TOF），共振电子捕获技术（REC）来研究笼内金属富勒烯的气相离子特征。实验结果表明LDI-TOF和REC电离技术得到的质谱谱图中，笼内金属富勒烯和空心富勒烯均出现分子离子峰，但在电喷雾质谱谱图中只有笼内金属富勒烯出现分子离子峰。结合这一实验结果和理论分析说明碳笼内钆离子偏离碳中心位置。通过对比笼内金属富勒烯Gd@C_(82)和三氧化二钆中钆离子的光电子能谱谱图，Gd@C_(82)的电子结构应表示为Gd~(3+)@C_(82)~(3-)。利用四极杆质谱仪对C_(60)分子[C_(60)H]~+和加成产物为[C_(60)C_4H_3O]~+，后者是丙烯酸甲酯分子经过α短裂后与质子化[C_(60)H]~+ 发生加成反应所得的产物，在限制性Hartree-Fock条件下，采用AM1半经验量子化学计算方法对加成产[C_(60)C_3H_3O]~+八种可能结构的产物进行计算，得出了三种可能的最稳定的环加成同分异构体。

Effect of cryoprotectants on hatching rate of red seabream (Pagrus major) embryos

The objectives were to investigate the effect of cryoprotectants on the hatching rate of red seabream embryos. Heart-beat embryos were immersed in: five permeable cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol (Gly), methanol (MeOH), 1,2-propylene glycol (PG), and ethylene glycol (EG). in concentrations of 5-30% for 10, 30, or 60 min; and two non-permeable cryoprotectants: polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and sucrose (in concentrations of 5-20% for 10 or 30 min). The embryos were then washed and incubated in filtered seawater until hatching occurred. The hatching rate of the embryos treated with permeable cryoprotectants decreased (P < 0.05) with increased concentration and duration of exposure. In addition, PG was the least toxic permeable cryoprotectant, followed by DMSO and EG, whereas Gly and MeOH were the most toxic. At a concentration of 15% and 30 min exposure, the hatching rate of the embryos immersed in PG was 93.3 +/- 7.0% (mean +/- S.D.), however. in DMSO. EG, Gly. and MeOH, it was 82.7 +/- 10.4, 22.0 +/- 5.7, 0.0 +/- 0.0, and 0.0 +/- 0.0%, respectively. Hatching rate of embryos treated with PVP decreased (P < 0.05) with the increase of concentration and exposure time, whereas for embryos treated with sucrose, there was no significant decrease in comparison with the control at the concentrations used. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

菜花烙铁头蛇毒去整合素的纯化、克隆及活性研究

蛇毒去整合素蛋白（disintegrin）家族一般具有分子量低、富含半胧氨酸和含有RGD三肽等结构特点，因其能与配基竞争结合细胞表面的整合素受体，干扰整合素的正常功能而呈现出多方面的生物学活性，如抑制血小板聚集、抑制肿瘤转移和诱导细胞凋亡等。本论文用凝胶过滤、反向高压液相等层析技术从我国云南产菜花烙铁头（Trimeresurusjerdonii）蛇毒中分离纯化到两个新的去整合素蛋白，分别命名为jerdonin和Jerdonatin。MALDI-TOF-MS测定jerdonin分子量为7483Da，jerdonatin分子量为80llDa，二者均属第二类去整合素。分别测定了其N末端25个氨基酸序列，发现与其它蛇毒来源的去整合素具有很高的相似性。提取菜花烙铁头毒腺总mRNA，通过反转录PCR（RT-PCR）扩增到两个去整合素cDNA序列，分别命名为TJDIS-1和TJDIS-2。TJDIS-1全长1528bp，TJDIS-2全长16O3bp，二者均包含编码信号肚区、前肤区、金属蛋白酶区、间隔肤区和去整合素区一属于P一H型金属蛋白酶家族。经推导的氨基酸序列和MALDI一TOF一MS分析，可确定TJDIS-1去整合素区编码jerdonin，TJDIS-2去整合素区编码jerdonotin。jerdonin全长71个氨基酸，jerdonatin全长72个氨基酸，二者均含12个半眺氨酸，且在C末端附近均含有去整合素家族的典型特征三肤序列一RGD。氨基酸序列比较分析显示，jerdon加与来源于侏响尾蛇（Sistrurusm.tergeminus）的去整合素tergeminin序列相似性最高，为82.2％。而jertionatin与来源于黄绿烙铁头（Trimeresurusflavoviridis）的去整合素CTF-I序列相似性最高，为97.2％，仅在RGD附近有两个氨基酸不同。jerdonin与jerdonatin序列相似性为67.6％。本论文还研究了jedonin和jerdonatin的生物学活性。二者均能强烈抑制ADP、胶原、凝血酶诱导的人血小板的聚集，IC50为100-300nM。jerdonin和jerdonatin还能够抑制B16肿瘤细胞增生，研究表明，jerdonin不仅能显著抑制肿块的生长，还能延长荷瘤小鼠的寿命。平均肿块体积由对照的5260．33枷，降低至2086.65mm3，小鼠平均寿命由对照的24.8天延长至30.5天，提高了22.98％。本论文也研究了jerdonin和jedonatin对小鼠精卵受精过程的影响，结果表明jordonotin能够呈剂量关系抑制精卵结合，但对精卵融合无影响。当jerdonatin用量为10.0μg／毗时，单个卵子的精子结合数由对照的95.31降为21.83。菜花烙铁头蛇毒去整合素蛋白的结构和活性鉴定，为去整合素家族的生物多样性研究提供了丰富的素材，同时也为血栓、肿瘤、生殖等生理或病理过程的研究提供了一个有力的工具。

Small Signal Equivalent Circuit Model and Modulation Properties of Vertical Cavity-Surface Emitting Lasers

Small signal equivalent circuit model and modulation properties of vertical cavity-surface emitting lasers (VCSEL's) are presented. The modulation properties both in analytic-equation calculation and in circuit model simulation are studied. The analytic-equation calculation of the modulation properties is calculated by using Mathcad program and the circuit model simulation is simulation is simulated by using Pspice program respectively. The results of calculation and the simulation are in good agreement with each other. Experiment is performed to testify the circuit model.

科尔沁沙地草地生态系统服务价值的动态研究

生态系统服务价值评估已成为生态学研究的一个热点，针对不同区域尺度或生态类型的相关研究案例大量涌现的同时，评估方法和技术也在不断改进。本文即以科尔沁沙地草地生态系统为研究对象，分别采用生物量和生物多样性指数订正草地生态系统服务价值系数，估算了该沙地中西部地区各草地类型的生态服务价值；并以位于科尔沁沙地腹地的翁牛特旗为例，利用STELLA系统模拟出近15年（1985～2000年）草地生态系统服务价值动态变化与其外部驱动因子的关系，根据模型结果分析，提出草地生态系统管理相关建议。 主要结论如下： （1）对以小尺度细划的草地类型，以生物量和生物多样性指数订正的生态系统服务单价均可反映生态服务功能强度的变化。 （2）科尔沁沙地中西部地区的草地生态系统服务价值，经两个指数订正的结果显示，1990~1999年间分别降低了35.85亿元和42.14亿元，降低的原因包括：①草地向耕地等其它土地利用形式转化；②草地系统内部由生态服务高价值流类型向低价值流类型转化。 （3）在STELLA 系统中基于下述逻辑关系构建草地生态系统服务价值的动态模拟过程：人口数量和牲畜数量是草地过度开垦和过度放牧的驱动因素；过度开垦造成草地“农田化”，过度放牧造成草地退化和沙化；前者使草地面积减少，后者使草地生物量锐减；草地生态系统服务价值由草地面积及草地生物量两个因子决定。 （4）2000年翁牛特旗草地生态系统总服务价值为42.91亿元，与1985年相比降低了10.86％，其中，原始草地的总价值为22.10亿元，已退化草地为9.99亿元，已沙化草地为10.82亿元，原始草地对草地生态系统服务价值的贡献最大，对其变化的影响最显著；模型灵敏度分析表明，模型结果对单个不确定参数变化的反映不敏感，而对参数同时变化的反映将随时间推移越来越大。

脲酶抑制剂NBPT在土壤中的吸附和降解

含脲酶抑制剂的肥料作为缓/控释肥料在提高养分利用率和减少环境污染方面明显优于普通化学肥料，已成为世界肥料研究和应用的热点。大量实验显示，NBPT和PPD提高尿素或硝铵尿素（UAN）的利用率很有潜力。NBPT，N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺，是目前最有效的脲酶抑制剂之一。本论文借助高效液相色谱仪对NBPT在我国不同气候带五种土壤中的降解及在土壤环境中影响其降解因子进行了研究，并摸索了色谱条件：在流动相为甲醇+去离子水50+50(V:V)，流速为0.3 mlmin-1时，紫外检测器，检测波长为195 nm时，回收率达到82.8%~101%。变异系数为1.1%~4.85%。相关系数为r=0.9994，回归方程为y=43266.6x-1124.51。结果表明：NBPT在偏酸的江西红壤和湖北黄壤中降解较快，半衰期为4.8~5.2 d，而在辽宁棕壤和江苏黄棕壤中降解较慢，半衰期为7.2~7.6 d；在吉林黑土中降解半衰期为8.2 d。 在未灭菌的土壤中，NBPT的半衰期为4.8～7.6 d，远远小于在灭菌土壤中22.4 d的半衰期；NBPT在偏酸的江西红壤和江苏黄壤中降解较快，半衰期为4.8~5.2 d，而在棕壤和黄棕壤中降解较慢，半衰期为7.2~7.6 d；随着环境温度增高(2O℃上升至3O℃)，NBPT降解速度略有提升(半衰期由7.6 d缩短至6.5 d)；NBPT在黑暗条件下降解半衰期为4.5 d，而在光照条件下的半衰期为5.9 d。可见，几种试验因子对土壤中NBPT的降解均有不同程度的影响。其中土壤微生物是影响NBPT降解的主要因素，有利于土壤中微生物生长的环境因素，如偏酸的土壤、较高的环境温度，对土壤中NBPT的降解有促进作用,而葡萄糖则可能因为增加了土壤颗粒的团聚性，增加了土壤对NBPT的吸附而抑制了NBPT的降解。

红松针阔混交林林木死亡量和主要树种倒木分解规律的研究

红松针阔混交林，是我国东北东部山地稳定的地带性天然森林植被。开展其林木死亡量和倒木分解规律的研究，不仅能有效地监测红松针阔混交林的动态。而且能加深倒木生态功能的认识，为合理管理倒木资源提出对策。同时也有助于填补我国倒木研究的空白。根据研究，长白山红松阔叶林和阔叶红松林林木年死亡量分别为0.15 ～ 0.66T/年·ha和1.23 T /年·ha。倒木年输入量分别为0.03 ～ 0.19 T/年·ha和0.22 T /年·ha。林木年死亡量和倒木年输入量随着林分时空的变化差异很大。风害是其林木致死的主要原因。红松阔叶林有倒木82株/ha，站杆8析/ha。倒木的生物量为7.90T/ha，倒木的复盖度为1.31%。阔叶红松林倒木和站杆分别为94株/ha和24株/ha，倒木生物量为16.23T/ha。倒木的复盖度为2.02%。红松紫椴倒木分别占上述这两个类型倒木总生物量的59.17%与46.77%。红松阔叶林和阔叶红松林倒木株数、复盖面积、体积和生物量按腐烂级分配基本呈正态分布。红松阔叶林倒木的径级结构与活立木径级结构并非完全一致林地倒木的方向与主风向关系不大。研究表明，红松（y_1）和紫椴（y_2）的分解模型分别为y_1 = 0.3747e - 0.0162t. y_2 = 0.4454 e~(-0.0275t)，单项指数衰减模型是红松紫椴倒木分解较为理想的数学模型。它们的分解常数为0.0162 ～ 0.0230/年与0.0275 ～ 0.0390/年，其中粉碎常各为0.0068/年与0.0115/年。红松紫椴倒木重量损失掉50%，大约需43年与25年，重量损失掉95%，大致需185年与106年。红松倒木胸径大小对分解常数无显著影响。倒木下方一般比倒木上方和侧方分解要快一些。但差异并不十分显著。倒木边材到心材的不同层次。其分解常数逐渐下降。红松和紫椴倒木分解中。倒木C含量比较稳定。N、Ca和Na都呈不同程度的递增。k呈下降趋势。而P和Mg变化没有明显的规律。红松阔叶林和阔叶红松林倒木中分别含有C3361.12 kg/ha、7184.11kg/ha; N 26.83kg/ha、33.44 kg/ha; P 3.68kg/ha、6.29kg/ha; ca33.33kg/ha 38.04kg/ha; mg 2.67kg/ha、 3.87 kg/ha; K 4.73 kg/ha. 8.15 kg/ha; Na 1.42 kg/ha、2.76 kg/ha. 倒木是重要的养分库，尤其是N素库。红松阔叶林倒木影响天然更新的主要方式是通过林木风倒或枯死。形成林窗。为天然更新创造有利条件。这和云冷杉林大部分是直接在腐烂的倒木上完成天然更新的机制不同。研究结果表明，倒木是红松针阔混交林生态系统中重要的组成部分。为此建议在长白山自然保护区，应严禁人为清理倒木，并进一步开展倒木的研究。同时针对以生产木材为主的红松阔叶林内侧木，提出了一些相应的管理措施。

柞蚕林生态系统生物生产力与养分循环模式研究

本文研究了辽东山区不同经营强度下柞蚕林生态系统物质转运和养分循环。在同一个轮伐期内，柞蚕林叶生物量、年净生产量随剪伐年令的增加而增大，直到剪伐后5年呈下降趋势。植被总生物量介于22.23-24.56t·ha~(-1)。其中乔木层、灌木层、草本层各为17.84、2.82、3.17t·ha~(-1)。林地枯枝落叶层总量为3.56-4.37t·ha~(-1)。年净生产量介于8.51-8.92t·ha~(-1)·yr~(-1)。其中乔木层占53.7%、灌木层占16.3%、草本层占29.9%。当食叶强度为0、50%和75%时，年干物质归还总量分别为3.57-3.96、3.38-3.725和3.284-3.609t·ha~(-1)·yr~(-1)。干物质净输出各为0、93.34-117.59和140.02-176.36kg·ha~(-1)·yr~(-1)。干物质积累和分配的分隔模型阐明了系统中干物质现存量和流动量。柞蚕林植被养分积累总量为255.69-292.15kg·ha~(-1)。在乔木层中，叶 > 根桩、树干 > 侧根、多年生枝 > 当年枝、细根。柞叶在衰老过程中，养分浓度急剧下降（40.62-77.78%）。在不同食叶强度下，分别计算了营养元素的回运量、归还量、输出量和存留量、植被养分年吸收总量以及调整前后乔木层各器官的年净吸收量。养分循环的分隔模型阐明了不同经营条件下柞林-柞蚕系统养分的分配和流动特征。