550 resultados para YB-YAG
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<正> 以硅(Si)为代表的半导体材料激光退火是近几年比较活跃的研究领域。一般,采用红宝石、YAG、氩离子等波长较短的激光器作激光源。后来发现,硅材料在强CO_2激光辐照下由于载流子的热激发也引起强烈的吸收,这为CO_2激光用于半导体Si的加工奠定了基础。用激光试制太阳电池已有一些报道,其方法一般是先对Si作离子注入,然后用调Q红宝石激光或Nd:YAG激光进行退火。这种方法对改进电池性能虽有效果,但工艺复杂,成本高,实用性比较差。考虑到连续CO_2激光器的输出功率大、效率高、价格低,并已进入工业生产,
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<正> 用强激光辐照的方法对集成电路用的离子注入Si进行退火是近几年大力研究的一个问题。至今为止绝大多数的激光退火都是采用红宝石、YAG、氩离子等波长较短的激光器。实验虽已证实CO_2激光的退火效果完全可与其他激光比美,然而研究者甚少,且基本上限于最后结果的观测。激光作为电磁波,其趋肤深度
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本文研究了以PMBP-苯萃取稀土和钍、铀、钛、锆的萃取行为。测定了La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Gd、Dy、Yb、Y、U(Ⅵ)、Ti、Th和Zr的pH_(1/2)值,计算了它们的萃取平衡常数。并介绍了近十年来作者将此萃取剂应用于铀、钍、稀土、鋰、钢铁合金及岩石中痕量稀土、钍和钙的分离和测定方面的工作。实践证明,PMOP合成简便、价格低廉、萃取能力较强,是比TTA更为优越的萃取剂。
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An investigation has been made into the effect of microstructural parameters on the propensity for forming shear localization produced during high speed torsional testing by split Hopkinson bar with different average rates of 610, 650 and 1500 s(-1) in low carbon steels. These steels received the quenched, quenched and tempered as well as normalized treatments that provide wide microstructural parameters and mechanical properties. The results indicate that the occurrence of the shear localization is susceptible to the strength of the steels. In other words, the tendency of the quenched steel to form a shear band is higher than that of the other two steels. It is also found that there is a critical strain at which the shear localization occurs in the steels. The critical strain value is strongly dependent on the strength of the steels. Before arriving at this point, the material undergoes a slow work-hardening. After this point, the material suffers work-softening, corresponding to a process during which the deformation is gradually localized and eventually becomes spatially correlated to form a macroscopic shear band. Examinations by SEM reveal that the shear localization within the band involves a series of sequential crystallographic and non-crystallographic events including the change in crystal orientation, misorientation, generation and even perhaps damage in microstructures such as the initiation, growth and coalescence of the microcracks. It is expected that the sharp drop in the load-carrying capacity is associated with the growth and coalescence of the microcracks rather than the occurrence of the shear localization, but the shear localization is seen to accelerate the growth and coalescence of the microcracks. The thin foil observations by TEM reveal that the density of dislocations in the band is extremely high and the tangled arrangement and cell structure of dislocations tends to align along the shear direction. The multiplication and interaction of dislocations seems to be responsible for work-hardening of the steels. The avalanche of the dislocation cells corresponds to the sharp drop in shear stress at which the deformed specimen is broken. Double shear bands and kink bands are also observed in the present study. The principal band develops first and its width is narrower than that of the secondary band.
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A study has been made of the microstructure of the thermally assisted band in a low carbon ferrite-pearlite steel, resulting from high speed torsional testing with an average strain rate of about 1500 s−1. Metallographic examination showed that there are several fine shear bands distributed over a deformed region (the gauge length of the specimen). The width of these bands is estimated to be of the order of magnitude of 50 μm, and the spacing between them is roughly about 100 μm. Detailed scanning electron microscopy studies indicate that damage of the microstructure within the band is very apparent, as evidenced by microcrack initiation and coalescence along the shear deformation band. However, there is no evidence that the material in the band had become microcrystalline or non-crystalline.
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试验研究了额定功率为3kW的连续波Nd:YAG激光焊接热输入对激光焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属焊缝形貌的影响。通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析仪、硬度仪、万能试验机及X衍射对激光焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属焊缝接头组织、元素分布、相组成及接头的力学性能进行分析。结果表明,在焊接热输入恒定的条件下,高功率、高焊速的匙孔焊接比低功率、低焊速的热传导焊接更能增加焊缝熔深。通过扫描电镜在焊缝区域观察到了颗粒状物和针状物,能谱分析表明,颗粒状物Nb,Ti,Mo元素聚集,Fe,Ni元素减少;针状物Ti,Nb元素聚集。K418与42CrMo异种金属激光焊接工艺参数优化后的焊缝抗拉强度高于42CrMo母材。
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研究了连续波Nd:YAG激光焊接功率、速度、离焦量和侧吹保护气流量对激光深熔焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属焊缝形貌、焊缝熔深的影响,讨论了焊缝区热裂纹产生机制.结果表明,额定功率为3 kW的Nd:YAG激光深熔焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属,由于它们的物理化学性质的差异,焊缝靠近42CrMo侧易出现未熔合;激光光斑向42CrMo侧偏移可以减少焊缝靠近42CrMo侧未熔合量;通过优化侧吹保护气流量和离焦量可以增加熔深.由于K418液态金属的流动性差,导致焊缝靠近K418侧对流传热不充分,使焊缝靠近K418侧熔合线呈现锯齿形.焊缝区热裂纹的产生主要是由于焊缝区元素偏析形成的低熔物导致.
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为提高30CrNi2MoVA钢镀铬身管的寿命,采用YAG激光器对钢基体进行激光搭接淬火再镀铬的复合工艺。用多裂纹拉伸技术对经激光搭接处理的30CrNi2MoVA钢再镀铬后的铬层和普通铬层的断裂韧性进行比较。结果表明,激光淬火处理基体可以提高镀铬层的断裂韧性。力学模型分析表明,基体残余压应力以抵抗基体拉伸变形的方式提高了铬层的断裂韧性;化学去基体法研究铬层界面表明,激光处理基体以细化基体影响层的晶粒形式提高了铬层的强度和韧性。离子刻蚀横截面对拉伸结果作了进一步验证。
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本文研究在空气中使用1.06μmYAG激光在毫米量级上触发和诱导放电的现象。比较了有、无激光触发的U_(50),在不同的延时下测量U_(50)和击穿时间,研究不同延时下等离子体的触发和诱导放电能力,并分析了激光诱导放电加工的优点。
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采用焓方法对Nd:YAG脉冲激光导致的不锈钢材料表面熔凝过程的温度场进行了数值模拟.在此基础上,结合材料的结晶动力学和快速凝固理论,对材料微结构演化的几个重要参数,包括凝固速率、冷却速度和界面温度梯度做了估算和讨论.
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该研究采用了双YAG脉冲激光器二次曝光、漫射照明、参考光对称布置全息术记录三维空间的粒子三维位移场,再现粒子空间场又采用了体视粒子图像测速技术分别截取各切面上的粒子三维位移场,其中由于采用了不同方向的参考光分别再现不同曝光时刻的粒子图像,可以用互相关技术,实行位移方向的自动判别。技术用于立方体对角水流中的三维旋涡流动的瞬态三维速度场的初步测量。给出瞬时复杂的三维旋涡部分空间结构和速度场分布图。
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The hypersonic waverider forebody is designed in this paper. For the present waverider, the undersurface is carved out as a stream surface of a hypersonic inviscid flow field around wedge-elliptic cone, and the upper surface is assumed to be a freestream surface. A finite-volume code is used to generate the three-dimensional flow field. The leading edge is determined by satisfying the condition that the lip is situated at the intersection line of shocks.
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利用高重频YAG激光作用在固体表面所产生的等离子体使工件和电极之间在大气环境中并且电压远低于击穿闭值的条件下产生可控定向放电。实验结果显示,放电坑基本上呈火山坑形,既有单坑结构,也有多坑结构,其形貌受到放电波形、电源极性、放电介质等因素的影响。放电坑表面形貌的规律是:①除了涂油时的阳极放电坑是单坑结构以外,其他条件下的放电坑都是复合多坑结构;②单坑结构呈火山坑形,坑底为圆弧形,熔凝物堆积在坑的边缘,而多坑结构则是一个大的放电坑中有多个凸起的尖峰,这种结构有利于毛化加工。研究表明,对于碳钢、铸铁、黄铜三种材料,放电坑直径d与电源参数的关系可以表示成:d∝Iαp(对于三角波),或d∝Υβ(对于矩形波)。α的范围在0.40~0.71,β的范围在0.23~0.47。在工件表面涂油,有利于提高放电的能量密度,使放电坑变深。介质的密度和粘性系数可作为控制放电通道扩展的有效因素。放电能量一定时,有固态相变材料的相变区深度的变化遵从以下规律:①放电波形和电源极性一定时,涂油时的深度>大气时的深度;②极性和介质一定时,矩形波时的深度≥三角波时的深度;③介质和波形一定时,阳极时的深度≥阴极时的深度。与一般的研究电极损耗即放电前后电极的质量差所不同的是,认为在激光诱导放电毛化技术中,对工件电极应该研究放电的侵蚀作用,即实验上可观测到的能量作用的范围所对应的体积V,它不仅包括脱落下来的那部分物质,也包括发生了组织变化的那部分物质。对于有固态相变的材料,V通常就是相变区边界所对应的球冠体积;对于无固态相变的材料,V通常是放电坑的体积。通过量纲分析,揭示出V是一个多元函数。当电极材料和放电介质一定时,对于电流峰值一定的矩形波放电,v主要取决于脉冲宽度γ,其函数关系为:V=K1·Υ1.41~1.45;对于脉冲宽度一定的三角波放电,V主要取决于电流峰值IP,V=K2·I1.30~2.15P,K1、K2为与材料和放电介质有关的常量。在比较分析了脉冲激光束与激光诱导放电在功率密度、作用时间和坑的深度等方面对材料的影响之后,认为:高重频激光束适合于对材料表面进行薄层熔凝和毛化,低重频长脉冲激光束适合于对材料进行表面改性处理,而激光诱导放电具有对材料表面进行造型强化和组织强化的双重作用。设计了一种转动式圆盘电极,延长了工具电极的连续工作时间。
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利用OM及FEM研究了铁基合金Nd:YAG脉冲激光熔凝区的几何形态及其变化规律、以及熔凝的热物理过程;利用OM、SEM、TEM、X-射线衍射仪及磨损实验机,研究了两种铁基热模具材料脉冲激光熔凝组织及其时效组织结构,以及熔凝区规则离散分布规律对材料抗磨损性能的影响。在10~5~10~7W/cm~2的脉冲激光平均功率密度范围内,可得到热传导型和深熔型两类强化区,当临界平均功率密度大于5 * 10~5W/cm~2,同时临界激光作用时间大于2ms时,热传导型强休区向深熔型强休区转变。熔化过程中,在熔池中形成上部以对流传热为主,底部以导热为主的传热模式,流场、温度场和压力场均随脉冲激光作用时间变化,最大流速、压力和温度梯度分别可达100m/s、数个大气压和10~(8-9) ℃C/m量级。凝固过程中,固液界面上的最大温度梯度、凝固速率和冷却速度时间和空间位置变化,分别可达10~(8-9) ℃/m量级、10~(-1)m/s量级和10~(7-8) ℃/s量级,其中冷却速度得到实验验证。亚共晶合金铸铁脉冲激光熔凝组织为δ-铁素体与M_3C的层片状共晶组织,还含有部分γ-奥氏体和少量的高碳孪晶马氏体组织,δ-铁素体和γ-奥氏体中均存在高密度位错亚结构。5CrMnMo钢脉冲激光熔凝组织由板条马氏体及少量的孪晶马氏体构成,马氏体中也存在高密度位错亚结构。上述两种组织经高温时效后,仍保持较细的晶粒,并有大量细小均匀弥散分布的碳化物析出,其中铸铁熔凝组织析出M_(23)C_6碳化物,M_(23)C_6可在M_3C/γ-奥氏体相界面或M_3C内部原位形核,亦可在δ-铁素体中弥散析出。两种材料的熔凝组织及其时效组织的显微硬度均明显高于相应的原始组织,也高于激光连续扫描熔凝的结果。脉冲激光规则离散熔凝加工在材料表面形成软硬相间的“原位”功能层,能显著降低裂纹形成的敏感性,提高材料表层的抗磨粒磨损性能,时效后仍具有较好的抗磨损性能。以熔凝强化区直径作为中心间距进行规则离散熔凝处理可使材料表面获得最佳抗磨损性能。