321 resultados para Dongpan section Guangxi South China


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台风是发生在海洋上的强烈天气系统,是海气相互作用最为直观的表现形式。台风产生的海面气旋式风应力以及强烈的混合过程,对上层海洋与深层海水之间的热量、能量和物质交换产生重大影响,因此研究海洋对于台风过程的响应特征具有重要的科学意义。 首先,采用海浪模式WWATCH-Ⅲ模拟计算了台风伊布都期间南海的波浪场。结果表明:随着台风中心向西移动,最大浪高区域也逐渐向西移动。接近台风中心的波高和波龄都较大,而远离台风中心的波高则相对较小、波浪比较年轻,并且波高的分布具有明显的右偏性。同时,对考虑了波浪作用的海面风应力进行了计算,为后续的海洋模式的计算奠定了基础。 其次,采用上述计算的海面风应力作为POM模式的驱动,研究了南海流场和温度对于台风的响应。结果表明:台风过后,海洋表面温度下降2~6oC,且在台风路径两侧不对称,具有明显的右偏性。受台风强混合作用的影响,混合层加深10~60m,上混合层热量损失约824.78W/m2,其中垂向混合是造成热量损失的主导动力因素。由于受上混合层热通量输送的影响,混合层以下附近水层处于增温状态,海水温度做近惯性波动。同时,台风还能引起强烈的近惯性流,最大流速出现在上混合层,可达1.4m/s。 最后,对论文的研究工作进行了总结,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。

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南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海之一,位于欧亚板块、印-澳板块以及太平洋板块之间。南海海底扩张停止(15.5Ma, Briais et al., 1993) 后的板内火山作用,影响着中国南部、中南半岛、大洋基底和分裂的微大陆片段的广大地区。对南海新生代玄武岩进行地球化学研究,不仅对于理解南海板内火山作用的深部地幔过程有着重要意义,而且对南海形成演化及含油气盆地形成的深部动力学机制有着深远意义。 南海新生代玄武岩K-Ar/Ar-Ar年龄为3.8-7.9Ma, 表明为晚中新世以来的岩浆活动产物,与周边地区的碱性火山岩在年龄上的一致性。岩石学特征表明,南海新生代玄武岩的矿物组合为橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜长石,与特征的碱性玄武岩的矿物组合一致。由橄榄石所计算的南海底潜在地幔温度(Tp)平均值为1661℃, 暗示南海地区下的地幔可能存在热量异常,为海南地区存在地幔柱的观点提供了证据。单斜辉石富钙、钛,由单斜辉石-熔体平衡温压计计算的岩浆房深度分别为:碱玄岩岩浆房深度约49km(对应压力为1.46~1.48 GPa);粗面玄武岩岩浆房约25km(对应压力为0.76 GPa);玄武岩岩浆房约15km(对应压力为0.44GPa)。由碱玄岩→粗面玄武岩→玄武岩,平衡温度(K)依次降低:从1535~1498→1429→1369。由斜长石微晶所计算的岩浆喷出地表的温度为989℃。 主量元素特征表明,岩石类型主要为碱玄岩,有少量的粗面玄武岩和玄武岩,属于碱性系列。微量元素方面,大离子亲石元素(LILE)以及高场强元素(HFSE)特别是Nb、Ta、Ti、Y等元素均呈现富集现象,Yb、Sc、Sr以及K、U、Th等生热元素相对亏损,微量元素及稀土元素分布岩石类似板内OIB微量元素的全球平均值。同位素地球化学研究表明,源区存在两个混合端员并具Dupal Pb异常:一个为DMM,位于软流圈或岩石圈地幔中;另一个为EM2源区,可能来自位于核-幔边界处的海南地幔柱而非大陆底岩石圈地幔。研究表明,南半球Dupal异常不存在全球范围内的地区专属性,本区存在的Dupal异常与南半球Dupal异常可能不存在联系。在南海新生代玄武岩的成因过程中,海南地幔柱在为岩石圈地幔的部分熔融作用提供所需的热量同时,也在物质上作出了贡献。南海盆新生代碱性玄武岩由不同程度的部分熔融作用,以及岩浆在上升期间或者在高位岩浆房中的橄榄石等矿物分离结晶作用所形成,同时还可能发生了堆晶作用。构造环境判别表明,玄武岩浆在上升到地表过程中几乎未受到地壳混染。 南海新生代玄武岩的地球化学研究表明,在玄武质岩浆的深部地幔演化过程中,海南地幔柱可能起着重要的作用。通过引入海南岛地幔柱这个概念,本文建立了一个新的有关南海形成演化的初步的概念性模型:(1)50-32Ma,印度洋板块-欧亚板块碰撞及其所导致的太平洋板块后退的综合效应为南海地区提供了一个伸展环境,此伸展环境为地幔柱物质的上升提供了通道;(2)32-21Ma,当地幔柱柱头到达软流圈时, 通过侧向物质流开始同扩张中心发生相互作用,促进了南海的扩张,并在26-24Ma期间发生了洋脊重新就位事件,使扩张中心从原来的18°N附近(即现今西北海盆的中心)调整到15.5°N附近(即现今的东部亚盆);(3)21-15.5Ma, 随着地幔柱效应的逐渐增强,热点-洋脊相互作用越来越强烈,在大约21Ma发生了洋脊的再次重新就位事件,诱发了西南海盆的扩张;(4)15.5-现在,由于印澳板块前缘与巽他大陆碰撞,使得南海大约在15.5Ma停止扩张,并沿着南沙海槽及吕宋海沟向菲律宾岛弧及巴拉望地块之下俯冲,而南海热点继续活动,在地表处直到第四纪还有碱性玄武岩喷出。

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本文利用美国国家环境预测中心和国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR—National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research)的位势高度、气温、风速等大气资料、欧洲中期天气预报中心 (ECMWF—European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts—ERA-40)的雪深资料、美国国家海洋大气管理局(NOAA—National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)的海表温度(SST)资料、美国Scripps海洋研究所的上层海洋热含量资料等,采取相关分析、合成分析、经验正交函数分析、小波分析和小波交叉谱分析等统计分析方法,系统深入地讨论了西太平洋—印度洋—青藏高原气候系统在南海夏季风爆发过程中的作用。得到的主要结论如下: 1. 西太平洋和印度洋在南海夏季风爆发过程中起着关键作用 利用1951-1998年多种大气海洋资料,分析研究结果表明,西太平洋(暖池热含量)、印度洋(纬向风)在南海夏季风爆发中起关键的调控作用:以1970年为界,1970年之前,印度洋起主要作用,1970年之后西太平洋起主要作用,这主要是1970前后北极涛动有明显跃变的原因,这种跃变决定了印度洋在南海夏季风爆发中是否起决定作用(西风异常或东风异常),进而,决定了有利于或不利于南海夏季风的爆发。 1970年之前,北极涛动指数为负值,海陆温差(海上气温减大陆气温)是负值,大陆气温偏高,印度洋气温相对偏低,印度洋出现西风异常,有利于南海夏季风早爆发。在此期间,与印度洋SST密切相关的南印度洋偶极子的变化也与南海夏季风的爆发紧密相联。当南印度洋为正偶极子(西南印度洋SST为正异常,印度洋其他区域的SST为负异常)时,北印度洋为西风异常,南海夏季风爆发偏早;南印度洋为负偶极子(西南印度洋SST为负异常,印度洋其他地区的SST为正异常)时,北印度洋为东风异常,南海夏季风爆发偏晚。 1970年之后,北极涛动指数为正值,海陆气温差为正值,印度洋的状态不利于南海季风爆发;在这种情况下,西太平洋暖池的热含量则成为控制南海夏季风爆发的主要原因:暖池变暖的年份,即 La Niña 年,南海夏季风爆发早(强),反之,当暖池变冷的年份,即El Niño年,南海季风爆发晚(弱),即,南海夏季风爆发的早(强)晚(弱)与ENSO事件密切相关。 2.青藏高原春季积雪对南海夏季风爆发有重要的影响 1958-2003年青藏高原3月积雪厚度与南海夏季风爆发时间存在着很好的正相关。青藏高原3月积雪厚度偏厚时,其500毫巴以上的气温偏低,上层海陆之间的气温差是正值,南亚高压向西北方向的移动速度变慢,上层东风偏弱,西太平洋地区的上层辐散和下层辐合变弱,西太平洋暖池热含量偏少,南海夏季风爆发偏晚(弱)。同时,下层850毫巴东印度洋异常大气是东风和跨赤道反气旋对,南海被东风异常所控制,这种大气环流形势不利于南海夏季风的爆发;青藏高原3月积雪厚度偏薄时,其500毫巴以上的气温偏高,上层海陆之间的气温差是负值,上层南亚高压在南亚地区建立较早,上层东风偏强,西太平洋地区的上层辐散和下层辐合偏强,西太平洋暖池热含量偏多,南海夏季风爆发偏早(强)。同时,下层850毫巴东印度洋低层大气是西风异常和跨赤道气旋对,南海被西南风异常所控制,有利于南海夏季风的爆发。 研究结果还表明,青藏高原春季的积雪与厄尔尼诺事件存在着密切的关系。在厄尔尼诺鼎盛期的冬季,各种条件都有利于青藏高原的降雪,从而,来年春天的积雪则变厚,不利于南海季风的爆发。 3. 南海夏季风爆发的预测 1970年之后,西太平洋暖池的热含量与南海夏季风的爆发早晚有非常好的负相关。据此,我们可以通过西太平洋暖池热含量的变化来预测南海夏季风的爆发。通过暖池区海洋上层400米热含量的分析研究,我们找到了西太平洋暖池热含量变化的代表站点(以3N,138E为中心的1°×1°范围),其热含量变化能很好代表整个西太平洋暖池热含量的变化(相关系数大于0.85)。在此基础上,文章用1993-2007年热带大气海洋浮标列阵(TAO-Tropical Atmosphere Ocean-array)中最靠近该站点的浮标(2N, 137E)资料验证了上述选择站点的代表性和相应的预测能力。1993-2004年TAO浮标(2N, 137E)3月上层400米和500米海洋热含量与南海夏季风爆发时间的相关系数分别是-0.75,-0.73,置信度均超过99%;用1993-2007年4月份TAO浮标(2N, 137E)上层400米和500米海洋热含量与南海夏季风爆发时间作相关则相关系数均为-0.83,置信度超过99%。因此,我们可以通过3月或者4月份该TAO浮标(2N, 137E)的热含量来预测当年南海夏季风爆发的早(强)晚(弱)。 总之,南海夏季风爆发以1970年为界存在明显的年代际变化,1970年之前,主要受印度洋控制,1970年之后,南海夏季风爆发主要受控于太平洋(西太平洋暖池),这种变化是由北极涛动年代际变化引起的,。青藏高原春季积雪也对南海夏季风有重要影响,但主要受ENSO控制。因此,我们认为西太平洋—印度洋—青藏高原气候系统在南海夏季风爆发中起着重要的调控作用:西太平洋的作用当属第一位,印度洋的作用居第二,青藏高原的作用最弱。

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被动陆缘陆坡深水区因蕴藏大量的油气及天然气水合物资源而受到石油行业的关注。峡谷水道作为重力流沉积物从陆缘向陆坡盆区搬运的主要通道,是现今海洋科学研究的热点,是“由源到汇”研究的重要内容。峡谷水道可以作为粗粒沉积物的最终沉积场所,已被钻探证实可作为良好的油气储集体。本文选择陆坡水道为研究目标具有科学和实际意义。 本文借助1979年至2007年采集的2D(部分)、3D地震数据,参考部分钻井资料,以层序地层分析为基础,以多种地球物理属性为手段,以南海北部深水陆坡区为研究区,进行层序地层分析,并对陆坡水道的发育进行研究。层序特征分析发现琼东南南部陆坡具有不同于北部陆坡的物源供给模式,断陷期以北部华南地块和西南方向中南半岛为主要物源,也有部分来自西沙隆起的物源;拗陷期西南方向的中南半岛为主要物源区。 通过大量2D地震资料研究,本文首次系统地研究了发育在南海北部陆坡的大型水道,该水道起源于莺歌海盆地东部、横跨琼东南盆地、西沙海槽,终结于南海西北次海盆西部,我们把该水道命名为“琼东南中央水道”。琼东南中央水道长约570km,宽4-8km不等,发育在上新统地层中,该水道的产生与中新世以来红河对莺歌海盆地充足的物源供给,中新世末的海平面下降以及5Ma左右红河断裂带的反转诱发的滑塌有关。 基于新采集的3D地震资料和地球物理技术,本文首次在琼东南盆地南部陆坡深水区识别出深水水道,该期水道发育在更新统地层中,形态各异,有类似曲流河的曲流水道,也有典型的低弯曲侧向迁移水道。振幅特征显示该期水道主要以弱振幅细粒泥质充填为主,部分位置有强振充填反射,可能为粗粒充填。根据地震剖面和相干时间切片时空分析,认为该水道主要有3期侵蚀和3期充填过程。从展布特征来看,该期水道的形成与更新世(中)末次盛冰期海平面的下降,地震诱发中南半岛中部小型山脉河流的复苏对南海西部的供给有关。

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南海是我国海洋灾害地质条件最为复杂、潜在地质灾害危险性最大的海区。南海北部尤其是珠江口地区的地理位置尤为重要,是我国经济开发的门户地区。本文使用GeoSwath Plus多波束系统对南海北部珠江口外海面进行了水深测量,通过系统配套软件对多波束数据的精细处理,得出高密度的水深数据以及旁扫声纳数据,经过对数据以及相关成图图件的分析,利用对灾害地貌的加权统计模型对该地区的地质灾害进行定量评定。目前国内使用的多波束型号较多,根据其频率的不同可分为浅水、中水、深水多波束系统。根据波束形成原理(数控法和相干法)的不同可分为传统多波束和具有相干特点的多波束系统,这两种多波束系统由于其原理的差异,在各种性能表现上都存在不同之处,本文从原理及其各种不同的性能表现上对该多波束系统与传统多波束系统进行了详细对比论证。 在对调查区区域地质、第四纪地质充分调研的基础上,通过对调查区地形的概况和相关影响因素的论述(诸如水动力条件、构造特征等),结合水深图、地形图和多条地形剖面的分析,得出该海域在工程施工方面海底地形上的影响因素。 通过对本区所发现的地貌类型,结合海洋地质灾害类型分析,通过对相关地质灾害类型的统计说明,得出该地区地质灾害的影响因素及其潜在危害程度。通过提取南海北部的灾害地质因素和对调查区灾害地质环境的充分研究,以灾害地质因素为评价因子,采用加权统计模型对研究区的海底稳定性进行分区定量评价。利用评价结果,确定了调查区基于地貌类型区划的海底稳定性级别。

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利用ERA40逐日再分析资料、NCEP/NCAR2逐日再分析资料、中国740个测站日降水资料、上海台风研究所提供的西太平洋热带气旋资料、Kaplan等重建的月平均SSTA资料、NOAA逐日长波辐射(OLR)等资料,应用离散功率谱分析、带通滤波、EOF分析等统计方法,研究了东亚夏季风(EASM)的移动特征、东亚地区季节内振荡(ISO)的基本特征、季节内振荡对东亚夏季风活动的影响、季节内振荡对东亚夏季风异常活动的影响机理。主要结论如下: (1)综合动力和热力因素定义了可动态描述东亚夏季风移动和强度的指数,并利用该指数研究了东亚夏季风的爆发和移动的季节内变化及其年际和年代际变化特征。研究发现,气候平均东亚夏季风前沿分别在28候、33候、36候、38候、40候、44候出现了明显的跳跃。东亚夏季风活动具有显著的年际变率,主要由于季风前沿在某些区域异常停滞和突然跨越北跳或南撤引起,造成中国东部旱涝灾害频繁发生。东亚夏季风的活动具有明显的年代际变化,在1965年、1980年、1994年发生了突变,造成中国东部降水由“南旱北涝”向“南涝北旱”的转变。 (2)东亚季风区季节内变化具有10~25d和30~60d两个波段的季节内振荡周期,以30-60d为主。存在三个主要低频模态,第一模态主要表征了EASM在长江中下游和华北地区活动期间的低频形势;第二模态印度洋-菲律宾由低频气旋式环流控制,主要表现了ISO在EASM爆发期间的低频形势;第三模态主要出现在EASM在华南和淮河活动期间的低频形势。第一模态和第三模态是代表东亚夏季风活动异常的主要低频形势。 (3)热带和副热带地区ISO总是沿垂直切变风的垂直方向传播。因此,在南海-菲律宾东北风垂直切变和副热带西太平洋北风垂直切变下,大气热源激发菲律宾附近交替出现的低频气旋和低频反气旋不断向西北传播,副热带西太平洋ISO以向西传播为主。中高纬度地区,乌拉尔山附近ISO以向东、向南移动或局地振荡为主;北太平洋中部ISO在某些情况下向南、向西传播。 (4)季风爆发期,伴随着热带东印度洋到菲律宾一系列低频气旋和低频反气旋, 冷空气向南输送,10~25天和30~60天季节内振荡低频气旋同时传入南海加快了南海夏季风的爆发。在气候态下,ISO活动表现的欧亚- 太平洋(EAP)以及太平洋-北美(PNA)低频波列分布特征(本文提出的EAP和PNA低频波列与传统意义上的二维定点相关得到的波列不同)。这种低频分布形式使得欧亚和太平洋中高纬度的槽、脊及太平洋副热带高压稳定、加强,东亚地区的低频波列则成为热带和中高纬度ISO相互作用影响东亚夏季风活动的纽带。不同的阶段表现不同的低频模态,30~60d低频模态的转变加快了EASM推进过程中跳跃性;30-60d低频模态的维持使得EASM前沿相对停滞。 (5)30-60d滤波场,菲律宾海域交替出现的低频气旋和低频反气旋不断向西北传播到南海-西太平洋一带。当南海-西太平洋地区低频气旋活跃时,季风槽加强、东伸,季风槽内热带气旋(TC)频数增加;当南海-西太平洋低频反气旋活跃时,季风槽减弱、西退,TC处于间歇期,生成位置不集中。 (6)在El Nino态下,大气季节内振荡偏弱,北传特征不明显,但ISO由中高纬度北太平洋中部向南和副热带西太平洋向西的传播特征显著,东亚地区ISO活动以第三模态为主,EASM集中停滞在华南和淮河流域,常伴随着持续性区域暴雨的出现,易造成华南和江淮流域洪涝灾害,长江和华北持续干旱。在La Nina态下,大气季节内振荡活跃,且具有明显的向北传播特征,PNA低频波列显著,东亚地区ISO活动以第一模态单峰为主;EASM主要停滞在长江中下游和华北地区,这些地区出现异常持续强降水,华南和淮河流域多干旱;在El Nino态向La Nina态转换期,ISO活动以第一模态双峰为主,长江中下游常常出现二度梅。

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特提斯构造域是除冈瓦纳构造域、欧亚大陆构造域、太平洋构造域之外的又一全球范围的大构造域。其形成是特提斯洋在赤道附近的低纬度分分合合造就的,特提斯洋这个独特的、呈喇叭状向东张开的低纬度多岛洋对全球地质构造演化历史产生了非常巨大的影响。在冈瓦纳大陆与北方欧亚大陆相分离的时候,产生一系列的小洋盆,新的小洋盆的产生伴随着之前小洋盆的消亡,如此循环,就在赤道低纬度地区产生了一个大的构造带。这条大的构造带—特提斯构造域地跨欧、亚、非、南美和北美五大洲,对研究全球地质演化历史有着非常大的作用;而其丰富的油气资源也吸引着石油地质学家和油气实业家的极大关注。在特提斯构造域中,有多个大型油气田,随着特提斯构造域在全球的分布,这些大型油气田也随之在全球低纬度区域展布。其中最著名的含油气盆地应当是西亚阿拉伯地区的波斯湾盆地。可以这样说,在特提斯构造域中发现的油气田基本上都是储量丰富的大型油气田。在这些油气田中,标志性的含油气地层是赤道封闭型浅海相碳酸盐岩礁为主夹少量页岩的沉积主体,有机质类型为Ⅰ、Ⅱ型,盖层为蒸发岩,这种沉积特征有着丰富的油气资源前景。 我国的特提斯研究也进行了多年,但是南海区域的特提斯研究也随着研究者对其的研究争论了多年,争论的核心问题是南海区域有或是没有特提斯构造域。在随着我国特提斯域陆地上的部分被研究得比较细致后,通过地球物理方法的发展,对南海及其邻区的特提斯构造域有了进一步的了解。南海邻区的红河断裂带在构造属性上属于特提斯构造域,是特提斯洋残留的缝合带,这条红河断裂带北起青藏高原,穿越云南及越南北部,向东南延伸进入南海,全长近1 000km。通过追索这条红河断裂带在南海的延伸情况,研究者们作了大量的工作,在资料日趋丰富之后,现在研究者们对南海特提斯构造域争论的焦点便成了红河断裂带进入南海后,是沿着越东断裂向南延伸还是经过海南岛南部与西沙海槽相连向东延伸。本人希望选取一个特提斯构造域中的缝合带的模型,分析特提斯缝合带的构造特征和地球物理表现,然后通过结合南海北部陆坡的一些OBS及深反射地震数据,来得到整体的南海北部陆坡的地层及构造结构,通过建立重力模型来反演南海北部陆坡的地层结构,在宏观上了解南海北部陆坡可能存在的特提斯构造域,进而计算剖面热流值,进一步探讨南海北部陆坡的特提斯构造痕迹,即红河断裂带进入南海后向东延伸段。

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关于南海北部内孤立波的研究,现在是一个国际性研究热点,以往对南海北部海域的内孤立波的研究大都集中于南海东北部,即东沙-吕宋海峡海域。对于南海西北部文昌海域的内波现场调查研究几乎是空白。2005年4-10月中科院海洋所对南海西北部陆架海域进行了现场内波观测,获得了到目前为止国内连续观测时间最长、高分辨率、高质量的温度及流场数据。本文使用此次观测所获得的海流和温度资料,主要针对观测海域内孤立波特征及机理进行分析研究,取得了若干有重要科学意义的成果,主要为: 该海域是内孤立波多发地区,其中从2005年4月中旬到6月孤立波频繁出现且振幅较大,而6月中旬到9月中旬,内孤立波的发生频率明显下降,振幅也相对较小; 内孤立波的极性也表现出明显的季节性变化特征。研究发现内孤立波的季节性变化特征是与跃层的深浅和强弱密切相关的。 在2005年9月期间观测到了一系列的大振幅内孤立波,其中在同一测站的不同天内分别发现上凸型和下凹型内孤立波。研究表明这些内孤立波极有可能是由陆架坡折处的内潮因非线性和频散效应而局地产生的。这是首次通过现场观测确认南海西北部存在上凸型并且其为局地生成的内孤立波。 进一步分析发现在2005年8月21-23日,观测到了第二模态的内孤立波,这些内孤立波是与第二模态的内潮同步发生的,在连续两天内几乎相同的时刻分别观测到第二模态的内孤立波说明这些孤立波是潮致的。 在2005年4月22-28日发现长时间的强海流现象,强海流现象发生在当地的天文潮小潮期间,沿岸方向的流速明显大于垂直于岸方向的流速,通过分析表明强海流是由当地的内潮流引起的。 根据观测的温、流数据分析了内波场对台风的响应过程及内波谱特征,发现台风对观测站位的温度场和流场结构均有显著的影响。 这些在南海西北部的新发现和新认识对推动内孤立波的产生机制和应用技术的研究具有重要的学术价值。

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温度跃层是反映海洋温度场的重要物理特性指标,对水下通讯、潜艇活动及渔业养殖、捕捞等有重要影响。本文利用中国科学院海洋研究所“中国海洋科学数据库”在中国近海及西北太平洋(110ºE-140ºE,10ºN-40ºN)的多年历史资料(1930-2002年,510143站次),基于一种改进的温跃层判定方法,分析了该海域温跃层特征量的时空分布状况。同时利用Princeton Ocean Model(POM),对中国近海,特别是东南沿海的水文结构进行了模拟,研究了海洋水文环境对逆温跃层的影响。最后根据历史海温观测资料,利用EOF分解统计技术,提出了一种适于我国近海及毗邻海域,基于现场有限层实测海温数据,快速重构海洋水温垂直结构的统计预报方法,以达到对现场温跃层的快速估计。 历史资料分析结果表明,受太阳辐射和风应力的影响,20°N以北研究海域,温跃层季节变化明显,夏季温跃层最浅、最强,冬季相反,温跃层厚度的相位明显滞后于其他变量,其在春季最薄、秋季最厚。12月份到翌年3月份,渤、黄及东海西岸,呈无跃层结构,西北太平洋部分海域从1月到3月份,也基本无跃层结构。在黄海西和东岸以及台湾海峡附近的浅滩海域,由于风力搅拌和潮混合作用,温跃层出现概率常年较低。夏季,海水层化现象在近海陆架海域得到了加强,陆架海域温跃层强度季节性变化幅度(0.31°C/m)明显大于深水区(约0.05°C/m),而前者温跃层深度和厚度的季节性变化幅度小于后者。20°N以南研究海域,温跃层季节变化不明显。逆温跃层主要出现在冬、春季节(10月-翌年5月)。受长江冲淡水和台湾暖流的影响,东南沿海区域逆温跃层持续时间最长,出现概率最大,而在山东半岛北及东沿岸、朝鲜半岛西及北岸,逆温跃层消长过程似乎和黄海暖流有关。多温跃层结构常年出现于北赤道流及对马暖流区。在黑潮入侵黄、东、南海的区域,多温跃层呈现明显不同的季节变化。在黄海中部,春季多温跃层发生概率高于夏季和秋季,在东海西部,多跃层主要出现在夏季,在南海北部,冬季和春季多温跃层发生概率大于夏季和秋季。这些变化可能主要受海表面温度变化和风力驱动的表层流的影响。 利用Princeton Ocean Model(POM),对中国东南沿海逆温跃层结构进行了模拟,模拟结果显示,长江冲淡水的季节性变化以及夏季转向与实际结果符合较好,基本再现了渤、黄、东海海域主要的环流、温盐场以及逆温跃层的分布特征和季节变化。通过数值实验发现,若无长江、黄河淡水输入,则在整个研究海域基本无逆温跃层出现,因此陆源淡水可能是河口附近逆温跃层出现的基本因素之一。长江以及暖流(黑潮和台湾暖流)流量的增加,均可在不同程度上使逆温跃层出现概率及强度、深度和厚度增加,且暖流的影响更加明显。长江对东南沿海逆温跃层的出现,特别是秋季到冬季初期,有明显的影响,使长江口海域逆温跃层位置偏向东南。暖流对于中国东南沿海的逆温跃层结构,特别是初春时期,有较大影响,使长江口海域的逆温跃层位置向东北偏移。 通过对温跃层长期变化分析得出,黄海冷水团区域,夏季温跃层强度存在3.8年左右的年际变化及18.9年左右的年代际变化,此变化可能主要表现为对当年夏季和前冬东亚地区大气气温的热力响应。东海冷涡区域,夏季温跃层强度存在3.7年的年际变化,在El Nino年为正的强度异常,其可能主要受局地气旋式大气环流变异所影响。谱分析同时表明,该海域夏季温跃层强度还存在33.2年的年代际变化,上世纪70年代中期,温跃层强度由弱转强,而此变化可能与黑潮流量的年代际变化有关。 海洋水温垂直结构的统计预报结果显示,EOF分解的前四个主分量即能够解释原空间点温度距平总方差的95%以上,以海洋表层附近观测资料求解的特征系数推断温度垂直结构分布的结果最稳定。利用东海陆架区、南海深水区和台湾周边海域三个不同区域的实测CTD样本廓线资料,对重构模型的检验结果表明,重构与实测廓线的相关程度超过95%的置信水平。三个区重构与实测温度廓线值的平均误差分别为0.69℃,0.52℃,1.18℃,平均重构廓线误差小于平均气候偏差,统计模式可以很好的估算温度廓线垂直结构。东海陆架海区温度垂直重构廓线与CTD观测廓线获得的温跃层结果对比表明,重构温跃层上界、下界深度和强度的平均绝对误差分别为1.51m、1.36m和0.17℃/m,它们的平均相对误差分别为24.7%、8.9%和22.6%,虽然温跃层深度和强度的平均相对误差较大,但其绝对误差量值较小。而在南海海区,模型重构温跃层上界、下界和强度的平均绝对预报误差分别为4.1m、27.7m和0.007℃/m,它们的平均相对误差分别为16.1%、16.8%和9.5%,重构温跃层各特征值的平均相对误差都在20%以内。虽然南海区温跃层下界深度平均绝对预报误差较大,但相对于温跃层下界深度的空间尺度变化而言(平均温跃层下界深度为168m),平均相对误差仅为16.8%。因此说模型重构的温度廓线可以达到对我国陆架海域、深水区温跃层的较好估算。 基于对历史水文温度廓线观测资料的分析及自主温跃层统计预报模型,研制了实时可利用微机简单、快捷地进行温跃层估算及查询的可视化系统,这是迄今进行大范围海域温跃层统计与实时预报研究的较系统成果。

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To investigate the effects of enhanced nutrient loading in estuarine waters on phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing, we conducted monthly dilution experiments at 2 stations in Hong Kong coastal waters with contrasting trophic conditions. The western estuarine station (WE) near the Pearl River estuary is strongly influenced by freshwater discharge, while the eastern oceanic station (EO) is mostly affected by the South China Sea. Growth rates of phytoplankton were often limited by nutrients at EO, while nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth seldom Occurred at WE due to the high level of nutrients delivered by the Pearl River, especially in the summer rainy season. Higher chlorophyll a, microzooplankton biomass, phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates were found at WE than at EO. However, the increase in chlorophyll greatly exceeded the increase in phytoplankton growth rate, reflecting different response relationships to nutrient availability. Strong seasonality was observed at both stations, with temperature being an important factor affecting both phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates. Picophytoplankton, especially Synechococcus, also exhibited great seasonality at EO, with summer abundances being 2 or 3 orders of magnitude higher than those during winter, Our results confirm that in eutrophic coastal environments, microzooplankton grazing is a dominant loss pathway for phytoplankton, accounting for the utilization of >50%, of primary production on average.

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对"CR-02"6 000 m自治水下机器人长基线声学定位系统海上试验中的若干问题从理论上进行分析和计算,并提出了解决方案。海上试验证明了方法的有效性和可靠性,为进一步的试验及应用积累工程经验。

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The continent of eastern China, especially the North China Craton (NCC), has endured intensive tectonic renovation during Mesozoic and Cenozoic, with the presence of widespread magmatism, high heat flow and development of large sedimentary basins and mountain ranges. The cratonic lithosphere of the region has been destroyed remarkably, which is characterized by not only a significant reduction in thickness but also complex modifications in physical and chemical properties of the lithosphere. As for the tectonic regime controlling the evolution of the NCC, various models have been put forward, including the impingement of mantle plumes (“mushroom cloud” model), the collision of south China block and north China block, the subduction of the Pacific plate, etc. Lithosphere delamination and thermal erosion were proposed as the two end-member mechanisms of the lithospheric thinning. However, given the paucity of the data, deep structural evidence is currently still scarce for distinguishing and testifying these models. To better understand the deep structure of the NCC, from 2000 to the present, temporary seismic array observations have been conducted in the NCC by the Seismological Laboratory of the Institute of the Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences under the North China Interior Structure Project (NCISP). Many arrays extend from the North China Craton and the off-craton regions, and traverse a lot of main tectonic boundaries. A total of more than 300 broadband seismic stations have been deployed along several profiles that traversed the major tectonic units within the craton’s interior, at the boundary areas and in the neighboring off-craton regions. These stations recorded abundant high-quality data, which provides an unprecedented opportunity for us to unravel the deep structural features of the NCC using seismological methods. Among all the seismological methods, the surface wave method appears to be an efficient and widely adopted technique in studying the crustal and upper mantle structures. In particular, it can provide the absolute values of S-wave velocity that are difficult to obtain with other methods. Benefiting from the deployment of dense seismic arrays, progresses have been made in improving the spatial resolution of surface wave imaging, which makes it possible to resolve the fine-scale velocity structures of the crust and upper mantle based on surface wave analysis. Meanwhile, the differences in the S-wave velocities derived from Rayleigh and Love wave data can provide information on the radial anisotropy beneath the seismic arrays. In this thesis, using the NCISP-III broadband data and based on phase velocity dispersion analysis and inversion of fundamental mode Rayleigh and Love waves, I investigated the lateral variations in the S-wave velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Yanshan Belt and adjacent regions at the northeastern boundary of the NCC. Based on the constructed structural images, I discussed possible deep processes of the craton destruction in the study region.

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Abstract In order to provide basic data for evaluation of the petroleum potential in the deep water area of the northern margin of the South China Sea (SCS), present-day thermal regime and basin tectonothermal evolution are reconstructed and the maturation history of the Cenozoic major source rocks in the study area is derived. The present-day geothermal regime in the deep water area of the northern margin of SCS is defined according to the geothermal gradient, thermal properties and heat flow data. Tectonic subsidence history is reconstructed based on borehole and seismic data, and accordingly the stretching episodes are determined from the subsidence pattern. Heat flow history in the deep water area of the northern margin of SCS is estimated on a finite time, laterally non-uniform and multi-episode stretching model. Maturation history of the main source rocks in the study area is estimated through EASYRo% kinetic model and thermal history, and the potential of petroleum in the deep water area of the northern margin of SCS is evaluated based on the data above. The results show that the present-day geothermal regime in the deep water area of the northern margin of SCS is characterized by “hot basin” with high geothermal gradient (39.1±7.4℃/km) and high heat flow (77.5±14.8 mW/m2), and that the Qiongdongnan Basin (QDNB) underwent three stretching episodes and consequently suffered three heating episodes (Eocene, Oligocene and Pliocene time) with highest paleo-heat flow of 65~90 mW/m2 at the end of the Pliocene, that the Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) two stretching and two heating episodes (Eocene, Oligocene time) with highest paleo-heat flow of 60~70 mW/m2 at the end of the Oligocene, and that the source rocks matured drastically responding to the heating episodes. There are four hydrocarbon generation kitchens in the deep water area of the northern margin of SCS which are favor of its bright petroleum perspective. Tectonothermal analysis indicates that the present-day geothermal regime which is characterized with “hot basin” in the deep water area of the PRMB resulted mainly from the Cenozoic stretching as well as faulting and magmatic activities during the Neotectonic period, and that the Pliocene heating episode of the QDNB is coupled with the transition from sinistral to dextral gliding of the Red Rive fault, and that the deep water basins in the northern margin of SCS are typical of multiple rifting which caused multi-episode heating process.

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The black rock series of the Upper Ordovician - Lower Silurian in Yangtze area are important source rocks and have exceptional characteristics of sediment, biology, element geochemistry, carbon and oxygen isotope, organic geochemistry and etc. These characteristics are the reflection of important geology events. Due to scarce system research, many problems that relate to the development mechanism of source rocks are not solved. And this restricts the exploration of Oil and gas in South China. In this paper, author studied the palaeo-climate, palaeo-structure and palaeo-environment of the Upper Ordovician - Lower Silurian in Yangtze area by sedimentology, palaeobiology and geochemistry, especially the element geochemistry and isotope geochemistry. The environment model of source rocks is established and some conclusions are drawn. The Upper Ordovician - Lower Silurian sediment types in Yangtze area are mostly black shales, next, mudstone, shell limestone and siltystone. During the Late Ordovician and Earily Silurian periods, a series of big upheaval and depressed are distributed in Yangtze area, and the strata pattern of interphase upheaval and depressed led to Yangtze palaeosea isolated with outside sea. So the stagnant and anoxic environment that are the favorable factor of rich organic black shales sediment is formed in Yangtze area. That Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values of the lower Wufeng formation and Longmaxi formation exhibits moderate chemistry weathering suggests they were deposited under the circumstances of the warm and humid climate. However, the large difference of the CIA values of N.extraordinarius-N.ojsuensis biozone suggests that climate is changeful. Therefore, there were two different kinds of climates in the course of the deposition of the Wufeng formation and Longmaxi formation. During the Late Ordovician - Earily Silurian periods, in Yangtze palaeosea, the surface water which is full of rich nutriment and abundant bacterium - algae has high palaeo-productivity that is obvious difference in the different space – time. The content of sulphate changes gradually from the surface water columns to the deep water columns. That is, salinity in the surface water columns is serious low and the salinity in deep water columns is normal. Salinity delamination is favor of the forming of deep anoxic environment. During Wufeng period, the oxidated and low sulfate environment exists in the upper Yangtze palaeosea, while the anoxic and normal salinity environment occurs in the lower Yangtze palaeosea. During the Late Wufeng and Guanyinqiao periods, the steady anoxic environment is replaced by oxidated environment. During the Longmaxi period, layered and anoxic environment recur. In Yangtze area, studies of δ13C of sedimentary organic carbon show a positive δ13C excursion up to 4‰ in the Guanyinqiao stage and then, acute negative excursion in the earily Longmaxi stage. These organic carbon isotopes curve are not only efficient measure of carving up strata borderline, but also reflected the change of originality productivity. These organic carbon isotopes curves showed the process of the enhanced embedding of the global organic carbon. Anoxic event is the main factor of increasing organic carbon embedding speed. And the reduced organic carbon embedding in Hirnantian stage is due to the water column with abundant oxygen. The δ34S values are gradually positive excursion from P.pacificus biozone to N.extraordinarius biozone, and reach the maximum in the Upper Hirnantian stage. Then, the δ34S values are negative excursion. The excursions of δ13C and δ34S reflect the acute change of environment. The formation of source rocks is largely dependent on the nature of organisms from which kerogen is derived and the preservation conditions of organic matter, which are fundamentally dependent on a favourable combination of various elements in which organisms live and are subsequently buried. These elements include palaeoclimate, palaeostructure and palaeoenvironmental conditions. Based on above mentioned circumstance, the coupling connection of source rock and the palaeoclimate, and of palaeostructure and palaeoenvironmental conditions are confirmed, and the “anoxic-marginal depression-photosynthesis” environemental model is established. It is indicated that anoxic played important role in production of organic matter. The produced organic matter was accumulated in marginal depression of the Yangtze area. The photosynthesis is favor of the high productivity. Source rocks have a good perspective, like that of “hot shale” deposited in North Africa.

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The Tarim Block is located between the Tianshan Mountains in the north and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the south and is one of three major Precambrian cratonic blocks of China. Obviously, the Paleozoic paleogeographic position and tectonic evolution for the Tarim Block are very important not only for the study of the formation and evolution of the Altaids, but also for the investigation of the distributions of Paleozoic marine oil and gas in the Tarim Basin. According to the distributions of Paleozoic strata and suface outcrops in the Tarim Block, the Aksu-Keping-Bachu area in the northwestern part of the Tarim Block were selected for Ordovician paleomagnetic studies. A total of 432 drill-core samples form 44 sampling sites were collected and the samples comprise mainly limestones, argillaceous limestones and argillaceous sandstones Based on systematic study of rock magnetism and paleomagnetism, all the samples could be divided into two types: the predominant magnetic minerals of the first type are hematite and subordinate magnetite. For the specimens from this type, characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) could generally be isolated by demagnetization temperatures larger than 600℃; we assigned this ChRM as component A; whilst magnetite is the predominant magnetic mineral of the second type; progressive demagnetization yielded another ChRM (component B) with unblocking temperatures of 550-570℃. The component A obtained from the majority of Ordovician specimens has dual polarity and a negative fold test result; we interpreted it as a remagnetization component acquired during the Cenozoic period. The component B can only be isolated from some Middle-Late Ordovician specimens with unique normal polarity, and has a positive fold test result at 95% confidence. The corresponding paleomagnetic pole of this characteristic component is at 40.7°S, 183.3°E with dp/dm = 4.8°/6.9° and is in great difference with the available post-Late Paleozoic paleopoles for the Tarim Block, indicating that the characteristic component B could be primary magnetization acquired in the formation of the rocks. The new Ordovician paleomagnetic result shows that the Tarim Block was located in the low- to intermediate- latitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere during the Middle-Late Ordovician period, and is very likely to situate, together with the South China Block, in the western margin of the Australian-Antarctic continents of East Gondwana. However, it may have experienced a large northward drift and clockwise rotation after the Middle-Late Ordovician period, which resulted in the separation of the Tarim Block from the East Gondwanaland and subsequent crossing of the paleo-equator; by the Late Carboniferous period the Tarim Block may have accreted to the southern margin of the Altaids.