324 resultados para 2,2 `-methylenedi-8-quinolinol dihydrochloride dihydrate
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Ochotona curzoniae and Microtus oeconomus are the native mammals living on the Qinghai-TibetanPlateau of China. The molecular mechanisms of their acclimatization to the Plateau-hypoxia remain unclear. Expressions of hepatic hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)/IGF binding protein (BP)-1(IGFBP-1; including genes), and key metabolic enzymatic genes [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-A/isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD)] are compared in Qinghai-Tibetan- Plateau mammals andsea- level mice after injection of CoCl2 (20, 40, or 60 mg/ kg) and normobaric hypoxia (16.0% O-2, 10.8% O-2, and 8.0% O-2) for 6 h, tested by histochemistry, Western blot analysis, ELISA, and RT-PCR. Major results are CoCl2 markedly increased 1) HIF-1 alpha only in mice, 2) hepatic and circulatory IGF-I in M. oeconomus, 3) hepatic IGFBP-1 in mice and O. curzoniae, and 4) LDH-A but reduced ICD mRNA in mice (CoCl2 20 mg/kg) but were unchanged in the Tibetan mammals. Normobaric hypoxia markedly 1) increased HIF-1 alpha and LDH-A mRNA in mice and M. oeconomus (8.0% O-2) not in O. curzoniae, and 2) reduced ICD mRNA in mice and M. oeconomus (8.0% O-2) not in O. curzoniae. Results suggest that 1) HIF-1 alpha responsiveness to hypoxia is distinct in lowland mice and plateau mammals, reflecting a diverse tolerance of the three species to hypoxia; 2) CoCl2 induces diversities in HIF-1, IGF-I/IGFBP-1 protein or genes in mice, M. oeconomus, and O. curzoniae. In contrast, HIF-1 mediates IGFBP-1 transcription only in mice and in M. oeconomus (subjected to severe hypoxia); 3) differences in IGF-I/IGFBP-1 expressions induced by CoCl2 reflect significant diversities in hormone regulation and cell protection from damage; and 4) activation of anaerobic glycolysis and reduction of Krebs cycle represents strategies of lowland-animals vs. the stable metabolic homeostasis of plateau- acclimatized mammals.
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卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区是世界著名的荒漠有蹄类自然保护区, 区内有蒙古野驴(E. hemionus)、鹅喉羚(G. subgutturosa)、盘羊(Ovis ammon)以及近期野放的普氏野马(E. przewalski)。经过多年有效保护和管理,区内蒙古野驴及鹅喉羚种群得到恢复并有较大增长。从2006年开始,我们在该保护区开展了蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的食性构成、社群结构、种群密度、卧息及采食生境利用、季节性栖息地利用等方面的研究。主要结果如下: 采用粪样显微分析技术研究了蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚与家羊、家马和家骆驼3种家养动物春季、秋季和冬季食性组成及食物生态位。结果发现:(1) 该区域的蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚和家畜所采食的植物科数和种数都不相同,针茅、驼绒藜、蒿和梭梭在各自食谱中所占的比例不同, 但蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚和家畜主要采食针茅、驼绒藜、蒿和梭梭;(2) 春季、秋季和冬季这些野生与家养草食动物两两之间的食物生态位重叠均在0.8以上,最低为0.832(冬季:鹅喉羚和家马),最高达到0.986(秋季:蒙古野驴和家羊;秋季:家马和家羊)。五种有蹄类之间的食物生态位重叠度也达到了0.3以上。表明在卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区,上述野生动物及季节性进入该自然保护区的家畜之间均存在食物竞争。冬季积雪深,食物短缺, 荒漠有蹄类易因冻饿及疾病等造成死亡。因此,应采取限制秋冬季进入该自然保护区家畜数量及调整放牧区域等保护管理措施,对该区域荒漠有蹄类实施有效保护。 对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的集群行为进行了初步研究。将鹅喉羚或蒙古野驴集群划分为雌性群、雄性群、母仔群、雌雄混群和独羚或独驴5种类型。共统计蒙古野驴556群次,计8235匹次。其中,雌雄混群223群次, 占40%, 为最多的集群类型;其余为雄性群(24%)、独驴(19%)、雌性群(11%)和母仔群(6% )。不同集群大小的比例差异极显著 (P=0.000)。其中2-30匹的集群占69%,独驴占18%,其余为13%。最大集群为266匹。除独驴外,其余4种集群类型的集群大小存在极显著差异。独驴作为一种特殊的集群类型,其占雄性个体的比例达63%,说明雄性个体比雌性更容易形成独驴。观察记录到鹅喉羚1286群次,计9148只次。其中,雌雄混群459群次, 占35%,为最多的集群类型;其余为独羚(18%)、母仔群(18%)、雄性群(17%)和雌性群(12%)。不同大小集群的比例差异极显著(P=0.000),其中2一15头的集群占73%, 16头以上集群占42%,独羚仅占3%,不同集群大小差异也极为显著(P=0.000)。除独羚外,其余4种集群类型的集群大小存在极显著差异。独羚作为一种特殊的集群类型,其雌性个体的比例占到55%,因此, 不能说明雄性比雌性更容易形成独羚。 分四个季节采用截线取样法,用DISTANCE5.0估计了蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚的密度和遇见率。根据DISTANCE5.0计算,该区域春季蒙古野驴种群密度为0.55±0.14匹/km2 (平均数±标准差,下同),夏季为0.60±0.13匹/km2,秋季为0.78±0.19匹/km2和冬季为0.54±0.14匹/km2。春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的鹅喉羚种群密度分别为1.14± 0.18头/km2,0.95±0.12头/km2,1.08±0.18头/km2和1.54±0.31头/km2。将这些结果与本区域不同时期及不同地域的蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚密度和遇见率数据进行了比较对比。截线取样法为研究干旱地区的有蹄类动物提供了一种标准方法,本研究结果为卡拉麦里自然保护区蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的长期监测提供了基础数据。 采用样方法研究了鹅喉羚夏季和冬季卧息生境选择。夏季测定了49个卧迹样方,36个对照样方;冬季测定了75个卧迹样方,75个对照样方。研究发现,春季鹅喉羚主要选择平滩、下坡位和无坡位、海拔高度910米以上、与水源距离较远、远离道路、远离居民点、隐蔽级高、中低植被密度和中高草本密度的区域作为卧息生境;而冬季则主要选择山坡、阳坡和半阴半阳坡、中上坡位和下坡位、海拔900~1000m范围、离道路501~1000m以及大于2000m的距离、靠近居民点、中低隐蔽级、中厚度(1.1-3cm)雪深、中高植被密度和中高草本密度的区域作为卧息生境。主成分分析表明,卡拉麦里山鹅喉羚夏季季卧息样方前4个主成分的累积贡献率达到86.57%,第1主成分主要反映卧迹样方的植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度、至最近居民点距离、至永久水源最近距离和海拔。冬季该区域鹅喉羚卧息样方前4个主成分的累积贡献率达到73.88%,第1主成分主要反映卧迹样方的植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度和坡度。 通过设立样方研究了蒙古野驴的采食生境。研究发现,夏季和秋季两个季节蒙古野驴主要在平滩和山沟采食。集中在无坡向的平滩、1001m以上的海拔高度、与水源距离较近、远离道路、远离矿区等人类活动点、植被盖度高、草本盖度高、植物多样性高、草本多样性高(P<0.05)的区域采食。主成分分析表明,夏季影响蒙古野驴采食生境选择的环境因子是植物盖度、草本盖度、针茅盖度、植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度、植物种类、草本种类和禾本科种类。秋季影响蒙古野驴采食生境选择的环境因子是海拔、植物盖度、草本盖度、针茅盖度、植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度、植物种类、草本种类和禾本科种类。 利用卡山保护区不同季节野外种群调查数据,以3S技术为手段,评价了蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地适宜性。首先把各季节蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚分布点图层,分别和固定水源点图层、道路图层、固定冬牧点图层和矿点图层进行叠加和距离查询,用Vanderploeg & Scavia’s选择指数(Ei*)分析了蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地选择及其主要影响因素,建立了固定水源点、植被、道路、固定冬牧点和矿点对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚栖息地影响强度的评价标准。通过缓冲区分析,分别研究了固定水源点、道路、固定冬牧点、矿点对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地的影响。通过缓冲区分析,综合研究了与人类活动有关的道路、固定冬牧点和矿点因子对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地的影响。最后将固定水源点、植被、道路、固定冬牧点和矿点等5个因子结合起来通过地图综合查询研究分析了这些因子对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地的综合影响,在固定水源点较适宜以上范围给出了该保护区蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性不同适宜等级的生境面积。 我们建议采取以下积极措施来保护卡山保护区荒漠生态系统多样性以有效保护该区域内栖息的蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚:提高保护区周边社区政府的认识,提高公众参与自然资源和生物多样性保护的意识;加强水源地建设,积极采取飞播等措施,恢复植被,提高栖息生境质量;逐步限制进入卡拉麦里山越冬渡春的家畜数量;严格进入卡山保护区采矿制度,取缔非法矿业;加强草原围栏生态通道建设;与蒙古国合作建立跨国界的国际自然保护区;建立卡山自然保护区自然资源有偿使用机制;开展长期蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚种群监测。
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给出了一种五自由度航天器空间对接地面物理仿真平台控制系统的设计方法,使用有限状态机理论(FSM)对控制系统中的关键功能进行建模分析,并给出了以此模型为基础得到的软件详细设计流程图。阐述了如何利用分层式有限状态机理论对定时硬件中断程序进行建模分析,描述其控制功能状态及转移、继承关系,可以更清晰地设计出中断程序所需要的构成结构。系统的实际应用结果证明了上述方法的有效性。
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本文叙述一个采取以“统计模式识别”为主,以“结构模式识别”方法为辅的识别技术路线实现的以办公室自动化(OA)为应用环境的一级印刷汉字文本识别系统。该系统从实用化角度出发,采用页式文本图象扫描输入。输入后将图象文本分割成单个汉字,并根据汉字的结构特点,抽取了汉字的内层,外层,局部等多个特征。识别采用多级分类方法。识别结果形成一个国标区位码文件。系统软件建立了一种与用户间的友好界面。该系统是在IBM PC/XT上实现的,对印刷字样识别率>99%,对各类实际的办公行文其统计识别率>95%,识别速度为1~2字/秒。
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In this dissertation, we investigated two types of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs)/gravity waves (GWs) triggered separately by auroral energy input during super geomagnetic storms and solar terminator (ST) under quiet geomagnetic conditions (kp<3+) using TEC measurements from the global network of GPS receivers. Research into the generation and propagation of TIDs/GWs during storms greatly enhance our understandings on the evolution processes of energy transportation from the high-latitude’s magnetosphere to the low-latitude ionosphere and the conjugated effect of TIDs propagation between the northern and southern hemispheres. Our results revealed that the conjugacy of propagation direction between the northern and southern hemispheres was subject to the influence of Coriolis force. We also figure out the evolution processes of ionospheric disturbances at the global scale. These are important topics that had not been well addressed previously. In addition, we also obtained thee wave structures of medium scale TIDs excited by the solar terminator (ST) moving over the northern America and physical mechanisms involved. Our observations confirm that the ST is a stable and repetitive source of ionospheric wave disturbances and the evidence of solar terminator generated disturbances has been demonstrated experimentally via the GPS TEC measurement. The main researches and results of this dissertation are as follows. First, the global traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) during the drastic magnetic storms of October 29–31, 2003 were analyzed using the Global Position System (GPS) total electron content (TEC) data observed in the Asian-Australian, European and North American sectors. We collected the most comprehensive set of the TEC data from more than 900 GPS stations on the International GNSS Services (IGS) website and introduce here a strategy that combines polynomial fitting and multi-channel maximum entropy spectral analysis to obtain TID parameters. Moreover, in collaboration with my thesis advisor, I have developed an imaging technique of 2-dimensional map of TIDs structures to obtain spatial and temporal maps of large scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs). The clear structures of TEC perturbations map during the passage of TIDs were displayed. The results of our study are summarized as follows: (1) Large-scale TIDs (LSTIDs) and medium-scale TIDs (MSTIDs) were detected in all three sectors after the sudden commencement (SC) of the magnetic storm, and their features showed longitudinal and latitudinal dependences. The duration of TIDs was longer at higher latitudes than at middle latitudes, with a maximum of about 16 h. The TEC variation amplitude of LSTIDs was larger in the North American sector than in the two other sectors. At the lower latitudes, the ionospheric perturbations were more complicated, and their duration and amplitude were relatively longer and larger. (2) The periods and phase speeds of TIDs were different in these three sectors. In Europe, the TIDs propagated southward; in North America and Asia, the TIDs propagated southwestward; in the near-equator region, the disturbances propagated with the azimuth (the angle of the propagation direction of the LSTIDs measured clockwise from due north with 0°) of 210° showing the influence of Coriolis force; in the Southern Hemisphere, the LSTIDs propagated conjugatedly northwestward. Both the southwestward and northeastward propagating LSTIDs are found in the equatorial region. These results mean that the Coriolis effect cannot be ignored for the wave propagation of LSTIDs and that the propagation direction is correlated with the polar magnetic activity. (3) The day (day of year: 301) before the SC (sudden commencement) of magnetic storm, we observed a sudden TEC skip disturbances (±10 TECU). It should be a response for the high flux of proton during the solar flare event, but not the magnetic storms. Next, the most comprehensive and dense GPS network’s data from North-America region were used in this paper to analyze the medium scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) which were generated by the moving solar terminator during the quiet days in 2005. We applied the multi-channel maximum entropy spectral analysis to calculated TID parameters, and found that the occurrence of ST-MSTIDs depends on the seasonal variations. The results of our study are summarized as follows: (1) MSTIDs stimulated by the moving ST (ST-MSTIDs) are detected at mid-latitudes after the passage of the solar terminator with the life time of 2~3 hours and the variation amplitude of 0.2~0.8 TECU. Spectral analysis indicated that the horizontal wavelength, average period, horizontal phase velocity of the MSTIDs are around 300±150 km,150±80 m/s and 25±15 min, respectively. In addition, ST-MSTIDs have wave fronts elongating the moving ST direction and almost parallel to ST. (2) The statistical results demonstrate that the dusk MSTIDs stimulated by ST is more obvious than the dawn MSTIDs in summer. On the contrary, the more-pronounced dawn MSTIDs occurs in winter. (3) Further analysis indicates that the seasonal variations of ST-MSTIDs occurrence frequency are most probably related to the seasonal differences of the variations of EUV flux in the ionosphere region and recombination process during sunrise and sunset period at mid-latitudes. Statistical study of occurrence characteristics of TIDs using the GPS network in North-American and European during solar maximum, In conclusion, statistical studies of the propagation characteristics of TIDs, which excited by the two common origins including geomagnetic storms and moving solar terminator, were involved with global GPS TEC databasein this thesis. We employed the multichannel maximum entropy spectral analysis method to diagnose the characteristics of propagation and evolvement of ionospheric disturbances, also, the characteristics of their regional distribution and climatological variations were revealed by the statistic analysis. The results of these studies can improve our knowledge about the energy transfer in the solar-terrestrial system and the coupling process between upper and lower atmosphere (thermosphere-ionosphere-mesosphere). On the other hand, our results of the investigation on TIDs generated by particular linear origin such as ST are important for developing ionospheric irregularity physics and modeling the transionosphere radio wave propagation. Besides, the GPS TEC representation of the ST-generated ionospheric structure suggests a better possibility for investigating this phenomenon. Subsequently, there are scientific meaning of the result of this dissertation to deeply discuss the energy transfer and coupling in the ionosphere, as well as realistic value to space weather forecast in the ionosphere region.
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Different conclusions from previous work are made from the geochemical study for the early Paleozoic volcanic rocks hosting massive sulfide deposits in the north Qilian Orogen. The main points are: (1)The geochemical characteristics of the basalts and rhyolites from the Baiyin deposit are not consistent with that of the volcanic rocks in the continental rift setting, but show the relationship with subduction. The basalts and rhyolites from the Baiyin deposit are probably individual tectonic slice piled by subduction, and there is no bimodal volcanic rock suite occurred in the Baiyin deposit. Zircon U-Pb dating constrains the magmatic emplacement of basalts and rhyolites at 475±10Ma and 453±12Ma, respectively. The basalts are characterized by enriched Th and Sr, and depleted Nb, Ta and Ti. They have relatively high Th/Nb ratios between 0.9 and 1.3. Their εNd(T) values vary from -1.2 to +3.4. The chemical and isotopic compositions display a typical subduction-related signature, and they suggest that an enriched component with the isotopic composition of EMII might have contributed to the generation of the Baiyin basalts. The basalts were likely formed in a mature island-arc or a volcanic arc built on comparatively young or thin continental crust in an active continental margin. The rhyoIites have low concentrations of LILE compared to the basalts. They do not seen to have a relationship with the basalts, because of their significantly higher εNd(T) values (+4.3~+7.7). The high and positive εNd(T) values also rule out their derivation from anatexis of the continental crust. A modeling study suggests that the source.of the Zhe-Huo and Xiaotieshan rhyolites is similar to boninite and IAT (island-arc tholeiite), and hence indicating an intra-oceanic arc environment. (2) The formation of the Shangliugou volcanic rocks from .Qilian area is also related to subduction. The basaltic andesite have low TiO_2(0.45~0.63%) and P_2O_5(0.04~0.09) content, and high Th/Nb ratios (0.3~0.6). They show flat REE patterns. Their εNd(T) values vary in a narrow range from +4.8 to +6.4. The chemical and isotopic compositions indicate that they are derived from a slightly depleted mantle source and are fromed in intra-island arc setting. The rhyolites show calc-alkaline trend. They show enriched LREE and fiat HREE patterns with obvious negative Eu anomaly. They have high Th/Ta ratios (5.0 ~ 11.7) and large negative εNd(T) values (-2.6 ~ -8.4). The rhyolites are formed in active continental margin and result from a mixed process of two endmembers, or crust assimilation. (3) The metal elements of the volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposit have two sources, the copper and zinc are derived from rhyolitic magmas whereas the lead are probably related to old sediments overlying the rhyolites. (4) It is suggested here that the volcanic rocks hosting massive sulfide deposit in the north Qilian orogen, which are previously considered as a bimodal suite of Neo-proterozoic to middle Cambrian age in a continental rift, are virtually related to subduction magmatism in Ordovician age, and there might have no continental rift magmatism of Neo-proterozoic to middle Cambrian in the north Qilian.
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贵州茂兰喀斯特原始森林地区25个雨水样品的化学组成研究表明,该区雨水的pH值为4.4~7.2,平均为5.1。雨水样品富NH4^+、Ca^2+和SO4^2-、C1^-。NH4^+是最主要的阳离子,平均值为56.8/μmol/L,占阳离子组成的26%~74%,Ca^2+次之,平均值为14.8μmol/L,NHg和Ca^2+之和占了阳离子组成的71%~94%,SO4^2-是最主要的阴离子,平均值为39.2μmol/L,占了阴离子组成的69%~91%,CI一次之,平均值为9.5μmol/L。SO4^2-和C1-占了阴离子组成的71%~96%。与中国其他地区的雨水样品相比,茂兰地区雨水离子含量要低1~2个数量级;物质来源分析表明茂兰地区雨水中溶质主要来源于自然过程的输入,人为活动输入可以忽略不计.
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基于冷原子荧光测定方法对红枫湖沉积物及孔隙水中总汞、甲基汞浓度的时空分布特征及控制因素进行了分析.红枫湖沉积物总汞含量为(0.392±0.070)μg/g,高于世界其它背景区汞浓度,也高于处于同一流域的乌江渡水库和东风水库,表明红枫湖受到了一定程度的汞污染.2个采样点总汞无明显的季节变化,但其剖面分布都有在上层富集的趋势.沉积物甲基汞浓度在春季最高,其余季节则没有明显差异,甲基汞峰值出现在表层0-8 cm以内,与红枫湖沉积物中硫酸盐还原菌活动区域一致.沉积物甲基汞浓度的季节变化和剖面最大峰值分布,主要受氧化还原带的季节性迁移所控制.红枫湖孔隙水中总汞的浓度及在固/液之间的分配系数主要和随季节变化的温度或氧化还原条件有关,与沉积物固相中总汞浓度和分布相关性不大,而孔隙水中甲基汞浓度则和沉积物甲基汞浓度存在着极显著的相关性(r=0.70,p〈0.001).沉积物和孔隙水甲基汞浓度除受到固/液分配系数影响外,主要还受到甲基汞产生过程控制.
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流域化学侵蚀及其速率与流域生态和环境之间的关系是当前地表地球化学研究的重要前沿领域,其中碳酸盐岩的硫酸风化机制及其与区域碳循环的关系则是科学家们最为关注的科学问题。因此,近年通过研究西南喀斯特流域地表水地球化学对这一科学问题进行了研究,发现西南喀斯特地区河水一般含有较多的SO4^2-,从化学计量学、SO4^2-的占δ^34S和溶解无机碳(DIC)的δ^13C分析发现,硫循环中形成的硫酸广泛参与了流域碳酸盐矿物的溶解和流域侵蚀:西南喀斯特流域碳酸盐岩的侵蚀速率为97t/(km^2·a),消耗COz量为25t/(km^2·a)。对乌江流域河水硫酸盐离子的硫同位素研究结果认为:参与流域侵蚀的硫酸主要来自煤系地层硫化物和矿床硫化物的氧化及大气酸沉降,分别对河水SO4^2-的贡献为50%、27%和20.5%(其余2.5%的SO4^2-为硫酸盐蒸发岩的溶解);硫酸风化碳酸盐岩向大气净释放CO2的总通量为8.2t/(km^2·a),依此计算西南喀斯特区域向大气释放CO2的通量为4.4×10^12g/a,相当于每年西南碳酸盐岩风化消耗CO2总通量的33%。将乌江流域的研究结果对我国大陆碳酸盐岩分布区域进行相应计算发现,硫酸风化碳酸盐矿物向大气释放的C02总通量为28×10^12g/a,相当于全球硅酸盐风化消耗CO2量的26%。硫酸参与流域侵蚀改变了区域碳循环,人为过程可以通过释放酸沉降、矿业活动和土地利用等形式加速流域侵蚀和影响流域元素的生物地球化学循环.
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基于密度泛函理论(DFT),采用平面波赝势(PWP)DA及广义梯度近似(GGA)方法,对可见光响应的光催化剂K4Ce2Ta10O30、K4Ce2Nb10O30及其固溶体进行电子结构的第一性原理计算.结果表明,光催化剂K4Ce2Ta10O30和K4Ce2Nb10O30的导带分别主要由Ta5d和Nb4d组成,处于高能级的电子未占据态的Ce饷其有很明显的重迭,但由于其高度局域特性,不能很好地参与光生电子在导带中的传导,从而对光催化活性的贡献很小;而其价带则由O2p与Ta5d(Nb4d)的杂化轨道组成,同时电子占据态的Ce4f对价带也有一定的贡献,各个电子轨道对能带结构的贡献决定了该系列可见光响应光催化剂的物理化学和光催化特性.固溶体系列中随着Nb含量的增加,其吸收光谱依次红移,带隙变窄,导带底变低,光生电子的还原能力降低.在同溶体K4Ce2Ta10-xNbxO30(x=2,5,8)中,由于Ce4f仇道对价带顶的贡献相对较小,固溶体的价带顶低于K4Ce2Ta10O30、K4Ce2Nb10O30的价带顶,光生空穴的氧化能力相对较强.该系列光催化剂的电子结构分析结果与光催化水分解的活性实验结果有很好的一致性.
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运用MINTEQ 化学平衡软件对巢湖、龙感湖中溶解态稀土的形态进行模拟。模拟结果表明, 在巢湖和龙感湖中Ln (CO3) 2- , LnCO3+ 是溶解态稀土的最主要的存在形式, 当8 > pH > 7. 19 时, REE 主要以LnCO3+ 形式存在, 当pH > 8 时, REE 主要以Ln (CO3) 2- 形式存在, 并且ΣLn (CO3) n3 - 2 n ( n = 1 和2) 形态的稀土基本上占溶解态稀土总含量的93 %以上。Ln3 + 在巢湖和龙感湖水体中平均丰度为5. 03 % , Ln3 + 的丰度和pH 值成反相关关系。LnPO4 在湖水中平均丰度为1. 61 % , 但这种形式的稀土在巢湖和龙感湖中非常重要。巢湖和龙感湖中LREE 的LnPO4 均处于过饱和状态, 甚至巢湖西半湖区丰水期HREE 的LnPO4 的也都处于过饱和状态, PO43 - 对稀土的存在有很强的限制作用。LnSO4 , LnF2 + , LnOH2 + , LnCl2 + 等形态的各元素平均丰度均小于1 % , 在富营养化的淡水中通常可以忽略不计。
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应用连续提取法(SMT)和液体磷核磁共振(31P NMR)技术研究了太湖北部梅梁湾沉积物中磷形态和组成的剖面变化。结果表明,铁/铝磷是沉积物中磷的主要形态,约占总磷含量的44.0-54.6%。总磷、无机磷、有机磷和铁/铝磷含量均随沉积深度增加呈降低趋势,至18cm以下略有增加,而钙磷却在柱样下部随沉积深度增加呈累积趋势。31PNMR显示,沉积物磷主要由正磷酸盐(72.0--99.2%)和磷酸单酯(0.8--25.9%)构成,磷酸二酯、膦酸盐和焦磷酸盐的相对含量非常低,分别为1.0%、0.4-1.0%和0.1%。正磷酸盐含量在沉积物表层9cm内减少了65%,9cm以下波动变化,但总体呈降低趋势。这些特征表明沉积物中磷对梅梁湾上覆水体具有强烈的释放潜力,是太湖富营养化发生的重要因素.
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超大陆裂解是当今地学研究最前沿课题。通过研究塔里木南缘铁克里克构造带前寒武纪变质火山岩的岩石化学特征、微量元素特征、稀土元素特征及Sm-Nd同位素特征,探讨古塔里木板块的中元古代大陆裂解构造事件。该套变质火山岩组合下部以变质酸性火山岩(流纹岩夹部分晶屑凝灰岩)为主,夹少量玄武岩,上部为玄武岩夹少量条带状大理岩。基性火山岩ω(SiO2)为42.34%-49.55%,ω(Na2O+K2O)为2.63%-8.81%。下部玄武岩ω(Na2O)/ω(K2O)值为0.54-1.5,为钾玄岩系列,稀土总量高,且轻稀土富集,平均ω(La)n/ω(Yb)n值为3.45,δ(Eu)为0.69-0.91,具弱至中等的Eu负异常,微量元素具有碱性板内玄武岩特征;上部玄武岩ω(Na2O)/ω(K2O)为5.11-17.89,为拉斑系列,轻重稀土没有明显分异,δ(Eu)在0.81-1.13之间,基本没有Eu异常,ω(La)n/ω(Yb)n平均为1.69,配分曲线与大洋拉斑玄武岩一致,微量元素显示LILE(如Rb、Ba、Th)富集,HFSE与大洋拉斑玄武岩一致。岩石地球化学反映从早到晚由碱性-钙碱系列逐渐向拉斑系列演化。在上部玄武岩中获得(1200±82.3)Ma的Sm-Nd等时线年龄。认为该套变质火山岩记录了古塔里木反块在中元古代大陆裂解的构造过程。
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城市生活垃圾填埋场作为大多数国家生活垃圾的主要处理场所,也常常成为一些有毒有害元素的最终归宿地。很多含汞的废弃产品,如荧光灯管、电池、水银温度计、压力计、电开关、恒温器等,在缺乏分类回收的情况下,大多混入城市生活垃圾并最终进入垃圾填埋场。在填埋场这一特殊场合,汞可以通过物理途径、化学途径、生物途径或不同途径的结合而向大气释放,并且还可能在填埋场内形成毒性很高的甲基形态汞而释放到大气中。国外对垃圾的焚烧处理已经造成了严重的大气汞污染,但是目前对垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的研究在国内外还不多见,我国几乎还是空白。作为城市生活垃圾的生产大国,我国每年的生活垃圾产量超过1.5亿吨,占世界的1/4以上,且近九成是以填埋法进行处理的,因此研究垃圾填埋场这一人为源向大气排放汞的通量和形态、排放汞的特点以及相关的影响因素,必将为认识该释放源对大气汞的贡献以及评估其对生态环境的影响程度提供重要的参考依据,并为制定控制垃圾填埋场汞污染的相关措施提供指导,本文在理论上和现实上都具有重要意义。 2003年10月份到2006年1月份,我们对贵阳市和武汉市的5座城市生活垃圾填埋场进行了野外实地研究。这几个填埋场包括贵阳市的高雁、大转弯、仙人脚,以及武汉市的金口和岱山垃圾填埋场,它们采用不同的垃圾填埋方式(卫生填埋和简易填埋)并处于不同的运行阶段(封闭的和运行中的)。本文从两个方面开展研究:(1)垃圾填埋场通过地表向大气释放汞的通量;(2)垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的形态。前者利用低汞空白的石英玻璃动力学通量箱法,结合高时间分辨率的大气自动测汞仪(Tekran 2537A),现场对填埋场内不同特征的地表区域(绿化区、覆土地表、裸露生活垃圾、工作面等)进行了测定;后者利用不同的捕集材料(金管、稀HCl溶液和CarbotrapTM捕集管),对排气筒垃圾填埋气中的不同形态汞(气态总汞、单甲基汞和二甲基汞)进行预富集,并结合气相色谱、冷原子荧光等检测技术进行测定。根据同步测定的相关参数对垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的过程和影响机制进行了探讨,对垃圾填埋场向大气的排汞量进行了估算。另外对垃圾填埋场周围环境介质中的汞分布特征进行了探讨。通过两年多的野外工作,得到以下主要结论: (1)垃圾填埋场地表与大气间的汞交换通量主要以向大气的释放为主,少数情况下(如降雨、大气汞浓度较高时)也会出现大气向地表的沉降。地表/大气间的汞交换过程具有明显的日变化特征,一般在白天中午前后达到最高,夜间降至最低,并维持在稳定的水平。汞交换过程主要与光照等气象因子有关,通量强度白天高于夜间、晴天高于阴雨天。另外,通量还与基质中的汞含量密切相关,汞含量越高,排放强度越大,生活垃圾的汞含量一般高于覆盖土壤,因而裸露的生活垃圾或工作面区域汞释放强度明显高于有土壤覆盖的区域。绿化措施(植草和种树)有效的降低了汞的释放。垃圾填埋场地表汞的释放强度暖季节高出冷季节数倍。地表/大气间的汞交换通量特征显示,垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的主要来源为上层基质,而非填埋场内部,由于覆土隔离层的屏障作用使得填埋场内部的气态汞很难垂直向上迁移和释放。垃圾填埋场的汞释放强度与城市规模以及经济发展水平没有直接相关性。 (2)垃圾填埋场地表/大气间的汞交换通量强度由于以上因素的影响,在不同地表区域以及不同时段内都可能发生很大变化。封闭的垃圾填埋场地表/大气间的汞交换通量最高出现在汞污染的覆土区,其次为未污染的覆土区,最低为绿化区,三种区域平均的汞交换通量分别为112.8~559.1、50.7~53.6、19.7 ng Hg m-2 h-1。运行中的垃圾填埋场地表/大气间的汞交换通量最高为裸露垃圾区和工作面,最高达5609.6 ng Hg m-2 h-1,平均为57.5~664.6 ng Hg m-2 h-1;其次为老的覆土区,平均为19.6~192.5 ng Hg m-2 h-1;新盖覆土区最低,平均为-1.4~27.8 ng Hg m-2 h-1。垃圾填埋场的工作面具有最大的汞释放潜力,但是因大气汞浓度较高以及波动较大等原因,动力学通量箱法无法真实测定该区域的汞释放强度,运用美国环保局提供的面状复合工业污染源模型(ISCST3)对工作面的汞释放强度估算显示,不同天气状况下的平均释汞因子为0.93 mg Hg t-1垃圾。与全球以及区域背景土壤相比,垃圾填埋场向大气的单位面积释汞强度要高出数倍乃至数千倍。因而城市生活填埋场必将对大气汞环境,特别是局域大气汞环境造成一定影响。 (3)垃圾填埋场排气筒释放的垃圾填埋气中不同形态汞的浓度差别很大。高雁、金口和岱山垃圾填埋场排气筒的气态总汞浓度为2.0~1406.0 ng Hg m-3,3座填埋场平均分别为89.8、24.6和14.2 ng Hg m-3。气态总汞浓度主要与排气筒附近的垃圾汞含量有关,并表现出一定的日变化特征,晴天比较稳定,降雨过程中上升很快,降雨过后又恢复到降雨前的水平。这一有趣现象主要与降雨时雨水置换填埋场内的含汞气体、大气压下降、通过地表释放的通道受阻有关。高雁垃圾填埋场垃圾填埋气中的单甲基汞和二甲基汞平均浓度为1.93 ng Hg m-3和9.21 ng Hg m-3,分别占同期气态总汞的0.51%和1.79%。垃圾填埋气中的甲基形态汞浓度高出背景区域大气3个数量级以上,使得垃圾填埋场成为大气甲基汞已知不多的、重要的释放来源之一。 (4)结合垃圾填埋场不同特征地表的面积以及对应的汞交换通量强度、工作面的垃圾处理量以及汞的释放因子,估算本研究的5座垃圾填埋场每年通过地表向大气的释汞量为17~1111 g Hg yr-1,工作面贡献67%~91%,覆土区较少,绿化区最少。根据垃圾填埋气的产量以及其中不同形态汞的含量,估算高雁、金口和岱山垃圾填埋场每年通过排气筒向大气的排汞量在1~2 g Hg yr-1之间;高雁填埋场通过排气筒每年向大气释放的单甲基汞和二甲基汞为20和90 mg Hg yr-1。垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的通道主要为地表,而排气筒的贡献仅为0.2%左右(地表+排气筒)。对全国垃圾填埋场进行的初步估算显示,2004年我国这一人为源向大气的排汞量约为600 kg Hg yr-1,占我国大气人为汞释放源的1%以下。 (5)垃圾填埋场大气中的不同形态汞浓度明显高于全球背景值,但与区域大气相当或稍高一点,部分区域有轻微污染,总体而言属于“安全”浓度范围。城市生活垃圾中的汞含量分布极不均匀,浓度为0.170~46.222 mg kg-1,几何均值0.574 mg kg-1,个别异常偏高的样品可能是被含汞的废弃产品污染了,大部分垃圾汞含量低于0.5 mg kg-1。不同垃圾填埋场覆盖土壤的汞含量差异显著,反映了填埋场所在区域的土壤背景值以及垃圾填埋活动对覆盖土壤的污染程度,有时覆土的汞含量超过区域土壤背景值的2~23倍。填埋场生长的植物因生活习性的不同汞含量分布特征也不同。高雁垃圾填埋场产生的渗滤液汞含量较低,为79.4 ng l-1,主要因为垃圾汞含量低、渗滤液呈碱性、难溶硫化物的形成以及有机/无机物对汞的吸附等。以高雁垃圾填埋场为例进行的质量平衡计算显示,每年排向渗滤液和大气的汞分别占每年输入填埋场总量的0.004%和0.3%,其余超过99%的汞仍然保留在垃圾填埋场的固体废物中,这一特点使得垃圾填埋场向大气的排汞量远低于垃圾焚烧法,后者由于高温作用使得垃圾中的汞几乎全部挥发进入大气。 (6)减少垃圾填埋场汞污染的措施包括:从源头上杜绝含汞的进入,如减少含汞产品的生产和使用,对含汞废弃产品进行专门的收集和处理;垃圾填埋以后及时进行覆土和绿化,特别是在工作面,应争取做到每日覆土;垃圾填埋场产生的气体应收集和处理,将其进行焚烧(沼气发电)可以分解其中的甲基形态汞,降低其毒性。