Fluorescence Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter in the East China Sea after Diatom Red Tide Dispersion

Fluorescence excitation-emission spectroscopy (EEMS) was employed to analyze the 3-dimensional fluorescence of dissolved organic matter in the East China Sea after diatom red tide dispersion. The relationships between fluorescence peak intensity, and salinity and chlorophyll-a were discussed. The centers of protein-like fluorescence peaks dispersed at Ex(max)/Em(max) = 270-280/290-315 nm (Peak B), 220-230/290-305 nm (Peak D), 230-240/335-350 nm(Peak S)and 280/320 nm(Peak T). Two humic-like peaks appeared at 255-270/435-480 nm (Peak A) and 330-350/420-480 nm(Peak C). High tyrosine-like intensity was observed in diatom red tide dispersion area, and tryptophan-like fluorescence was also found which was lower. High FIB/FIS showed that diatom red tide produced much tyrosine-like matter during dispersion. Peaks S, A and C had positive correlation with one another, and their distributions were similar, which decreased with distance increasing away from the shore. Good negative correlations between peaks S, A and C and salinity suggested that Jiangsu-Zhejiang coastal water was the same source of then-L Correlations between fluorescence peak intensity and chlorophyll-a were not remarkable enough to clear the relationship between fluorescence and living algal matter. It was supposed that the living algal matter contributed little to the fluorescence intensity of algal dispersion seawater.

Three dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission on matrix spectrum of dissolved organic substance in marine microalgaes growth process

The three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum was used to detect the changes in dissolved organic substances from the cultured Skeletonema costatum, Alexandrium tamarense, Alexandrium mimutum, Scrippsiella trochodea, Prorocentrum donghaiense and Prorocentrum micans. The result indicates that all of the microalgaes can produce FDOM in the growth courses. Diatom such as Skeletonema costatum can produce humic-like FDOM. However dinoflagellate can produce protein-like FDOM at exponential growth phase. When the algae grows into decadency phase, the intensity of humic-like and protein-like fluorescence augments rapidly, which may be due to a mass of FDOM realeased by the old or dead cell fragmentation and the degradation of bacteria by using non-FDOM. The fluorescent intensity of Alexandrium tamarense, Alexandrium mimutum, Prorocentrum donghaiense and Prorocentrum micans can reduce at anaphase of decadency phase because of the degradation of bacteria and light. The same genus of algae can produce similar FDOM, for example: Alexandrium tamarense, and Alexandrium mimutum, Prorocentrum donghaiense and Prorocentrum micans, but the positions of the fluorescence peaks are different.

Determination of trace arsenic and selenium in jellyfish by microwave digestion-hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry

A method of hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry was proposed in the present paper for the determination of trace arsenic and selenium in jellyfish. The samples were treated by the combination of microwave digestion and lyophilization. The optimal conditions for treating and analyzing samples were established. The problem of the effect of the superfluous acid in the digesting solution on the results was solved, and the influence of coexisting foreign ions on the determination of arsenic and selenium was investigated. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by the method of standard additions. This method proved to be simple, rapid and repeatable, and is suitable for the analysis of biologic samples containing water.

Characterization of eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization with bacteriophage P1 clones

Chromosome identification is an essential step in genomic research, which so far has not been possible in oysters. We tested bacteriophage P1 clones for chromosomal identification in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). P1 clones were labeled with digoxigenin-11-dUTP using nick translation. Hybridization was detected with fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled anti-digoxigenin antibodies and amplified with 2 layers of antibodies. Nine of the 21 P1 clones tested produced clear and consistent FISH signals when Cot-1 DNA was used as a blocking agent against repetitive sequences. Karyotypic analysis and cohybridization positively assigned the 9 P1 clones to 7 chromosomes. The remaining 3 chromosomes can be separated by size and arm ratio. Five of the 9 P1 clones were sequenced at both ends, providing sequence-tagged sites that can be used to integrate linkage and cytogenetic maps. One sequence is part of the bone morphogenetic protein type 1b receptor, a member of the transforming growth factor superfamily, and mapped to the telomeric region of the long arm of chromosome 2. This study shows that large-insert clones such as P1 are useful as chromosome-specific FISH probes and for gene mapping in oysters.

Chromosomal mapping of 5S ribosomal RNA genes in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica gmelin by fluorescence in situ hybridization

Chromosomal location of the 5S ribosomal RNA gene was studied in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin. using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Metaphase chromosomes were obtained from early embryos, and the FISH probe was made by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification of the 5S rRNA gene and labeled by incorporation of digoxigenin-1 1-dUTP during PCR. Hybridization was detected with fluorescein-labeled antidigoxigenin antibodies. Two pairs of FISH signals were observed on metaphase chromosomes. Karyotypic analysis showed that the 5S rRNA gene cluster is interstitially located on short arms of chromosomes 5 and 6. On chromosome 5, the 5S rRNA genes were located immediately next to the centromere, whereas on chromosome 6, they were located approximately half way between the telomere and the centromere. Chromosomes of C. virginica are difficult to identify because of their similarities in size and arm ratio, and the chromosomal location of 5S rRNA genes provides unambiguous identification of chromosomes 5 and 6. Previous studies have mapped the major rRNA gene cluster (18S-5.8S-28S) to chromosome 2. and this study shows that the 5S rRNA gene cluster is not linked to the major rRNA genes and duplicated during evolution.

Chromosomal mapping of major ribosomal rRNA genes in the hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) using fluorescence in situ hybridization

Karyotype and chromosomal location of the major ribosomal RNA genes were studied in the hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria Linnaeus) using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Metaphase chromosomes were obtained from early embryos. Internal transcribed spacers (ITS) between major RNA genes were amplified and used as FISH probes. The probes were labeled with digoxigenin-11-dUTP by polymerase chain reaction and detected with fluorescein-labeled anti-digoxigenin antibodies. FISH with the ITS probes produced two to four signals per nucleus or metaphase. M. mercenaria had a haploid number of 19 chromosomes with a karyotype of seven metacentric, four metacentric or submetacentric, seven submetacentric, and one submetacentric or subtelocentric chromosomes (7M + 4M/SM + 7SM + 1SM/ST). Two ITS loci were observed: one located near the centromere on the long arm of Chromosome 10 and the other at the telomere of the short arm of Chromosome 12. FISH signals on Chromosome 10 are strong and consistent, while signals on Chromosome 12 are variable. This study provides the first karyotype and chromosomal assignment of the major RNA genes in M. mercenaria. Similar studies in a wide range of species are needed to understand the role of chromosomal changes in bivalve evolution.

高寒草甸植物抗氧化系统对长期增强UV-B辐射的响应

通过研究自然条件下模拟平流层臭氧破坏5%时近地表面增加的太阳UV-B辐射对高寒草甸4种典型植物（矮嵩草Kobresia humilis、垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans、麻花艽Gentiana straminea和鹅绒委陵菜Po-tentilla anserina）的抗氧化系统的影响表明,尽管各植物的抗氧化系统组分变化不同,但4种植物的膜脂过氧化程度没有加剧,长期增强UV-B辐射没有对膜系统造成损伤。在自然长期增强UV-B条件下,4种植物的膜脂过氧化产物——丙二醛（MDA）含量与对照相比无显著差异。垂穗披碱草、鹅绒委陵菜的谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量增加,麻花艽的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性与鹅绒委陵菜的过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性上升,同时麻花艽的类胡萝卜素（Car）含量亦显著增加。可见这些植物已能很好地适应UV-B强辐射,其抗氧化能力除了与抗氧化系统各组分的协同作用有关外,也可能与种的适应性有关。

野生与栽培药材麻花秦艽的HPLC／UV指纹图谱研究

采用反相高效液相色谱一二极管阵列的检测方法，分析了不同产地11批麻花秦艽药材，建立麻花秦艽药材的指纹图谱，进行野生药材与栽培药材的对比研究。结果表明：最佳条件可较全面的反映麻花秦艽药材的主要成分，栽培药材与野生药材相似度较好。

祁连山海北高寒草甸地区UV-B的气候变化特征

分析祁连山海北高寒草甸地区2002年太阳总辐射（Eg）、UV-B及UV-B占Eg比例的气候变化特征。结果表明：海北站地区UV-B较强，日瞬时最高接近10W•m^-2，日总量最高达0．204MJ•m^-2；日、年变化依Eg的日、年变化具有显著的正相关关系。UV-B与Eg的比值（η），不论是日变化还是年变化表现明显，一日间早晚低，中午高，一年间6月最高，冬季的12月低，与太阳高度角的变化具有一定的正相关关系。年平均η约为0．54％，植物生长期的5～9月约为0．65％。在海北高寒草甸地区Eg和UV-B的年总量分别达6387．436MJ•m^-2和35．981MJ•m^-2。

长期增强UV-B辐射对高寒草甸植物光合速率和抗氧化系统的影响

研究了在野外自然条件下，长期增强UV-B辐射对高寒草甸3种典型植物矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）、垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）和钉柱委陵菜（Potentilla saundersiana）光合放氧速率、光合色素和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明：长期增强UV-B辐射对3种植物的净光合速率没有明显影响。增强UV-B辐射下，3种植物的叶绿素含量变化不同，Chla／b值，类胡萝卜素（Car）含量，Car／Chl值与对照相比都有升高，说明植物叶片的光合能力、吸收紫外线的能力增强以及忍受逆境能力均有增强，从而产生光保护，有利于光合作用正常进行。由于3种植物膜脂过氧化程度的不同及SOD活性的普遍抑制，植物经受了氧化胁迫。垂穗披碱草叶片GSH含量显著七升，矮嵩草的形态矮小及钉柱委陵菜GSH含量与POD活性显著上升，都能减轻它们所经受的氧化胁迫，使光合器官免受损伤。所以，这些保护性色素的积累和抗氧化系统内部的协同作用可能是高寒草甸植物光合作用正常进行的重要原因。

增强UV-B辐射对麻花艽叶片的抗氧化酶的影响

以青藏高原的特有植物麻花艽为材料,研究麻花艽叶片抗氧化酶系统对增强UV-B辐射的响应.结果表明:在UV-B处理初期,麻花艽叶片SOD、POD的酶活性都能增加,但随着处理时间的延长,SOD、POD的活性呈现下降趋势.麻花艽叶片CAT的酶活性在UV-B处理后下降明显,但作为清除叶绿体中H2O2的关键酶AP的酶活性表现为明显地增加趋势,说明在对麻花艽叶片增强UV-B辐射反应中AP起有着重要作用.MDA的含量随UV-B处理时间延长而增加,表明UV-B降低了细胞内活性氧自由基的清除能力,膜脂过氧化作用加剧,导致了对麻花艽叶片的伤害效应.

不同强度的UV-B辐射对高山植物麻花艽光合作用及暗呼吸的影响

以人工种植的多年生高山植物麻花艽( Gentiana straminea )为材料,在3个不同强度的UV-B辐射处理下,定时测定处理和对照叶片的净光合速率、表观量子效率和暗呼吸的变化.结果显示:UV-B处理对麻花艽叶片的光合作用在短期内有一定的抑制作用,但随着处理时间的增加,该高山植物能很快地适应强UV-B辐射的处理.表明麻花艽这种青藏高原常见的高山植物在长期的自然选择过程中可能已经形成了适应UV-B辐射的特有生理机制.暗呼吸的实验结果亦表明:在3种强度的UV-B辐射处理下,麻花艽叶片的呼吸作用从一开始就未受到抑制;随着UV-B辐射时间的增加,UV-B辐射强度越高,呼吸强度越强;这可能是 UV-B辐射并未引起麻花艽呼吸机构的破坏所致.

UV－B辐射增强对植物光合作用的影响及植物的相关适应性研究

综述了UV－B辐射增强对植物光合作用的影响、植物对光破坏的响应与适应性方面的国内外研究进展，许多研究表明UV－B辐射增强对植物具有破坏作用且能引起植物光抑制、光氧化和光损伤，植物依靠自身修复系统而对其破坏又具有一定的适应性。

增强UV-B辐射对高山植物麻花艽净光合速率的影响

在高寒矮嵩草 (K obresia humilis)草甸地区以太阳短波辐射为背景 ,建立了人工增强 U V- B辐射的实验装置 ,每天增补 15 .8k J· m- 2 的辐射剂量 ,模拟平流层臭氧破坏约 5 %时近地表面太阳 UV- B辐射的增强。观测表明 :UV- B辐射的增强对麻花艽 (Gentiana straminea)植物的光合作用无明显的抑制或伤害作用。相反 ,在早晨补充UV- B辐射的短时间内 ,叶片的 Pn 随 Gs的增大而有所提高。随 UV- B辐射时间的延长 ,约在 11∶ 30～ 12∶ 30 ,Pn和Gs有所降低。U V- B辐射时间进一步延长后 (约 14∶ 0 0以后 ) ,处理和对照组叶片 Pn和 Gs的差异趋向不明显。增强太阳 UV- B辐射后 ,麻花艽叶片的光合色素并无明显变化 ,U V-B 吸收物质的含量也无明显变化。麻花艽叶片厚度的直接测量表明: 增强UV -B 辐射能明显提高叶片的厚度。叶片厚度的增加可补偿增强UV -B 辐射后引起的光合色素的光降解, 改善单位叶面积为基础的光合速率, 是高原植物对强UV-B 辐射的一种适应方式。

增强的UV-B辐射对黄瓜（Cucumis sativus）不同叶位叶片生长、光合作用和呼吸作用的影响

在植物生长室中 ,黄瓜植株第 1片真叶出现后 ,用人工UV B光源照射 6 0d ,测定植物各叶位叶片的生长和生理活动 .结果表明 ,UV B辐射条件下 ,植物出叶时间被延迟 ;叶面积和叶干重下降 ,降幅与叶位高低正相关 ;叶片含水量降低 ,老龄叶片 (第 1叶 ,下位叶 )和幼龄叶片 (第 5叶 ,上位叶 )的水分降幅均高于成年叶片 (第 3叶 ,中位叶 ) ;叶片的伸展速度、叶片数目以及单叶面积减少 ,致使黄瓜总叶面积下降 ;植株节间长度缩短 ,是植株矮化的重要原因 ;根、茎、叶等器官之间的相关生长变化不大.叶片生长在其中起重要的协调作用. UV-B 降低Pn和EAQE ,对光合作用的抑制程度随叶位升高而增加. UV-B 辐射后,黄瓜叶片的光呼吸显著提高,增幅与叶片发育阶段有关. UV-B 对黄瓜第1叶的暗呼吸没有影响,第2 、3 叶略微下降,第4 叶显著升高. 分析认为,植株矮化和叶面积减少有利于植物适应UV-B辐射;水分含量和光合作用减少、呼吸作用增强是黄瓜生长受抑制的生理基础。