The extraction of pigments from fresh Laminaria japonica

The pigments in Laminaria japonica was extracted with six organic solvents and analyzed in spectroscopy analysis. The extractions conditions were screened by an orthogonal test and the quantity of extracted pigments was determined spectroscopically. The results show that: (1) among the six organic solvents, acetone was the most effective one for the extraction; (2) the optimum extraction conditions were as follows: the ratio of S/M (solvent volume/ material weight) was 30 ml/g; fresh seaweed was extracted 2 times in 2 h; (3) the average total content of pigments was 1.85 mg/g (calculated with dry L. japonica).

PCR-DGGE analysis of intestinal bacteria and effect of Bacillus spp. on intestinal microbial diversity in kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus)

In this study, the intestinal microbiota of kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) was examined by molecular analysis of the 16S rDNA to identify the dominant intestinal bacteria and to investigate the effects of Bacillus spp. on intestinal microbial diversity. Samples of the intestines of kuruma shrimp fed normal feed and Bacillus spp. amended feed. PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses were then performed on DNA extracted directly from the guts. Population fingerprints of the predominant organisms were generated by DGGE analysis of the universal V3 16S rDNA amplicons, and distinct bands in the gels were sequenced. The results suggested that the gut of kuruma shrimp was dominated by Vibrio sp. and uncultured gamma proteobacterium. Overall, the results of this study suggest that PCR-DGGE is a possible method of studying the intestinal microbial diversity of shrimp.

高寒草甸不同类型草地土壤养分与物种多样性——生产力关系

研究了高寒草甸不同类型草地土壤养分与多样性一生产力之间的关系，即物种多样性对生产力的效应如何受到资源供给率等因素的影响。结果表明：以莎草类为优势种的藏嵩草沼泽化草甸群落其总生物量（包括地上和地下生物量）最高（13，196．96±719．69g m~(-2)）、小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛群落为中等水平（2，869．58±147．52g m~(-2)、2，672．94±122．49g m~(-2)）、矮嵩草草甸群落为最低（2，153．08±141．95g m~(-2)）。在藏嵩草沼泽化草甸群落中，总生物量和物种丰富度呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）；地上生物量与土壤有机质、土壤含水量和群落盖度显著正相关（P〈0．05）；地下生物量和土壤含水量显著正相关（P〈0．05）。在矮嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸、金露梅灌丛群落中，地上生物量与土壤有机质和土壤总氮显著正相关（P〈0．05）。以上结果说明生物量的分布与土壤营养和水分变化相一致。在矮嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛中，多样性有随土壤养分的增加而增加的趋势；在藏嵩草沼泽化草甸中，则呈现负相关的关系。

青藏高原东部高寒草甸植物δ~(13)C年间变化及其环境分析

植物有机体稳定碳同位素组成受植物生长期间气候环境因子的影响,包含了大量的环境信息。要真正理解植物体同位素组成所包含的环境信息首先要研究植物体同位素组成与环境之间的关系。文章通过分析2002年和2003年青藏高原东部青海省门源县境内隶属于19科41属51种植物叶片的δ~(13)C值,研究高寒草甸植物稳定碳同位素组成的年间变化及其与环境因子的关系,分析影响δ~(13)C值变化的关键因子。结果表明,所测植物的δ~(13)C值分布在一个很小的范围-29.2‰～-24.9‰之间,平均值为-26.9‰,说明所测植物的光合作用均通过C3途径实现,这可能与该研究区较低温度有关。研究发现一年生植物δ~(13)C值明显低于多年生植物,而且一年生和多年生植物δ~(13)C值之间的差异在2002年（t=-3.031,P〈0.01）和2003年（t=-3.567,P〈0.001）均能达到显著性水平,表明多年生植物水分利用效率显著高于一年生植物,能更好的适应该地区寒冷干燥的低温环境。两年间植物δ~(13)C值有明显不同,2003年显著低于2002年（t=6.786,P〈0.001）。通过分析两年间环境因子的变化认为植物叶片δ~(13)C值的年间变化主要是由于降水的变化引起的,随降雨量的增加而降低。不同植物种δ~(13)C值年间变化差别很大,反应了植物对环境变化的不同响应。在植被恢复中应选用植物δ~(13)C值随环境变化存在较大差异的物种,因为此类物种能够采取不同的对策适应该地区环境的变化。

江河源区主要自然生物资源概述

广袤的草地、特有的高寒湿地以及丰富而有又独特的生物多样性是江河源区重要的自然生物资源.草地占江河源区总土地面积的84.53%,是源区畜牧业经济发展的基础,同时也是长江、黄河和澜沧江三大江河的源头区域,为江河中、下游地区生态环境稳定和经济持续发展提供无可替代的服务.江河源区是世界上海拔最高的高寒湿地主要分布区,湿地总面积达8 000 km2.江河源区独特的生态环境孕育了种类繁多的特有动、植物种类,源区约有哺乳动物、鸟类和鱼类133、249和219种,牧草植物、药用植物、食用植物和观赏植物约800、808、80和400种,是世界海拔最高的生物多样性集中分布区.然而,由于超载放牧、盲目采挖、盗猎等不合理的开发和利用以及气候变化等诸多因素的综合影响,江河源区草地生态系统退化、高寒湿地萎缩、生物多样性锐减等生态环境危机不断加剧.正确权衡江河源区自然生物资源的短期经济价值及其所拥有的巨大生态公益和潜在开发价值,科学决策,保护江河源区自然生物资源迫在眉睫.

红直獐牙菜的苷类成分

目的：研究红直獐牙菜的苷类成分。方法：采用硅胶柱层析分离和Sephadex LH20纯化，经理化性质和波谱分析鉴定基化学结构。结果：从红直獐牙菜的水溶性部分得到7个化合物，他们分别为8－O－β－D-吡喃葡萄糖－1，5－二羟基－3－甲氧基Shan酮（I）、8－O－β－D－吡喃葡萄糖－1，3，5－三羟基Shan酮（Ⅱ）、1－O－β－D－吡喃葡萄糖－3，7，8－三羟基Shan酮（Ⅲ）、异荭草苷（Ⅳ）、落干酸（V）、龙胆苦苷（Ⅵ）和β－龙胆二糖（Ⅶ）。结论：化合物Ⅲ、Ⅳ、V和Ⅶ为首次从该植物中分得。

Modeling trophic positions of the alpine meadow ecosystem combining stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of single tissues or whole bodies were analyzed to establish trophic positions of main consumers living at the alpine meadow ecosystem in the Tibetan Plateau. The results demonstrated that delta C-13 and delta N-15 values of vertebrates showed great variations and ranged from -26.83 to -22.51 parts per thousand and from 2.33 to 8.44 parts per thousand, respectively. Plateau pika, root vole, plateau hare, infants of rodents and hatchlings of passerine bird species had the lowest delta C-13 and delta N-15 values. delta C-13 and delta N-15 values of omnivorous and insectivorous birds and amphibians showed intermediate. Carnivorous species, steppe polecat and Upland buzzard, and omnivorous Robin accentor and White wagtail possessed extremely higher VC and delta N-15 values. Omnivorous birds captured in earlier year had significantly less negative delta C-13 and greater delta N-15 values than those captured later. Based on steady angular enrichment between trophic levels, an "alpha and vector model" combing delta C-13 and delta N-15 values was introduced to reveal trophic positions, the results indicated that Tibetan sheep, Tibetan yak, plateau pika, root vole, plateau hare, infants of small rodents showed the lowest trophic positions (TP 1.81-2.38). While omnivorous and insectivorous birds, their hatchlings and amphibians showed intermediate trophic positions (TP 2.06-2.89), carnivorous species steppe polecat and Upland buzzard, migrant birds possessed extremely higher trophic positions (TP 2.89-3.05). The isotopic investigation of organisms and the introduced "alpha and vector model" successfully demonstrated the same trophic positions and diet prediction of consumers as nitrogen enrichment model at the alpine meadow ecosystem. Besides of this information, the "alpha and vector model" can also be incorporated into multiple isotope signatures to infer trophic relationships. This angular enrichment model has the potential to address basic ecological questions, such as trophic structure, trophic dynamics, and energy flow in other terrestrial ecosystems of properly handled. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

机器人视觉伺服在工业生产线上的研究与应用

工业机器人从上世纪70年代开始已广泛的应用于各种场合，如搬运、焊接和装配等。但这些应用都是基于先精确示教后运行的，目标物体的位姿和尺寸稍有变动，就会导致机器人任务的失败。因此对于工业流水线等工件位置不固定的应用场合，采用视觉来提高机器人的智能水平以实现对目标物体的自动检测和定位抓取，具有重要现实的意义和研究价值。 本论文以机器人视觉伺服为研究对象，完成了整套视觉伺服搬运系统的组建，其中包括摄像机标定、图像的采集、图像处理、机器人手眼标定、机器人控制、机器人定位抓取，接着完成了以下各方面的研究和应用。 针对单目眼固定安装方式，通过最小二乘法求解手眼坐标的变换关系，再根据工作台平面与摄像机成像模型的约束关系，求解出目标物体的三维位姿，最终实现了机械手的精确定位。针对手眼安装方式，采用了眼在手上的单目摄像机，通过机械手末端的一次移动，虚拟实现了双目视觉的功能。同时提出了一种方便有效手眼标定方法，避免了复杂的传统手眼标定过程，无需求解摄像机外参数和手眼变换矩阵。仅获取标定时刻的摄像机综合参数和机器人位姿，就可以在机器人基坐标系中视场范围内的任意两点进行检测，根据立体视觉的约束关系求解出目标物体在机器人基坐标中的位置，进而实现对目标物体的精确定位。 接着研究了基于图像和基于位置的视觉伺服方法，简化了目标模型，通过检测图像平面二维坐标目标物体的特征点以实现对目标物体的逼近定位和旋转匹配。同时进一步研究了基于目标工件建模的方式来实现视觉伺服。即首先根据平面图像法移动机械手获得目标中心点大致基坐标位置，然后根据图像特征点建立目标工件的坐标，最后通过坐标转换获得目标物体的机器人基坐标位姿，从而实现了基于位置的视觉伺服。 而后全面介绍了工业传送线视觉机器人搬运系统的组成和工作流程。该系统演示了整套流水线的生产过程，包括机器人拆垛、传送、在线检测和机器人码垛等四个部分。系统采用高速图像处理系统对目标进行实时检测，在线匹配辨识工业传输线上的目标物体及其旋转角度与位置，并通过现场总线控制机器人完成精确抓取和码垛。最后阐述了物流实训视觉机器人搬运系统的组成，该系统采用了视觉传感器、超声波、光电和碰撞开关等多种检测传感器，大大提升了机器人的智能，使其实现了复杂的多货物码盘拆垛和分拣功能。

一种基于工业以太网的载人潜水器控制系统

本文介绍了基于工业以太网的深海载人潜水器控制系统的组成原理，描述了控制系统的主要功能、硬件系统和软件流程.在实验室的半物理仿真平台上进行了整个控制系统的功能实验，实验结果证明了基于工业以太网的控制系统可以满足载人潜水器控制系统的需要，运行效果良好。

农业区划分析模型及其决策支持系统

本文分析了农业资源与农业管理体系总体结构，提出了综合农业区划分模型，进行了综合农业区划决策支持系统的初步设计。农业区划是认识农业资源与指导农业生产的主要手段，农业区划工作是建立在大量的农业资源数据的基础上。农业区划分析模型的应用与决策支持系统的建立将有效地利用资源数据，提高区划工作的水平与效率，为整个农业生产管理计算机辅助支持系统的建立打下基础。本文的第一章至第三章，在总体上论述了农业生产管理体系与计算机辅助支持问题，第四章至第六章则从系统工程、模式识别与系统科学的角度提出了农业区划数学分析方法。根据农业区划工作的特点与以往工作的经验，把层次分析法（AHP）与模拟退火聚类分析算法引入到农业区划，有效地提高了农业区划中的定性与定量相结合的处理能力。第七章研究了农业区划决策支持系统ARDSS的初步设计，给出了系统的结构设计及软件设计的步骤。本文的工作是在中科院中计委地理所资源与环境信息系统实验室完成的，是该室89年计划中的一项课题，得到了中科院基金支持。

塔里木盆地柯坪-巴楚露头区白云岩成岩作用机理研究

Through field outcrop dolomite observation, laboratory petrography (macroscopy, microscopy, cathodeluminescence and scan electronic microscopy), geochemistry (carbon-oxygen-strontium isotopes and trace elements) and fluid inclusion microthermometry study in Keping-Bachu area of Tarim Basin, it can be inferred that there are existing eight dolomite texture types within four evolution phases in Keping-Bachu area of Tarim Basin. The paragenesis of different dolomite texture types and associated minerals in Keping-Bachu area has been established. The carbon and oxygen isotopes of saddle dolomites and matrix dolomites overlap greatly. The Strontium isotopes results of Keping-Bachu outcrop area show that the strontium isotopes differentiation of the matrix and saddle dolomites is not obvious, the reason of which is that there is thousands of Cambrian-Ordovician dolomite strata below the stratum bearing the saddle dolomite. In the process of the heat flow upward migration, the isotopes of the heat interacts with the host rock, which leads to the similarity betwwen the strontium of the saddle dolomite and matrix dolomite. The strontium isotope of the saddle dolomite is not very radiogenic. the six types samples within four phases in the study area show Eu negatively. Comparing to the other types of samples, the δEu of saddle dolomite is relatively high falling into the range of 0.510-0.874, which shows that the saddle dolomite forms in the hydrothermal setting and is affected by the hydrothermal activity to some extend.The Lan/Ybn of saddle dolomite is high up to 15.726, which means that the HREE is very rich. It belongs to the typical hydrothermal genesis model. The δCe of saddle dolomite is positive anomaly, which is the result of high effect from the land source debris. The homogeneous temperature of the saddle dolomite falls into two ranges 110-120℃ and 125-160℃, after pressure correction, they are 141-152℃，157.5-196℃, the salinity of the saddle dolomite can reach to 20-25%. With the comparing with the burial history, the Th of the saddle dolomite is high than the ambient strata temperature, these data show that the saddle dolomite is of hydrothermal origin. The evolution trend of different dolomite and associated minerals is from matrix dolomite, dolomite cementation, saddle dolomite, quartz to calcite. Alonging with this evolution trend, the temperature of the diagenetic flow initiated from 80-100℃, after rising to 135-160℃, then gradually declined. Finally, a structurally-controlled dolomitization model is established in Keping-Bachu area of Tarim Basin.

准噶尔盆地热历史与油气

Based on the temperature data from 196 wells and thermal conductivity measurements of 90 rock samples, altogether 35 heat flow data are obtained. The results show that the Junggar basin is a relatively "cold basin" at present. The thermal gradients vary between 11.6 and 26.5 ℃/km, and the thermal conductivity change from 0.17 to 3.6 W/mK. Heat flow ranges from 23.4 to 53.7 mW/m~2 with a mean of 42.3 ± 7.7 mW/m~2. The heat flow pattern shows that heat flow is higher on the uplifts and lower on the depressions. The overall low present-day heat flow in the Junggar Basin reflects its stable cratonic basement and Cenozoic tectonothermal evolution characterized by lithospheric thickening, thrust and fault at shallow crust as well as consequently quick subsidence during the Late Cenozoic. The study of the basin thermal history, which is one of the important content of the basin analysis, reveals not only the process of the basin's tectonothermal evolution, but also the thermal evolution of the source rocks based on the hydrocarbon generation models. The latter is very helpful for petroleum exploration. The thermal history of the Junggar basin has been reconstructed through the heat flow based method using the VR and Fission track data. The thermal evolutions of main source rocks (Permian and Jurassic) and the formations of the Permian and the Jurassic petroleum systems as well as the influences of thermal fields to petroleum system also have been discussed in this paper. Thermal history reconstruction derived from vitrinite reflectance data indicates that the Paleozoic formations experienced their maximum paleotemperature during Permian to Triassic with the higher paleoheat flow of around 70-85 mW/m~2 and the basin cooled down to the present low heat flow. The thermal evolution put a quite important effect on the formation and evolution of the petroleum system. The Jurassic petroleum system in the Junggar basin is quite limited in space and the source rocks of Middle-Lower Jurassic entered oli-window only along the foreland region of the North Tianshan belt, where the Jurassic is buried to the depth of 5-7 km. By contrast, the Middle-Lower Permian source rocks have initiated oil and gas generation in latter Permian to Triassic, and the major petroleum systems, like Mahu-West Pen 1 Well, was formed prior to Triassic when later Paleozoic formation reached the maximum paleotemperature.

铅同位素“双稀释剂”同位素定年法计算方法研究

铅同位素研究已广泛应用于模式定年、成矿物质来源示踪和化探找矿评价等许多领域。铅同位素“双稀释剂”同位素定年法是当前应用较广的一种铅同位素定年方法。双同位素稀释法的目的在于校正质量鉴别效应，提高测定精度。由于实验条件和分析技术的改善和提高，使铅同位素“双稀释剂”测定精度和准确度大大提高，从而铅同位素“双稀释剂”同位素定年法也将得到更为广泛的应用。本文主要是研究该法的计算，分析样品中元素量的计算，并结合几种岩石年龄方法(Pb-Pb等时线法、不一致线模式计算法、三阶段模式计算等)的计算，归纳总结出计算样品中元素量和岩石形成年龄的方法。

岩溶生态系统土壤及表生植被某些特性变异与石漠化的相关性

岩溶山地石漠化是一种与脆弱生态地质背景和人类活动相关联的土地退化过程。本文以重庆市典型岩溶山地为例，探讨了岩溶生态系统土地利用方式与土壤机械组成、土壤水稳性团聚体、土壤有机质、土壤种子库、植被类型的关系。结果表明，经开垦利用后，岩溶环境土壤表层砂化现象更加明显。土地利用强度越大，对土壤团粒结构的破坏也越大，林地、灌草坡对水分的保持能力强，土地利用强度较大的土壤保水能力相对较弱，土壤有机质受土地利用强度的明显影响。土地利用强度越大，木本植物种子越少，草本植物种子越多，且以农田杂草为主。土地利用方式的变化(如陡坡开垦)是对次生植被及其种子库的主要威胁。

浙江煤山二叠-三叠系界线剖面有机和无机碳同位素变化与古环境

浙江长兴煤山D剖面196个碳酸盐岩样品无机和有机碳同位素δ^13Ccarb和δ^13Corg变化趋势表明，煤山地区晚二叠世末为比较封闭的局限海沉积环境，早三叠世初期经局限和开阔海环境交替出现渐变为海水循环良好的广海沉积环境。长兴期的海进作用使海洋初始生产率升高，可能是引起长兴组葆青段碳同位素变重的主要原因；海洋CO2浓度增高可能是长兴组煤山段δ^13Corg出现负漂移的原因。二叠纪末期全球性海平面下降以及火山作用可能是使生态系统崩溃、引起二叠-三叠系(P-T)界线附近生物绝灭的外部原因，也是使海洋中^12C输入量增加导致过渡层碳同位素变轻的主要原因。二叠纪晚期生物绝灭经历了由渐变到突变的过程。δ^13Corg在生物绝灭后才出现大幅度负漂移，可能是由于营光合作用的浮游植物不一定因海洋缺氧以及其他生物的绝灭而停止生长，当海水酸度超过浮游生物忍耐限度时，才导致浮游生物大量死亡。殷坑组δ^13Corg和δ^13Ccarb呈上升趋势，说明经历过P-T生物大绝灭后，早三叠世海洋生产率逐渐升高，生物开始复苏。