UV－B辐射增强对植物光合作用的影响及植物的相关适应性研究

综述了UV－B辐射增强对植物光合作用的影响、植物对光破坏的响应与适应性方面的国内外研究进展，许多研究表明UV－B辐射增强对植物具有破坏作用且能引起植物光抑制、光氧化和光损伤，植物依靠自身修复系统而对其破坏又具有一定的适应性。

增强UV-B辐射对高山植物麻花艽净光合速率的影响

在高寒矮嵩草 (K obresia humilis)草甸地区以太阳短波辐射为背景 ,建立了人工增强 U V- B辐射的实验装置 ,每天增补 15 .8k J· m- 2 的辐射剂量 ,模拟平流层臭氧破坏约 5 %时近地表面太阳 UV- B辐射的增强。观测表明 :UV- B辐射的增强对麻花艽 (Gentiana straminea)植物的光合作用无明显的抑制或伤害作用。相反 ,在早晨补充UV- B辐射的短时间内 ,叶片的 Pn 随 Gs的增大而有所提高。随 UV- B辐射时间的延长 ,约在 11∶ 30～ 12∶ 30 ,Pn和Gs有所降低。U V- B辐射时间进一步延长后 (约 14∶ 0 0以后 ) ,处理和对照组叶片 Pn和 Gs的差异趋向不明显。增强太阳 UV- B辐射后 ,麻花艽叶片的光合色素并无明显变化 ,U V-B 吸收物质的含量也无明显变化。麻花艽叶片厚度的直接测量表明: 增强UV -B 辐射能明显提高叶片的厚度。叶片厚度的增加可补偿增强UV -B 辐射后引起的光合色素的光降解, 改善单位叶面积为基础的光合速率, 是高原植物对强UV-B 辐射的一种适应方式。

不同海拔地区紫外线B辐射状况及植物叶片紫外线吸收物质含量的分析

对不同海拔地区的太阳 UV- B辐射和植物叶片的光学特性进行了比较研究。结果表明 :位于高海拔地区的海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站 ,太阳 UV- B辐射明显高于相近纬度的西宁、兰州和南京地区。UV- B辐射与总辐射和 PAR的日变化规律相似 ,都受太阳高度角的直接影响 ,在当地太阳正午时最高。UV- B/Q的日变化也为单峰曲线 ,海北站地区的 UV- B/Q高于西宁的同期测定结果。对珠芽蓼等植物的研究表明 ,生长于海北站地区的珠芽蓼 ,其叶片中紫外线吸收物质的含量明显高于西宁的同种植物 ,也略高于海拔较高的达坂山和小达坂山山顶的同种植物。叶绿素含量以海北站珠芽蓼最低 ,达坂山和小达坂山的同种植物最高。珠芽蓼叶片中类胡萝卜素的含量以西宁最低, 海北站、达坂山和小达坂山依次升高。海北站矮嵩草与从海北站移植到西宁生长4年的同种植物相比, 叶片中紫外线吸收物质、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素的变化与生长于两地区的珠芽蓼相同。

增强的UV-B辐射对黄瓜（Cucumis sativus）不同叶位叶片生长、光合作用和呼吸作用的影响

在植物生长室中 ,黄瓜植株第 1片真叶出现后 ,用人工UV B光源照射 6 0d ,测定植物各叶位叶片的生长和生理活动 .结果表明 ,UV B辐射条件下 ,植物出叶时间被延迟 ;叶面积和叶干重下降 ,降幅与叶位高低正相关 ;叶片含水量降低 ,老龄叶片 (第 1叶 ,下位叶 )和幼龄叶片 (第 5叶 ,上位叶 )的水分降幅均高于成年叶片 (第 3叶 ,中位叶 ) ;叶片的伸展速度、叶片数目以及单叶面积减少 ,致使黄瓜总叶面积下降 ;植株节间长度缩短 ,是植株矮化的重要原因 ;根、茎、叶等器官之间的相关生长变化不大.叶片生长在其中起重要的协调作用. UV-B 降低Pn和EAQE ,对光合作用的抑制程度随叶位升高而增加. UV-B 辐射后,黄瓜叶片的光呼吸显著提高,增幅与叶片发育阶段有关. UV-B 对黄瓜第1叶的暗呼吸没有影响,第2 、3 叶略微下降,第4 叶显著升高. 分析认为,植株矮化和叶面积减少有利于植物适应UV-B辐射;水分含量和光合作用减少、呼吸作用增强是黄瓜生长受抑制的生理基础。

UV-B辐射对大豆和黄瓜幼苗某些生理特性的影响

在植物生长室中，UV-B辐射明显降低黄瓜幼苗的根系活力，抑制程度随辐射时间的延长而增强．黄瓜和大豆幼苗的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量减少与UV-B辐射时间长短呈正相关，但是类胡萝卜素减少幅度不大．UV-B对Chlb的破坏较Chla严重，导致Chla b比值增大．UV-B虽增加大豆幼苗的SOD活性，但降低大豆幼苗的ＮＲ活性及其对温度变化的敏感性．分析认为，Chlab比值和SOD 活性升高，有助于植物对UV-B的适应。

紫外线—B辐射对3种植物幼苗光合作用和呼吸作用的影响研究初报

UV - B 辐射明显降低大豆、豌豆和黄瓜3 种植物幼苗的净光合速率和量子效率, 降幅随UV - B辐射时间延长而增加, 是一定UV - B 强度下,UV - B 辐射剂量的累积效应。豌豆和大豆幼苗的暗呼吸速率受UV - B 辐射抑制, 其中, 豌豆叶片暗呼吸受抑程度与UV - B 辐射时间正相关。

浅析植物对太阳紫外线-B辐射的适应

Plants have an integral adaptive mechanism to solar UV -B radiation from plant morphology to physiological action and the formation of UV -B radiation absorption pigment is very significant. There is the close interrelation between plant adaptive mechanism and its origin and distribution, which has the profound molecular basis. It is important to strengthen study on the enhancing solar UV _ B radiation instead of being afraid of or optimistic about it in order to solve the uncertainties and make scientific decision.

Dissection of rye B chromosomes, and nondisjunction properties of the dissected segments in a common wheat background

The rye B chromosome is a supernumerary chromosome that increases in number in its host by directed postmeiotic drive. Two types of rye B chromosomes that had been introduced into common wheat were dissected into separate segments by the gametocidal system to produce a number of rearranged B chromosomes, such as telosomes, terminal deletions and translocations with wheat chromosomes. A total of 13 dissected B chromosomes were isolated in common wheat, and were investigated for their nondisjunction. properties. Rearranged B chromosomes, separated from their B-specific repetitive sequences on the distal part of the long arm, did not undergo nondisjunction, and neither did a translocated wheat chromosome carrying a long-arm distal segment containing the B-specific repetitive sequences. However, such rearranged B chromosomes, missing their B-specific sequences could undergo nondisjunction when they coexisted with the standard B chromosome or a wheat chromosome carrying the B-specific sequences. Deficiencies of the short arm did not completely abolish the nondisjunction properties of the B chromosome, but did reduce the frequency of nondisjunction. These results confirmed previous suggestions that the directed nondisjunction of the rye B chromosome is controlled by two elements, pericentromeric sticking sites and a trans-acting element carried at the distal region of the long arm of the B chromosome. Additionally, it is now shown that the distal region of the long arm of the B chromosome which provides this function is that which carries the B-specific repetitive sequences.

Mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence variation and phylogenetics of the highly specialized schizothoracine fishes (Teleostei : Cyprinidae) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The complete 1140 bp mitochondial cytochrome b sequences were obtained from 39 individuals representing five species of all four genera of highly specialized schizothoracine fishes distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene was surveyed among the 39 individuals as well as three primitive schizothoracines and one outgroup. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the group assignment based on 1140 bp of the cytochrome b sequence is obviously; different from previous assignments, and the highly specialized schizothoracine fishes (Schizopygopsis pylzovi, Gymnocypris przewalskii, G. eckloni, Chuanchia lablosa, and Platypharodon extremus) form a monophyletic group that is sister to the clade formed by the primitive schizothoracine fishes (Schizothorax prenanti, S. pseudaksaiensis, and S. argentatus). The haplotypes of Schizopygopsis pylzovi and G. przewalskii were paraphyletic based on cytochrome b data, which most likely reflected incomplete sorting of mitochondrial DNA lineages. The diploid chromosome numbers of Schizofhoracinae were considered in phylogenetic analysis and provided a clear pattern of relationships. Molecular dating estimated for highly specialized schizothoracine fishes suggested that the highly specialized schizothoracine fishes diverged in the late Miocene Pliocene to Pleistocene (4.5x10(4)-4.05x10(6) Years BP). The relationship between the cladogenesis of highly specialized schizothoracine fishes and geographical events of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau is discussed.

Photosynthesis of Saussurea superba and Gentiana straminea is not reduced after long-term enhancement of UV-B radiation

Experiments were conducted in an alpine Kobresia humilis meadow near Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station (37degrees29'-37degrees45'N, 101degrees12'-101degrees33'E; altitude 3200 m). Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on photosynthesis of the alpine plants of Saussurea superba and Gentiana straminea were investigated. Both species were exposed to a UV-B-BE density at 15.80 kJ m(-2) per day, simulating nearly 14% ozone (O-3) reduction during the plant growing season. Neither photosynthetic CO2 uptake rate nor photosynthetic O-2 evolution rate were decreased after a long period of enhanced UV-B radiation treatment. On the contrary, there was a tendency to increase of both parameters in both species. The photosynthetic pigments were also increased, when expressed on a leaf area basis. UV-B absorbing compounds, detected by the absorbance values at 300 mm, had a tendency to increase in both species after enhanced UV-B radiation. After long-term exposure of plants to enhanced UV-B radiation, leaf morphology was also affected. Leaf thickness in both S. superba and G. straminea were increased significantly (P < 0.001). This supports our hypothesis that the increase of leaf thickness in both species after long-term exposure of enhanced UV-B radiation could compensate for the photodestruction of photosynthetic pigments when light passes through the leaf. Therefore, photosynthesis is not reduced in either species when expressed on leaf area basis. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

基于B/S模式的机器人监控平台的研究

针对目前移动机器人本体研究平台存在局限性的问题,设计出一种基于B/S模式的机器人软件控制系统。系统的实现采用了Java和Vc相结合的方式,在利用Java语言的JNI技术解决接口问题的同时,为了充分利用现有软件模块,提出了一种新型的控制架构,使得整个系统更加完善。通过实验验证了此方法的有效性,有效的提高了系统的可维护性,可扩展性以及可复用性,最终很好实现了控制机器人的目的。

基于逆向参数化的B样条曲面重建算法

目的解决B样条曲面重建问题中矩形拓扑网自动生成和参数化两大难点问题,提出一种基于逆向参数化的B样条曲面重建算法.方法首先构建基曲面,在基曲面上根据参数(u,v)进行采样,沿其法线方向进行数据的滤波和精简,求得参数(u,v)对应的精简点,然后对采样求取的精简点集进行B样条曲面拟合,该方法提供了B样条曲面重建的一个新思路.结果新算法突破了传统密集散乱点云数据的B样条曲面重建基本过程,采用与正向参数化相反的过程进行参数化,解决了B样条曲面重建问题中矩形拓扑网自动生成和参数化的难题;具体试验分析表明新算法不仅在参数化的同时完成了数据滤波和精简,而且在时间和迭代效率方面都具有优势.结论新算法避免了求取法线的迭代过程,并且可以较容易的实现矩形拓扑网的自动生成,新算法在自主开发的智能测量建模加工一体化装备中得到了应用验证.

RH6-B机器人的通信协议

RH6-B机器人控制器是基于CAN总线的控制器,具有CAN总线的接口。实现了多机器人监控系统,并开发了相应的协议和通信系统。该文主要介绍了它的系统结构、总线协议和相应的软件,并对性能进行了分析。

塔A和塔B地区古地温与热演化史研究

1）依据镜质组反射率（或由沥青、无定形干酪根换算成的镜质组反射率）拟合计算沉积盆地及生油层古地温是一种比较实用而又简便可行的方法。2）从十二口井井温数据分析，除X6井(2.0℃/100M)和X1井(2.05℃/100M)外，其它十口井的现地温梯度均小于2℃/100M。塔里木盆地的现地温梯度是较低的。3）拟合计算古地温的结果表明，塔B和塔A地区古地温梯度偏低半呈下降的趋势：塔B地区古生代隆起区古地温梯度为3.5℃/100M，凹陷区为3.0℃/100M，中生代古地温梯度为2.5-2.7℃/100M，新生代古地温梯度为2.0-2.2℃/100M。塔A及塔C地区：古生代隆起区的古地温梯度为3.5℃/100M，凹陷区为3.0℃/100M；中生代古地温梯度为2.5℃/100M，新生代为2.0-2.2℃/100M，今地温梯度为2.0℃/100M。4）古地温拟合计算结果表明：塔B地区志留系至二叠系地层基本被剥蚀，有的部位下古地层也遭到部分剥蚀。寒武-奥陶系总厚度在3000-4000米以上，生油层的生油期持续时间很长。寒武系底的生油期从寒武纪末到石炭纪（522-342Ma），目前普遍处在干气阶段。奥陶系底的生油期从奥陶纪末期一直持续到第三纪，90%的地区生油高峰期在泥盆纪末（早海西运动以后）之后（见图3-12），目前普遍处于凝析油-湿气阶段。塔A地区志留、泥盆系基本被剥蚀殆尽，而寒武-奥陶系基本未被剥蚀，总厚度在2000-4000米之间。寒武系底的生油期从寒武纪末期到泥盆纪（511-362Ma），至今大部分处于生气阶段。奥陶系底的生油期从泥盆纪一直到第三纪（404-40Ma），约30%的地区生油高峰期在泥盆纪末（早海西运动）之后（见图3-？），至今部分生油岩处于生气阶段。由于受加里东和海西运动的影响，塔A和塔B地区古生界地层普遍存在“二次生油”的现象。两地区石炭-二叠系一般在第三纪开始生油，生油期普遍较短。相对塔B和塔A地工而言，塔C地区受构造运动而遭剥蚀的程度要小得多。寒武-奥陶系总厚度范围为2100-8200米，因此生油层的生油期持续时间很长。寒武系底的生油期从中寒武世到石炭纪（536.5-305Ma）。奥陶系底的生油期从晚奥陶世一直到第三纪晚期（439.5-16.5Ma），仅少数地区生油高峰期在泥盆纪末（早海西运动）之后，目前大部分处于凝析油-湿气到干气阶段。石炭、二叠、三叠及侏罗系生油层目前大都处于“生油窗”内。总之，本区是塔A和塔B地区的主要油源区。5）通过对有机包裹体类型和荧光性质的鉴定、数量的统计、以及盐水溶液包裹体均一温度的测定，可以初步了解有机质热演化程度及含油气情况。6）对中生代样品，Tmax反映的成熟度与其它参数基本一致，而对于古生代样品，由于样品成熟度增大，Tmax失去指示成熟度的作用。原油和生油岩生物标志化合物反映的成熟度基本上与其它指标一致，因此在缺乏反射率资料的地区，可用生物标志化合物近似反映成熟度的变化。