重离子耗散反应激发函数振荡结构的实验研究

直到八十年代中期，人名才发现耗散反应激发函数中存在振荡结构这种新现象。通过对激发函数振荡结构能量自关联函数的研究是获得复合核能级宽度的一个重要手段，Brick推广了Ericson的复合核统计理论，并成功地用于分析耗散反应激发函数振荡结构的研究，提取相应的能量相关宽度Г。本文报道了19F+51V耗散反应激发函数振荡结构的实验研究结果，用能级部分重叠模型对角动量相干引起的截面涨落、能量自关联函数进行了计算分析。实验中采用ΔE-E粒子鉴别方法和飞行时间TOF测量技术队102.25Mev~109.5Mev19F+51V反应类弹产物同时进行电荷和质量鉴别。首次在各个元素、同量异位素（质量数A为常数）和同位素的耗散反应激发函数中观察到振荡结构，并进一步证实了反应产物的各个出射道之间存在着相关。检验了用小角度弹性散射计数做相对归一对激发函数振荡结构研究可能造成的影响。分别采用能量自关联函数方法和谱密度方法提取了各个激发函数的能量相关宽度Г，其值大小为~350kev，并与出射道的电荷数Z、质量数A和中质比N/Z有很大的依赖关系，表明出射产物与入射弹核的差别越打所需的反应时间久越长。首次得到了Г随N/Z值变化的趋势，Г随N/Z的分布为Gauss型，通过分析分布的宽度得到其大小随相互作用时间的增长而线性增大的结果，并进一步提取了电荷扩散系数，证实了反应系统已达到电荷平衡。Г的数值随出射角的增大有减小的趋势。双核系统的转动造成了Г随出射角的变化关系，实验提取的双核系统平均角速度发生了较强的阻尼。用能级部分重叠模型在适当的精度内对激发函数和能力自关联函数进行了模拟。计算分析说明入射道的动能大多数转化为双核系统的转动能，只有较少部分转化为双核系统的内禀激发能，双核系统被激发到能级密度不太大的区域，能级之间的部分重叠引起截面的振荡行为。入射道角动量的相互干涉、双核系统能级的部分重叠和出射道的相互关联使得耗散反应的激发函数表现出其特有的规律性。

SSC120KW高频发射机改进可行性方案研究

我所SSC120KW高频发射机是HIRFL（Heavy Ion Research Facility, LanZhou）的一个重要组成部分，长期的调机以及运行经验表明：两台发射机存在调机程序复杂运行不稳定、运行维护费用高等缺点。本论文讨论一种改进方案，并且介绍了大功率放大器的设计方法。 该方案采用国产电子管TH537作为功率放大管，槽路电感固定，采用一个可变电容调谐，另一个可变电容调整负载。槽路结构简单，调整方便，同时槽路元件较现在方案少，能节省建造和维护费用。论文中详细介绍了电子管特性的计算，槽路得设计方法，并对中和与消除寄生振荡的方法作了扼要的介绍。

HIRFL束流相位测量系统的研究和改进

兰州重离子研究装置（Heavy Ion Research Facility at LanZhou,HIRFL）是由一台1.7m扇聚焦回旋加速器（SFC）与一台能量常数K=450的分离扇回旋加速器（SSC）组成的加速器系统。束流相位测量系统式束流诊断系统中的一个重要部分，对等时场优化等具有十分重要的作用。HIRFL束流中心相位测量系统于1985年完成了桌面实验，但由于测量精度低，现场抗干扰能力差，一直未能投入使用。 本课题的目的就是找出原系统存在的问题，逐一解决，以便提高其可靠性与测量精度，达到设计要求。 在通过一系列的电子学部分改进和SSC中心相位探针改造之后，于1995年7月第一次测出了SSC中心束流相位。此后，逐步完善改进电子学硬件部分，同时全新设计了系统控制软件，提高了在SFC和SSC上束流相位的测量精度，终于使该系统达到了测量精度为±2.75°~±1.5°的水平。 本论文第一、二章阐述了束流中心相位测量原理和HIRFL束流中心相位测量系统的工作原理，这是本工作的基础和出发点。 在本论文的第三章中，分析了原系统中存在的主要问题。实践使用中可以看出原系统灵敏度低，抗干扰能力差，可靠性差，测量精度低。为了定量判断系统存在的问题，我们设计了自检系统。利用自检系统我们测出原系统测量精度为±6°，且检测出原系统sin，cos正交输出异常。同时测量了原系统多路开关串话量，大多数道与道之间高于最低要求的-40dB，最差只有-20dB，证明存在严重的道间干扰。 本文的第四章中，针对原系统的可靠性差和精度低的两个问题，采取了硬件与软件两方面的各种措施，对系统加以改进。首先，为了提高系统的可靠性，必须提高系统抗干扰能力。为此，我们进行了两个方面的工作，一是根据我们现有条件自行设计了一种新的电缆电子学长度校正方法，大大减少了电缆间相差（小于0.3°），从而有效地提高了系统的抗干扰能力。这种方法不但可以用来校正相同介质电缆，而且可以用来校正不同介质电缆的电子学长度。二是设计了新的信号预选器，其串话量达到约-70dB，并完善了电磁屏蔽，使其完全达到了设计要求。在改进硬件的同时，为了提高可靠性，重新设计了系统控制软件。新的软件测量数据可靠，漏报概率为10-3，操作简便直观，并易于发展。其次，我们工作的重点是提高测量精度。根据自检结果，我们采取了如下措施： （1） 通过对自检数据进行分析，并与理论分析比较，发现问题主要存在于90°移相电路中。而其后的检测证实了这一点。重新调整90°移相电路，并对90°电缆相移进行了精确的校正，从原81.5°校正为90.6°，从而使系统的精度从±6°提高到±4°。 （2） 通过自检数据和理论分析发现鉴相器存在输出增益不平衡，在解决问题之后使系统测量精度达到了±2.75°~±1.5°。 在本文的第五章中，对加速器运行时的中心束流相位测量结果进行了详细分析。结果证明，测量数据可靠，能正确反映出磁场变化情况，测量重复误差达到了±0.5°，从而说明改进后的中心束流相位测量系统性能良好，达到了设计指标。

SFC控制系统软件设计

兰州重离子研究装置（Heavy Ion ReSearch Facility at Lanzhou, HIRFL）是我们研究所得一个大型实验装置，它包括SFC和SSC两个加速器和两条束运线。本论文比较系统地介绍了HIRFL束流诊断系统的改造和SFC分布式控制系统的设计。 在第一章中，简单介绍了国际加速器控制系统的现状和HIRFL控制系统中存在的问题。在第二章一般性地阐述了描述束流品质的各个参数，这些参数的测量原理以及测量这些参数的装置。本论文的第三章详细叙述了HIRFL束流诊断系统的改造方法、过程和结果，结果准确可靠，人机界面非常友好，给调束带来很大的方便。第四章介绍了计算机网络的基本概念，描述了在选用TCP/IP协议的条件下，利用Socket（套接字）实现Windows环境下的实时网络通信的具体过程和步骤，其中参与通信的双方是以客户机和服务器的形式存在的。第五章讲述了SFC分布式控制系统的实现，并在实时网络通信的基础上完成了ECR源扫谱程序和I/O级的网络通信程序。 论文的最后一章，介绍了对HIRFL束运线进行优化控制的一个设想，利用系统辨识的方法可以得到束运线的数学模型，并提供了自适应控制的实现细节，这也是作者对实现HIRFL优化控制的一个愿望。

Analysis of steric mass-action model for protein adsorption equilibrium onto porous anion-exchange adsorbent

The ion-exchange equilibrium of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to an anion exchanger, DEAE Spherodex M, has been studied by batch adsorption experiments at pH values ranging from 5.26 to 7.6 and ionic strengths from 10 to 117.1 mmol/l. Using the unadjustable adsorption equilibrium parameters obtained from batch experiments, the applicability of the steric mass-action (SMA) model was analyzed for describing protein ion-exchange equilibrium in different buffer systems. The parametric sensitivity analysis was performed by perturbing each of the model parameters, while holding the rest constant. The simulation results showed that, at high salt concentrations or low pHs close to the isoelectric point of the protein, the precision of the model prediction decreased. Parametric sensitivity analysis showed that the characteristic charge and protein steric factor had the largest effects on ion-exchange equilibrium, while the effect of equilibrium constant was about 70%-95% smaller than those of characteristic charge and steric factor under all conditions investigated. The SMA model with the relationship between the adjusted characteristic charge and the salt concentration can well predict the protein adsorption isotherms in a wide pH range from 5.84 to 7.6. It is considered that the SMA model could be further improved by taking into account the effect of salt concentration on the intermolecular interactions of proteins. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Numerical Simulation of a Low-power Hydrazine Arcjet Thruster

A modeling study is conducted to investigate the plasma flow and heat transfer characteristics of low-power (kW class) arc-heated thrusters (arcjets) with 2:1 hydrogen/nitrogen to simulate decomposed hydrazine as the propellant. The all-speed SIMPLE algorithm is employed to solve the governing equations, which take into account the effects of compressibility, the Lorentz force and Joule heating, as well as the temperature- and pressure-dependence of the gas properties. Typical computed results about the temperature, velocity and Mach number distributions within arcjet thruster are presented for the case with arc current of 9 A and inlet stagnant pressure of 3.3×105 Pa to show the flow and heat transfer characteristics. It is found that the propellant is heated mainly in the near-cathode and constrictor region, with the highest plasma temperature appearing near the cathode tip, and the flow transition from the subsonic to supersonic regime occurs within the constrictor region. The effect of gas viscosity on the plasma flow within arcjet thruster is examined by an additional numerical test using artificially reduced values of gas viscosity. The test results show that the gas viscosity appreciably affects the plasma flow and the performance of the arcjet thruster for the cases with the hydrazine or hydrogen as the propellant. The integrated axial Lorentz force in the thruster nozzle is also calculated and compared with the thrust force of the arcjet thruster. It is found that the integrated axial Lorentz force is much smaller than the thrust force for the low-power arcjet thruster. Modeling results for the NASA 1-kW class arcjet thruster with simulated hydrazine as the propellant are found to be reasonably consistent with available experimental data.

Double ionization of helium in collision with 20-500-keV/amu Cq+ and Oq+ (q=1-3) ions

Target ionization and projectile charge changing were investigated for 20-500 keV/u Cq+, Oq++He (q=1-3) collisions. Double- to single-ionization ratios R-21 of helium associated with no projectile charge change (direct ionization), single-electron capture, and single-electron loss were measured. The cross-section ratio R-21 depends strongly on the collision velocity v, the projectile charge state q, and the outgoing reaction channel. Meanwhile, a model extended from our previous work [J. X. Shao, X. M. Chen, and B. W. Ding, Phys. Rev. A 75, 012701 (2007)] is presented to interpret the above-mentioned dependences. Good agreement is found between the model and the experimental data.

Electron transfer in fast atomic collisions in the presence of an x-ray laser

We consider electron capture in fast collisions between a proton and hydrogen in the presence of an intense x-ray laser whose angular frequency omega is close to v(2)/2, where v is the collision velocity. We show that in such a case laser-induced capture becomes possible and that the latter proceeds via both induced photon emission and photon absorption channels and can, in principle, compete with kinematic and radiative electron capture.

L-shell ionization accompanied by one-electron capture in Cq+, Oq+ (q=2,3)-Ne collisions

The L-shell ionization processes of a Ne gas target associated with single-electron capture by bombardment of Cq+ and Oq+ (q=2,3) are investigated using the projectile-recoil-ion coincidence method in the energy range from 80 to 400 keV/u (v(p)=1.8-4 a.u.). The cross-section ratios (R-k1) of k-fold ionization to single capture are compared with the results for He2+-Ne collisions by Dubois [Phys. Rev. A 36, 2585 (1987)]. All the velocity dependences are quite similar. The ratios increase as the projectile energy increases in the lower-energy region, reach the maxima for projectile energies around E-max=160q(1/2) keV/u, and then decrease at higher energies. These results qualitatively agree with our calculations in terms of the Bohr-Lindhard model within the independent-electron approximation.