402 resultados para 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene
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二甲金矿建于戈枕断裂与二甲断裂的复合部位,在地质上表现为形成多个超糜棱岩带。1、成矿物质来源:对矿区不同类型岩石所作的含金量分析,其金含量明显高于克拉克值,而且从不变质岩到混合岩,金含量降低,而混合岩经过糜棱岩化作用金含量升高,一般而言,糜棱岩化作用越强,金含量越高,这从一个侧面反映了矿石金的地层源,对矿区中金矿石,围岩,侵入岩所作稀土元素分析,可以看出,在金矿石中随着金含量的增加,稀土总量明显降低,呈现现负相关,这种规律性反映了地层提供了部分成矿物质;2、成矿热液来源:结合地质情况,推测矿液水为岩浆水与大气降水成因的地下水的混合热液,不同成矿阶段各有侧重。3、成矿介质的物理化学条件:石英中包裹体均一法测温推断二个成矿阶段的温度。4、金成矿的动力学:构造作用一方面使矿物向排列,另一方面使矿物产生二轴晶,有利于矿物内部的调整,释放成矿物质,显微镜下对糜棱岩显微组构的观察,并对比样品的金含量,可知金含量高的样品其形变机制以动态恢复作用为主,表明这种机制有利于金的动力富集。5、热液机制:据野外地质情况结合所计算的成矿介质的物理化学,推测二甲金矿金在热液中迁移的主要形式为Au(HS)(2-bar)络合物,物理化学计算也证实了这一点。总之,二甲金矿是一个构造、岩浆、热液,地层四位一体的矿床,构造作用使地层中成矿物质发生动力活化、富集,岩浆作用提供部分成矿物质,并为热液活动提供了驱动力,热液活动使成矿物质发生迁移,富集,并在有利的部位定成矿,四者是相辅相成的。
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目前,国际上在环境有机地球化学领域对大气气溶胶的研究仍然处于一个较低的水平。国内这方面的工作更是处于空白。本文针对目前国内亟待解决的与煤、石油有关的能源污染问题,应用有机地球化学和石油地球化学中的一些概念和指标,如同系列化合物的分布、碳优势指数(CPI)、最大主峰碳(Cmax)和分子标志物等,首次系统讨论了我国一些城市大气气溶胶的类脂质(可溶有机质)组成,来源和在空间的分布。提出了如何识别各种能源在使用和贮存中对大气环境造成的污染;同时也提出了这些污染物在我国不同地区(例如,沿海和内地),不同气候带(例如,北方和南方)中的分布规律,以及高度、季节等因素对大气污染的影响。这对于认识我国大气污染的严重性及其影响因素具有重要的参考意义。研究中采用标准过滤式空气采样器一共收集了28个大气尘埃样品。这些样品分别来自北京、广州、贵阳和水城的市区和郊区,其中包括一些象焦化厂、炼油厂和轮胎厂这样的点源样品和背景样品。将所有被收集到的尘埃样品用有机溶剂进行超声抽提后,经甲酯化和硅醚烷化处理,薄层色谱分离可将这些样品的类脂质分为烃类、脂肪酸甲酯、醛酮和脂肪醇四个组分。最后通过GC和GC/MS完成这些组分的化合物分子结构鉴定。用环境有机地球化学方法处理这些分析结果表明:(1)不同点源和背景气溶胶样品的类脂质组成与它们的采样环境之间关系密切,点源气溶胶样品的类脂质组成突出地反映了人为成因的特征,在背景气溶胶中类脂质组成主要代表了生物成因的特征,研究发现煤特别是烟煤的燃烧产物中含有较多杂环芳烃及其氧化产物,而车辆排放物和石油裂解过程中排放的副产物则含有较多三萜烷,一些直接由未燃烧石油产品输入的气溶胶的突出特征表现在样品中具有完整系列的烷基苯化合物;(2)我国四个城市大气气溶胶的类脂质都包含有正烷烃、正脂肪酸、正脂肪醇、多环芳烃、倍半萜、二萜和三萜烷以及甾烷等化合物,这些化合物包括天然生物成因、地质成因和人为成因这三个来源,并按不同的比例进行掺和。不同城市气溶胶的类脂质组成反映了该地区的工业发展水平、交通发达状况、人口密度和地理环境的差别,北京地区气溶胶的类脂质组成反映了我国北方平原地区的特征,广州地区气溶胶的类脂质分布表现了沿海地区的特点,贵阳和水城地区大气尘埃类脂质则代表了我国西南山区的大气污染状况,一般地在城市郊区大气所受到人为污染程度均低于市区;(3)采样高度对气溶胶类脂质的组成和同系列化合物的分布有明显的影响,随着采样高度的增加生物成因组分的比例明显增加,气溶胶的类脂质产率随采样高度增加有明显的重力分异现象;(4)季节将会使气溶胶的类脂质组成发生变化,在夏季样品中生物成因组分的比例明显高于冬季样品,此外随着纬度的增加,正烷烃的Cmax有增加的趋势,这一点主要反映了环境温度的变化。
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在前人工作的基础上,进行了以下几方面的工作:(1)、测定一系列天然和人工合成硼酸盐矿物的红外和拉曼光谱;(2)、通过群论分析讨论了谱带的归属;(3)、在此基础上进行正则坐标分析,由实测频率计算了力常数并讨论了小分子的力常数应用于较大分子所得到的定性结论;(4)、为进一步了解硼酸盐矿物控制B-O配位多面体的化学键的性质。
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综合各种岩石学特征,矿物结构以及矿物的化学组成特征,论证了形成清镇陨石矿物的四种机制:(1)星云的直接凝聚;(2)金属相的硫化作用;(3)矿物的出熔作用;和(4)矿物的分解反应,并指出形成EH群陨石的星云可能是不均一的。清镇陨石的形成区域比Yamato-691更加还原。EH群的富FeO硅酸盐,富Ca,Al难熔包体等的出现,反映了太阳星云不同区间之间的相互混合作用。硫化物中的小圆球状陨磷铁镍矿包裹体,硅酸盐球粒,以及同种矿物正反环带结构在同一陨石中的小圆球状陨磷铁镍矿包裹体,硅酸盐球粒,以及同种矿物正反环带结构在同一陨石中的共存,至少指示了星云中的三次热事件。清镇陨石母体的热变质很弱,它的强度不足以抹去矿物的正环带组成特征。陨硫铁铜钾矿的分解,反映了母体中的一次变质事件,但影响这一事件的主要因素是挥发活动组分,温度的影响相对次要。本文还利用闪锌矿宇宙温度计和压力计讨论了闪锌矿的形成温度,清镇陨石的变质温度和在母体中埋藏深度等问题。
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黔西南金矿一般都具有许多共性,(1)在特定的金矿床中,以一定层位金矿化为主,区域上具有多层赋矿的特征,金矿化受岩性控制。(2)金矿受背斜和断裂的控制,层间破碎带也是金赋存的有利部位。(3)普遍含有较高的有机质。(4)原生金矿石中金呈亚显微状态。(5)汞、砷、锑、金共生。通过本论文对黔西南金矿地球化学、有机质地球化学和有机质在金矿成矿作用中的研究,可以获得以下一些结论:(1)黔西南金矿同汞、砷、锑有紧密的联系,金矿产在富含有机质的地层中。成矿物质来源于围岩。有机碳含量同金的品位没有正相关性。(2)黔西南金矿中的有机质主要是热变沥青。通过镜质体反射率估算的成矿温度为150-240 ℃。(3)矿石有机抽提物中含有较高的硫,在滥泥沟金矿的样中发现了红色素。抽提物中芳烃含量高。(4)烷烃色谱和色谱-质谱研究说明大部分金矿中的有机质均处于成熟和过成熟阶段。(5)实验证实石油对金有极好的迁移能力。
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The aim of this research is to explore the relationships between Self-evaluation, general trust, coping styles and psychological health of secondary school students. Three studies were carried out. A total of 1024 middle school students ranging in age from 11 to 20 years complete SCL-90, secondary school students self-evaluation scale, questionnaire of coping styles and GTS. It is found that: 1. There were three self-evaluation in middle school students: the self-evaluation in study, in human relations and in appearance. 2. The three factors of self-evaluation are all correlated to gender, grade and single children. 3. General trust of secondary school students is no difference in gender, grade and single children. 4. Aside from the negative exterior copied ones, three self-evaluation and general trust significantly predict the other three coping styles. 5. When we control the gender , grade and and the only-child in multiple linear regression, we found that the coping style has more effect on their psychological health than the gender , grade and and the only-child and influencing of negative coping style is highest. 6. Three self-evaluations and general trust have direct influences on psychological health of secondary school students. Taking coping styles as intermediate variables , three self-evaluations and general trust have direct influences on psychological health of secondary school students.
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The aim of this research is to explore the characteristics of family functioning,personality and their relation to anxiety and depression in high school students. A total of 914 high school students were assessed with The Chinese Family Assessment Instrument and Five -factor Personality Questionnaire and Mental Health Test and Middle School Students Depression Questionnaire. The result indicates, 1. The family functioning and Personality were all significant difference to school, gender, mother’s education and father’s education. 2. There were school, gender, mother’s education and father’s education differences in anxiety of students. 3. There were school, mother’s education and father’s education differences in depression of students. 4. Family functioning were predictive factor directly to anxiety of students, personality serves in part as medium between family functioning and anxiety of students. 5. Family functioning were predictive factor directly to the high school students’ depression, personality serves in part as medium between family functioning and depression of students. 6. The different schools had special features in relation models between family functioning, personality and anxiety of students. 7. The different schools had special features in relation models between family functioning, personality and depression of students.
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Achievement motive is human’s social motive. In some sense, one’s all-life achievements are decided by his/her achievement motive. By which we can conclude that achievement motive has close connection with individual emotional experience. People pursuing success experience more positive emotion and less negative one, and have good behavioral adaptability. This study aims at explore the relation between achievement motive and behavior problems in the secondary vocational education schools through questionaries (the achievement motivation scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale,State-Trait Anxiety Inventory,Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression Scale and middle school students'behavior questionnaire). There were 1005 students whose age ranged from 14to21 years completed the questionnaires. The main conclusions of this thesis are as follows: (1) Achievement motive of student in the secondary vocational education schools is significantly lower than that of students in the senior high school. (2) Students in the secondary vocational education schools show more obvious emotion and Externalizing behavior problems than those of the senior high schools. (3) Students’ motivation for pursuing success in the secondary vocational education schools has negative correlation with emotion and Externalizing behavior problem, while the motivation for avoiding failure has positive correlation with the emotion and Externalizing behavior problem. Achievement motivation has negative correlation with emotion and Externalizing behavior problem. (4) Students’ achievement motivation shows obvious gender difference in the secondary vocational education schools. The avoiding failure element shows upward trend with the grades increasing and the difference is obvious. While the students’ achievement motive in the secondary vocational education schools shows significantly downward trend with the grades increasing. Whether holding a post at school has influence on the students’ achievement motivation, and the difference is significant. (5) Students’ Externalizing behavior problem in the secondary vocational education schools shows obvious gender difference. Whether holding a post at school has influence on the students’ Externalizing behavior problem, and depression and loneliness, and the difference is significant. Key words: Students in the Secondary Vocational Education Schools, Achievement Motivation, Behavior Problem, Emotion Problem, Externalizing Behavior Problem (Note: In this study, the behavior problems include not only the externalizing behavior problems, but also emotion problems.)
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Accumulating studies have been conducted on job burnout in the fields of organizational psychology and health psychology, but there are few studies investigating job burnout for people in the Chinese Armed Police Force(CAPF). This thesis explored the antecedents (social comparison, perceived control and perceived organizational support) and outcomes (incumbents’ level of task performance and psychological health) of job burnout, using data collected from 458 teachers (study 1) and 792 officers (470 lower level army cadres,150 commandos and 172 teachers, study 2) in CAPF. Two studies were carried out. The results are as follows: 1. There were significant differences among the three dimensions of job burnout for teachers: reduced accomplishment was rated significantly higher than cynicism and emotional exhaustion. 2. For the emotional exhaustion dimension, special technical soldiers gave the highest ratings and cadres provided the lowest ratings. Besides, special technical soldiers and teachers rated higher on cynicism than cadres did. 3. Perceived control significantly influenced job burnout: the higher the perceived control, the lower the three dimension of job burnout (emotional exhaustion, cynicism and reduced accomplishment). 4. Perceived control exerted impacts on psychological health directly and indirectly: the higher the perceived control, the better psychological health. Moreover, perceived control had significant effects on psychological health through emotional exhaustion: the higher the perceived control, the lower emotional exhaustion and the better psychological health. 5. The higher perceived organizational support, the lower the three dimensions of job burnout; perceived organizational support impacted psychological health through emotional exhaustion: the higher perceived organizational support, the lower emotional exhaustion and the better psychological health. 6. Job burnout exerted significant influence on task performance: the higher reduced accomplishment, the lower task performance rated by participants themselves. Drawing on the above results, measures would be taken in CAPF to enhance perceived control and perceived organizational support, to alleviate burnout and improve task performance and psychological health.
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In the present study, 520 questionnaires about general self–efficacy, achievement goal orientation, learning motivation and time management were delivered to university students. The students were randomly chosen from Communication University of China, Central University of Finance and Economics, Capital University of Business and Economics and Shanxi University. 495 responses were valid , in which 225 majoring in liberal arts and 270 majoring in natural sciences. The influences of these four factors on students’ academic achievements were explored. And the gender differences in General self-efficacy, achievement goal orientation, learning motivation and time management were analyzed in the present study too. It was found that: 1) There were gender difference on academic achievements. The scores’ of female students were higher than males’. 2) Significant gender differences were found in four considered factors which indicated that female students got higher scores than male students; 3) There were close relations between the four considered factors and students’ academic achievements. There were also obvious relations among the four factors. 4) University students’ academic achievements could be well predicted by their general self-efficacy, achievement goal orientation, learning motivation and time management.
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In the period of college, an individual matures rapidly in all aspects. College engineering students are the important parts of undergraduates. The state of an individual’s mental health may affect and even decide his future life and work. The level of the student’s self-concept and the kind of coping styles the students adopt are directly related to their mental health. So, it is significant to study the psychological stress, coping and self-concept of college engineering students for the mental health education and research of college engineering students. Based on overviews of former research, with the China College Student Psychological Stress Scale, the Coping Styles Scale and the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, 559 college engineering students were investigated to explore the characteristics of and the relationship between the psychological stress, coping styles and self-concept of college engineering students. The results showed: 1. The stresses of learning, living and daily hassles were the main psychological stresses of college engineering students. There were significant differences in psychological stress between students from the countryside and those from urban areas, between needy students and non-needy students, between single-parent students and non-single-parent students, among students from different grades, with different academic achievements and of different postgraduate targets, between student party members and non-party members, between student cadres and non-cadres. However, there were no significant differences between male and female, between those from single-child families and from multiple-child families. 2. The coping styles of solving problem, seeking help and rationalization were the main coping styles of college engineering students. There were significant differences in the coping styles between needy students and non-needy students, among students from different grades, with different academic achievements and of different postgraduate targets, between student party members and non-party members, between student cadres and non-cadres. However, there were no significant differences between students from the countryside and from urban areas, between male and female, between single-parent students and non-single-parent students, between those from single-child families and from multiple-child families. 3. The self-concept of college engineering students was positive in general. There were significant differences in self-concept between students from the countryside and those from urban areas, between male and female, between needy students and non-needy students, between single-parent students and non-single-parent students, among students from different grades, with different academic achievements and of different postgraduate targets, between student party members and non-party members, between student cadres and non-cadres. However, there were no significant differences between those from single-child families and from multiple-child families. 4. The psychological stress had significantly negative correlation to the immature coping styles, and had partial correlation to the mature coping styles. Coping style has significant predictability on psychological stress. 5. The positive factors of the self-concept had significantly negative correlation to psychological stress, but self-criticism had positive correlation to psychological stress. There are significant differences between high self-concept students and low self-concept students for psychological stress. Self-concept has significant predictability on psychological stress. 6. The positive factors of the self-concept had significantly negative correlation to the coping styles of self-blame, illusion, avoidance, and rationalization, but had significantly positive correlation to the coping style of solving problem and seeking help. Self-criticism had significantly negative correlation to the coping styles of self-blame, illusion, avoidance, and rationalization. There are significant differences between high self-concept students and low self-concept students for coping styles. Self-concept has significant predictability on coping styles. 7. The self-concept of college engineering students had an effect on psychological stress by coping styles. However, the effect by the immature coping styles was higher than that to the mental health directly, and the effect by the mature and mixed coping styles was slighter than that to the mental health directly. According to the results, improving the college engineering students’ self-concept level and establishing right self-concept, developing the middle school student’ active coping styles and overcoming the negative coping styles are essential and important to the college engineering students’ mental health and provide useful clues for the psychological education of the college engineering students.
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中学生处于青春期,在此阶段青少年的身心经历着巨大变化,由幼稚过渡到成熟,生理、认知和情感上等各方面的变化使得青少年更加注意自身的特点,影响青少年的自我评价。大量研究表明中学阶段的自我评价在很大程度上影响青少年的身心健康。而中学生正处于自我评价能力逐渐发展的时期,有必要对中学生的自我评价进行研究,以帮助他们形成正确的自我评价,促进身心健康。另外,中学生的自我评价与学业成绩有着怎样的关系?是否有可能通过考察两者间的关系来提高中学生的学业成绩?这也是本研究期望考察的内容。总体来说本研究目的在于:通过自我以及长处和困难问卷考察中学生的自我评价状况以及自我评价与学业成绩间的关系。 研究的主要结论和结果如下: (1) 中学生同伴认同水平较高,学校认同较低,他们认为自己的学业努力程度不够高,但总体自我价值感比较高,即对自我的接纳程度比较高。 (2) 女生比男生学习刻苦,她们对自己的学业能力比较有信心。而初一学生比高二学生学习努力,对学习的重视程度也更高。 (3) 总体来说中学生情绪稳定,表现出较多的亲社会行为。男生在“多动/注意障碍”上的得分高于女生,但女生有更多的亲社会行为。 (4) 绝大多数中学生在“情绪症状”、“多动/注意障碍”和“亲社会行为”三因素上的得分位于“正常”范围,少部分处于“临界”和“异常”状态。 (5) 家庭环境因素对子女的自我评价有显著影响。 (6) 自我、长处和困难问卷各因素对学业成绩标准分没有显著预测力,但对各年级原始总分有不同的预测作用。而“学业能力”、“亲社会行为”和“学业努力程度”对升学动机有预测作用。 关键词:中学生; 自我评价; 学业成绩
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It is easy to find that, in each language, the terms and phrases for the representation of spatial locating and orientation, and the ways for sharing spatial knowledge are very rich. The basic way of sharing spatial information is mapping our experience and actions with the environment by using terms and utterances that represent spatial relations. How to build the mapping relation among them and what factors affect the process of mapping are the questions need to be answered in this study. The whole course of expressing projective spatial relation includes the verbal expression and perception to the projective spatial relation. In experiment 1, the perceptual characteristics of perceiving the projective spatial relation was studied by analyzing the production latencies from the presentation of the stimulators in different directions (at 5 levels: 00, 22.50, 450, 67.50, and 900) to the onset of the corresponding buttons triggering on the keyboard, the study verifies the results of prior researches and revealed the foundation of expressing the projective spatial relation. In the experiment 2, and 3, the way and the role of the verbal expression were investigated. Subjects were asked to speak out the spatial relation between intended object and reference object by using verbal locative expressions. In experiment 2, Chinese was used as the verbal expression way, and in Experiment 3, English instead. Experiment 4 was similar as experiment 3, but time of voice key triggering was controlled and balanced among trials to verify the results of Experiment 3 further. Experiment 5 investigated the effect of pre-cue on the courses of expressing projective spatial relation. There were two kinds of clues, one was the spatial locative utterances, and the other was the perceptual coordinates framework, such as drawing a cross ”+” in a circle to imply four quadrants. The main conclusions of this research were as follows: 1. When speaking out a spatial relation, different sets of spatial terms, such as “left and right”, or “north and south”, affected the speed of verbal expression. Verbal coding process was affected by how well the perceptual salient direction matched with spatial terms, which made the speed of verbal expression different. 2. When using composite spatial terms to express diagonal directions, people tend to use direct mapping from spatial conceptual representation to composite spatial terms, rather than combining the two axes, which implied there existed direct one-on-one mapping between spatial conceptual representation and spatial terms. But during specific developing period, the way of combining two axes was employed as well for spatial expression, which meant perceptual salient directions played critical role in the process of perceiving and expressing projective spatial relations. 3. The process of verbal expression of the projective spatial relation was improved by the familiarity of spatial utterances, but this improvement was not the results of enhancement of the effect of prototypical diagonal direction.
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As a well-related concept with close relationship, dispositional romantic jealousy (worrying about the romantic relationship will decrease or be threatened because of the rival) is accepted more and more attention. As the first system study on romantic jealousy under Chinese culture, this study use the combinative methods of questionnaire survey and provided situation-imagine design to study the dispositional romantic jealousy and get some conclusions. 1、The structure of the dispositional romantic jealousy in Chinese undergraduate students consist of three factors: suspicion , exclusivity and dependency . The scale of romantic jealousy has good reliability and validity. 2、The dispositional romantic jealousy can well predict the love attitudes and love experiences. The three factors respectively have different relationship with the love attitudes and love experiences. 3、Comparing with the high self-esteem samples, low self-esteem (include explicit self-esteem, and special implicit self-esteem) samples express more dispositional romantic jealousy among some of the three aspects: suspicion , exclusivity and dependency. 4、Those who get high scores on Scale of Social Comparison Orientation have far more remarkable dispositional romantic jealousy than those who get low scores, the difference exits in three factors: suspicion , exclusivity and dependency. 5、The result of SEM tells us that explicit self-esteem and special implicit self-esteem can negetivly predict some of the three factors of the dispositional romantic jealousy. And special implicit self-esteem also can predict the jealous emotional reaction .Social comparison orientation can predict all three factors of the disposition. And all three factors can positively predict jealous emotional reaction. These findings help us identify the structure of the dispositional romantic jealousy and know more about the influence factors of dispositional romantic jealousy. So we can provide an academic reference on the prevention and intervention of the conflicts among marriage and love relationships.
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Since the 19th century, people have long believed that the function of cerebellum was restricted to fine motor control and modulation. In the past two decades, however, more and more studies challenged this traditional view. While the neuroanatomy of the cerebellum from cellular to system level has been well documented, the functions of this neural organ remain poorly understood. This study, including three experiments, attempted to further the understanding of cerebellar functions from different viewpoints. Experiment One used the parametric design to control motor effects. The activation in cerebellum was found to be associated with the difficulty levels of a semantic discrimination task, suggesting the involvement of the cerebellum in higher level of language functions. Moreover, activation of the right posterior cerebellum was found to co-vary with that of the frontal cortex. Experiment Two adopted the cue-go paradigm and event-related design to exclude the effects of phonological and semantic factors in a mental writing task. The results showed that bilateral anterior cerebellum and cerebral motor regions were significantly activated during the task and the hemodynamic response of the cerebellum was similar to those of the cerebral motor cortex. These results suggest that the cerebellum participates in motor imagination during orthographic output. Experiment Three investigated the learning process of a verb generation task. While both lateral and vermis cerebellum were found to be activation in the task, each was correlated a separate set of frontal regions. More importantly, activations both in the cerebellum and frontal cortex decreased with the repetition of the task. These results indicate that the cerebellum and frontal cortex is jointly engaged in some functions; each serves as a part of a single functional system. Taken these findings together, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1.The cerebellum is not only involved in functions related to speech or articulation, but also participates in the higher cognitive functions of language. 2.The cerebellum participates in various functions by supporting the corresponding regions in cerebral cortex, but not directly executes the functions as an independent module. 3.The anterior part of cerebellum is related to motor functions, whereas the posterior part is involved in cognitive functions. 4.While the motor functions rely on the engagement of both sides of the cerebellar hemispheres, the higher cognitive functions mainly depend on the right cerebellum.