483 resultados para Ley 816 de 2003 - Artículo 2


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通过野外控制实验,研究了高寒矮篙草草甸不同植物类群、群落对模拟增减降水条件下的响应。结果表明,不同植物类群(禾草类、莎草类)增加降水20%,地上生物量分别比对照提高103.63、77.12g/m^2。在植物生长期(6月),增加降水20%及40%,植物群落物种多样性指数(H)分别比对照提高0.188和0.735;而均匀度指数(J)在增加降水40%时,提高了0.086。生长期(7月)增加降水20%,物种多样性指数(H)和均匀度指数(J)分别提高0.409和0.07。当降水增加20%时,植物群落中禾草类的重要值较对照提高了0.92

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在实验室条件下,研究了性刚成熟的雌性根田鼠对一对互为同胎同胞的以体重划分为优势和从势的雄性个体的择偶行为,目的在于检验雄性社会等级是否影响其配偶选择。结果发现: (1)根田鼠存在显著的偏雄性二型,而雄性动物优势度与体重大小成正比; (2)在Y字型迷宫中,初次发情雌鼠对优势雄鼠的访问时间、社会探究频次和友好频次等显著大于从属雄鼠;(3)在随后24 h的一雌二雄共居中,优势雄优先交配;从属雄的干扰不能中断优势雄鼠的交配。这些结果说明,体重差异可以作为划分雄性优势的指标,社会等级可以作为择偶行为的一个依据。优势雄鼠与处于从属地位的同胞相比,能获得优先交配机会。同胎同胞虽具有遗传相似性,但雄性竞争的结果表现在体重和社会等级上具有显著差异,表明配偶选择在发挥着作用。根田鼠是一雄多雌制,而且具有较大的偏雄性二型,提示社会等级、雌性选择和婚配制度有密切关联。

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为了深入了解眷小麦新创种质陇矮1号的矮秆性遗传规律,2000~200l午对“陇矮1号”的矮秆遗传特性进行了较为系统的研究。从“陇矮1号”分别与三个高秆亲本“老芒麦”、“和尚头”和“高原602”的杂种F-1代株高表现可知,其F3代株高介于高亲值与中亲值之间,且D为负值,说明“陇矮1号”的矮秆特性受隐性矮秆基因控制。“陇矮1号”与“老芒麦”、“和尚头”和“高原602”的F-2代株高分离表明,“陇矮1号”的矮秆特性受2对或2对以上隐性基因控制。此外,超亲分离表明“陇矮1号”的矮秆特性还受到一些微效基因的影响。对各组合回交世代BC-1和BC-2株高分离结果进行X’测验,BCl的矮秆株数与半矮秆株数之比为3:1,而BC。的半矮秆株数与高秆株数之比为1:3。因此,推断“陇矮I号”的矮秆特性受2对主效隐性矮秆基因控制。

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This paper provides a new taxonomic system for the Eurasian Pamphagidae, in which the 47 known genera are divided into 6 subfamilies including 4 new subfamilies: Prionotropisinae nov., Thrinchinae, Pamphaginae, Tropidaucheninae nov., Nocarodesinae nov., Orchaminae nov.

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采用C18反相柱高效液相色谱方法分离、外标法定量对大黄属掌叶组唐古特大黄、波叶组波叶大黄、穗序组穗序大黄的根(及根茎)、叶片、叶柄、主茎四部分的芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚4种游离和结合蒽醌的含量进行了测定和比较。结果表明:唐古特大黄中,叶片中的游离蒽醌含量高于其它部分,游离蒽醌总量地上部分远高于地下部分;结合蒽醌则根中最高,蒽醌总量地下部分远高于地上部分。波叶大黄和穗序大黄中,游离和结合蒽醌均为根中最高,穗序大黄蒽醌总量地下部分远高于地上部分,而波叶大黄中,游离蒽醌总量地上部分高于地下部分,结合蒽醌总量地上部分与地下部分相差不大,地上部分略高于地下部分。

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湟水流域位于青海省的东部,约处于北纬35°56′-37°38′,东径100°35′-103°05′。属于青藏高原和黄土高原的过滤地带,海拔1650-4394m,全区面积约16600km^2,属于大陆性气候和高原大陆性气候类型。本区共有野生种子植物83科、400属、1234种。分别占本区所属的青藏高原植物亚区唐古特地区总科数的9222%、总属数的78.74%、总种数的54.00%。研究表明,湟水流域植物区系特征为:(1)在唐古特地区中种类相对较丰富;(2)温带成分占2.80%,以绝对优势确定了本区系为明显的温带性质(属于以北温带成分,特别是欧亚大陆温、寒地带典型成分为优势的,兼具温性,寒温和高寒类型的温带区系性南,或可称为在温带区第中的过渡区系所具有的“复合型”区系特征);(3)木本类型少,大多数种类为多年生草本植物,缺乏古老和原始类群,一些中国特有种衍生于其广布的亲缘种中,表明本区系具有年轻和衍生的性质;(4)我国西南高山区系和华北区系对该区系具有双重影响;(5)为青藏高原植物亚区唐古特植物地区同华北植物地区相互过渡的代表区系之一;(6)特有属和特有种少。在中国种子植物区系分区中,本区属于青藏高原植物亚区中的唐古特地区。

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中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站的黄嘴朱顶雀(Acanthis flavirostris)雌雄亲鸟的育幼行为数据收集于1999-2001年的3个繁殖季节(5-8月)。观察使用了一个闭路电视系统,包括放在鸟巢附近5-10cm处的摄像头和35-40m外的监视器。数据分析表明:亲鸟的递食率无年间变化;雌、雄鸟递食率没有差异;总递食率不随雏鸟日龄和日间不同时段改变,但雌鸟在傍晚以前的递食率低于雄鸟并在傍晚高于雄鸟。在雏鸟6日龄前,雌鸟总递食率低于雄鸟,且二者逐步逼近,然后稳定在同一水平。此种性别差异与雌鸟在递食以外所承担的,为雏鸟保温、遮阳以及清除雏鸟粪便等事务有关。这些结果与单配制鸟类亲本投资理论一致。

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植物繁育系统是当今进化生物学研究中最为活跃的领域。繁育系统是指代表所有影响后代遗传组成的有性特征和总和,主要包括形态特征、花的开放式样,花各部分的寿命、传粉者种类和频率,自交亲和程度和交配系统,其中酱系统是核心,我们重点综述了植物有性繁育系统研究中1)传粉模式的多样性,2)从历史发生角度利用系统发育方法检验花性状的演化和繁育系统的生态转变过程;3)近交衰退对植物生殖史的影响及其机制和4)混和交配系统的时空动态,维持机理以及进化趋势的最新研究结果。总结了繁育系统在研究花适应性,物种形成机制和濒危植物保护生物学中的重要作用。最后对今后的繁育系统研究提出了两点建议:1)正确理解和使用适应概念,更多地利用人工控制实验来检验花的适应价值和2)将分子技术和生态学结合起来,开展群落水平和种以上水平的繁育系统研究,比较驱动与传粉多样性密切相关的花多样性基因和自花,异花传粉基因的进化与分化。确定繁育系统相互作用中的关键因子。

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铅、镉、砷、汞、锑和铋等元素是人与动物生命活动非必需且有害的微量元素~([1])。哺乳类动物体内的这些微量元素主要由食物链传递所产生~([2,3])。本文对高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)和高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)骨骼中非必需微量元素砷、锑、汞、铋、铅、镉的分布、种间含量差异及其相关性进行了分析和讨论,为高寒草甸生态系统研究小哺乳动物的营养生态学、化学生态学以及生态系统的物质循环~([4,5])等提供基础资料。

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The effects of La3+ on the uptake of trace elements (Se, Co, V, and Tc) in cucumber plants were studied by a radioactive multitracer technique. It was observed that the uptake and distribution of these trace elements in roots, stems, and leaves are different under different La3+, treatments. Furthermore, in the control, the plant accumulates Se-75, Co-56, and V-48 all in the order roots>leaves>stems, whereas Tc-95m was in the order leaves>stems>roots. The accumulations of Se-75 and Tc-95m in plants treated with different La3+ concentration were in the same order as those in the control, but the uptakes percentages of other kinds of element changed differently. The results indicate that lanthanum treatments to a growing cucumber lead to the change of uptake of trace elements, which suggest that a rare earth element is directly or indirectly involved in the ion transport of the plant and affects plant growth by regulating the uptake and distribution of elements that influence the plant cell physiology and biochemistry.

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The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is characterized by extremely high radiation, which may induce down-regulation of photosynthesis in plants living in this alpine ecosystem. To clarify whether photoinhibition occurs in the alpine environment and to discern its underlying mechanisms, we examined photosynthetic gas exchange and fluorescence emission in response to the changes in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and leaf temperature under natural regimes for two herbaceous species: prostrate Saussurea superba and erect-leaved Saussurea katochaete from altitude 3250 m on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. S. superba intercepted a higher maximum PPFD and experienced much higher leaf temperature than the erect-leaved S. katochaete. S. superba exhibited a much higher light saturation point for photosynthesis than S. katochaete. Under controlled conditions, the former species had higher CO2 uptake rates and neither species showed obvious photosynthetic down-regulation at high PPFD. Under natural environmental conditions, however, apparent photoinhibition, indicated by reduced electron transport rate (ETR), was evident at high PPFD for both species. After a night frost, the photochemistry of S. katochaete was depressed markedly in the early morning and recovered by mid-day. After a frost-free night, it was high in the morning and low at noon due to high radiation. S. superba did not respond to the night frost in terms of daytime photochemical pattern. In both species, photochemical depression was aggravated by high leaf temperature and the erect species was more sensitive to high temperature. This study suggests that the high radiation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is likely to induce rapidly reversible photoinhibition, which is related closely to plant architecture. Photochemistry in the prostrate species seems able to tolerate higher PPFD, without obvious suppression, than the erect species. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Effects of plateau zokors (Myospalax fontanierii) on seasonal above- and belowground plant biomass, plant species diversity, and soil moisture and organic matter were examined at an alpine meadow site in Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China. Above- and belowground biomass increased significantly in areas where zokors were removed or burrow systems were abandoned for 5 years compared with areas that zokors had occupied for >10 years. Biomass of monocotyledons was reduced greatly, but biomass of nonpalatable dicotyledons increased significantly, in occupied areas. Diversity of dicotyledons, monocotyledons, and total plants in unoccupied areas was significantly greater than in occupied or abandoned areas. Vegetation cover and height in occupied areas were significantly less than in unoccupied and abandoned areas. No consistent effect by zokors on soil moisture and organic matter was observed.

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介绍了NS2 2 5电动机起动器自动检测与校验生产线 ,指出低压电器产品的自动化生产及其检测是生产企业面临严重课题。自动化生产线充分利用计算机技术及其网络技术 ,实现工厂无人自动化生产 ,它充分利用现代检测技术 ,尤其是激光技术 ,解决生产中测量与标记问题。

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提出了一种新型蛇形机器人机构。该机构既可以实现平面运动又可以实现空间运动。建立了其空间运动学模型并实现了空间翻滚运动。实验结果表明 :翻滚运动不需依靠模块与地面之间动摩擦力方向差来实现驱动 ,而是通过模块与地面之间静摩擦力和互相垂直的两个运动平面内异相波的相互作用产生驱动力。翻滚的方向和姿态由两个波形曲线的相差和传播方向决定。利用翻滚运动 ,实现了少模块数蛇形机器人的越障运动

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仿人机器人腰部的构成对仿人机器人的运动学、动力学性能起着重要的作用。本文着重分析了目前仿人机器人腰部机构存在的问题,提出了一种具有柔性特征的仿人机器人腰部设计方案,并分析了此腰部机构对机器人的运动稳定性、操作柔顺性的影响,本设计使仿人机器人具有良好的柔顺性,提高了机器人与人协作时的安全性、稳定性和抗干扰能力。