Experimental study on energy dissipation in a 1 kW arcjet thruster

As a simple and reliable propulsion system, arcjet thrusters have been used in multiple satellite missions. In order to improve the efficiency of arcjet thrusters, energy dissipation study was carried out in a 1 kW arcjet thruster with pure N2, H2-N2 and H2 as the propellant. Using a 698 nm interference filter, thermal radiation was isolated from arc and plume emissions and the internal nozzle temperature was obtained by converting the thermal radiation signals. Results show that the addition of hydrogen leads to higher nozzle temperature, which is the determining factor for the mode of arc root attachment. At lower nozzle temperatures, constricted type attachment with unstable motions of the arc root was observed, while a fully diffused and stable arc root was observed at elevated nozzle temperatures. Output energy distribution analysis shows that losses from frozen flow and exhaust thermal losses are the main parts in limiting the efficiency of arcjet thrusters.

Experimental study on energy dissipation in a 1 kW arcjet thruster

As a simple and reliable propulsion system, arcjet thrusters have been used in multiple satellite missions. In order to improve the efficiency of arcjet thrusters, energy dissipation study was carried out in a 1 kW arcjet thruster with pure N2, H2-N2 and H2 as the propellant. Using a 698 nm interference filter, thermal radiation was isolated from arc and plume emissions and the internal nozzle temperature was obtained by converting the thermal radiation signals. Results show that the addition of hydrogen leads to higher nozzle temperature, which is the determining factor for the mode of arc root attachment. At lower nozzle temperatures, constricted type attachment with unstable motions of the arc root was observed, while a fully diffused and stable arc root was observed at elevated nozzle temperatures. Output energy distribution analysis shows that losses from frozen flow and exhaust thermal losses are the main parts in limiting the efficiency of arcjet thrusters.

Distribution of the nonlinear random ocean wave period

Because of the intrinsic difficulty in determining distributions for wave periods, previous studies on wave period distribution models have not taken nonlinearity into account and have not performed well in terms of describing and statistically analyzing the probability density distribution of ocean waves. In this study, a statistical model of random waves is developed using Stokes wave theory of water wave dynamics. In addition, a new nonlinear probability distribution function for the wave period is presented with the parameters of spectral density width and nonlinear wave steepness, which is more reasonable as a physical mechanism. The magnitude of wave steepness determines the intensity of the nonlinear effect, while the spectral width only changes the energy distribution. The wave steepness is found to be an important parameter in terms of not only dynamics but also statistics. The value of wave steepness reflects the degree that the wave period distribution skews from the Cauchy distribution, and it also describes the variation in the distribution function, which resembles that of the wave surface elevation distribution and wave height distribution. We found that the distribution curves skew leftward and upward as the wave steepness increases. The wave period observations for the SZFII-1 buoy, made off the coast of Weihai (37A degrees 27.6' N, 122A degrees 15.1' E), China, are used to verify the new distribution. The coefficient of the correlation between the new distribution and the buoy data at different spectral widths (nu=0.3-0.5) is within the range of 0.968 6 to 0.991 7. In addition, the Longuet-Higgins (1975) and Sun (1988) distributions and the new distribution presented in this work are compared. The validations and comparisons indicate that the new nonlinear probability density distribution fits the buoy measurements better than the Longuet-Higgins and Sun distributions do. We believe that adoption of the new wave period distribution would improve traditional statistical wave theory.

Numerical exploration of new features on three-dimensional transition of a cylinder wake

The three-dimensional transition of the wake flow behind a circular cylinder is studied in detail by direct numerical simulations using 3D incompressible N-S equations for Reynolds number ranging from 200 to 300. New features and vortex dynamics of the 3D transition of the wake are found and investigated. At Re = 200, the flow pattern is characterized by mode A instability. However, the spanwise characteristic length of the cylinder determines the transition features. Particularly for the specific spanwise characteristic length linear stable mode may dominate the wake in place of mode A and determine the spanwise phase difference of the primary vortices shedding. At Re = 250 and 300 it is found that the streamwise vortices evolve into a new type of mode - "dual vortex pair mode" downstream. The streamwise vortex structures switch among mode A, mode B and dual vortex pair mode from near wake to downstream wake. At Re = 250, an independent low frequency f(m) in addition to the vortex shedding frequency f(s) is identified. Frequency coupling between f(m) and f(s) occurs. These result in the irregularity of the temporal signals and become a key feature in the transition of the wake. Based on the formation analysis of the streamwise vorticity in the vicinity of cylinder, it is suggested that mode A is caused by the emergence of the spanwise velocity due to three dimensionality of the incoming flow past the cylinder. Energy distribution on various wave numbers and the frequency variation in the wake are also described.

Behavior of ar plasma formed in a high-density plasma source - an ecr reactor

In order to develop the ultra-large scale integration(ULSI), low pressure and high density plasma apparatus are required for etching and deposit of thin films. To understand critical parameters such as the pressure, temperature, electrostatic potential and energy distribution of ions impacting on the wafer, it is necessary to understand how these parameters are influenced by the power input and neutral gas pressure. In the present work, a 2-D hybrid electron fluid-particle ion model has been developed to simulate one of the high density plasma sources-an Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) plasma system with various pressures and power inputs in a non-uniform magnetic field. By means of numerical simulation, the energy distributions of argon ion impacting on the wafer are obtained and the plasma density, electron temperature and plasma electrostatic potential are plotted in 3-D. It is concluded that the plasma density depends mainly on both the power input and neutral gas pressure. However, the plasma potential and electron temperature can hardly be affected by the power input, they seem to be primarily dependent on the neutral gas pressure. The comparison shows that the simulation results are qualitatively in good agreement with the experiment measurements.

Numerical-simulation of ac plasma-arc thermodynamics

A mathematical model and approximate analysis for the energy distribution of an ac plasma arc with a moving boundary is developed. A simplified electrical conductivity function is assumed so that the dynamic behavior of the arc may be determined, independent of the gas type. The model leads to a reduced set of non-linear partial differential equations which governs the quasi-steady ac arc. This system is solved numerically and it is found that convection plays an important role, not only in the temperature distribution, but also in arc disruptions. Moreover, disruptions are found to be influenced by convection only for a limited frequency range. The results of the present studies are applicable to the frequency range of 10-10(2) Hz which includes most industry ac arc frequencies. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc.

Microstructure Evolution of Laser Pulse processed Ductile Iron Surface

Pulsed laser beam was used to modify surface processing for ductile iron. The microstructures of processed specimen were observed using optical microscope (OM). Nanoindentation and micro-hardness of microstructures were measured from surface to inner of sample. The experimental results show that, modification zone is consisted of light melted zone, phase transformation hardening area and transient area. The light melt area is made up of coarse dendrite crystalline with a thickness less than 20um, phase transformation hardening area mainly of laminal or acicular martensite, retained austenite and graphite, i.e. M+A prime+ G. The cow-eye microstructure around graphite sphere always is formed in phase transformation hardening area zone, which consisting of a variety structure with the distance from the surface. So, it maybe as a obvious sign distinguishing modification zone border. Finally, the microstructures evolution of laser pulse processed ductile iron was analyzed coupling with beam energy distribution in space and laser pulse heating procession characteristics. The analysis shows that energy distribution of laser pulse has an important effect on microstructure during laser pulse modified ductile iron. Multi-scale and interlace arrangement are the important features for laser pulse modified ductile iron. Of microstructure.

Improved sampling techniques for the direct simulation Monte Carlo method

The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is a widely used approach for flow simulations having rarefied or nonequilibrium effects. It involves heavily to sample instantaneous values from prescribed distributions using random numbers. In this note, we briefly review the sampling techniques typically employed in the DSMC method and present two techniques to speedup related sampling processes. One technique is very efficient for sampling geometric locations of new particles and the other is useful for the Larsen-Borgnakke energy distribution.

Coulomb expansion of deuterated methane clusters irradiated by an ultrashort intense laser pulse

The simulations of three-dimensional particle dynamics show that when irradiated by an ultrashort intense laser pulse, the deuterated methane cluster expands and the majority of deuterons overrun the more slowly expanding carbon ions, resulting in the creation of two separated subclusters. The enhanced deuteron kinetic energy and a narrow peak around the energy maximum in the deuteron energy distribution make a considerable contribution to the efficiency of nuclear fusion compared with the case of homonuclear deuterium clusters. With the intense laser irradiation, the nuclear fusion yield increases with the increase of the cluster size, so that deuterated heteronuclear clusters with larger sizes are required to achieve a greater neutron yield.

星间激光通讯中的精跟踪研究

星间激光通讯中，精跟踪起着十分重要的作用，而精密偏转镜（FSM）是精跟踪系统中最为关键的部件．基于光学矢量反射定律，推导得到了FSM的精确光学特性，这一特性为精跟踪控制系统提供了精确的理论依据．设计了基于FSM精确光学特性的精跟踪控制系统，对系统整定所用的单纯形法进行了两点重要改进，并对所设计的精跟踪系统进行了数字模拟，由此实现了对FSM的精确控制，提高了精跟踪系统的精确性；将光学衍射超分辨原理应用到星间激光通讯中．利用三区位相光瞳滤波器的超分辨性能，改变光学系统的点扩散函数，从而改变接收端焦平面上的光强

列阵透镜对能量测量影响的分析

结合列阵透镜的透过率分析了其后的光场分布。列阵透镜由多个列阵元拼接而成，用以改善主透镜焦点附近能量分布的均匀性。列阵透镜在提高辐照均匀性的同时，给能量测量带来了不利的影响。这是由于经过列阵元的相邻子光束会产生干涉，干涉条纹处的激光能量密度和功率密度相应都大为增加，其数值在干涉区域中心处能上升到原来的4倍。更高的能量密度和功率密度对能量计提出了更苛刻的要求。在没有采取适当措施的时候使用，就会损坏能量计。

机载测深激光雷达千赫兹全固态激光器设计及特性研究

将千赫兹高功率全固态Nd：YAG激光器的增益介质当作厚透镜处理，使用矩阵的方法对等效热透镜腔进行分析。采用多条半导体激光列阵侧向紧凑抽运结构设计，提高了增益介质光抽运的均匀性。根据实际抽运功率，通过模拟计算，设计了平凸非稳腔。选择的凸面全反镜的最佳曲率半径有效地补偿了增益介质热透镜效应，激光器实现了动态稳腔运转，激光脉冲能量输出斜度效率大于13％，光束发散角优于1.3mrad。

大气到海洋激光通信信道仿真

详细分析了蓝绿激光穿过大气海洋信道的信道效应和物理特性,利用理论分析和蒙特卡罗模拟方法完成对光信道仿真。介绍了大气海洋激光通信蒙特卡罗模拟方法及计算步骤。研究了不同厚度云层对光束投影面积的展宽,和光脉冲穿过不同深度海水后的空间分布和时域信号波形,讨论了其不同的展宽机理,并对信道的噪声分布进行了分析。发现云层对光脉冲展宽作用在云层厚度500 m时达到饱和,信号能量的随机起伏随海水深度的增加而增大,但能量分布的半峰全宽并不增加,大气海洋的综合信道效应可以用时延滤波器进行建模。

A new way of uniform splitting of the optical power by directional coupling between the photonic crystal waveguides

Directional coupler can be constructed by putting multiple photonic crystal waveguides together. The propagation of the optical field entering this system symmetrically was analysed numerically according to self-imaging principle. On the basis of this structure, ultracompact multiway beam splitter was designed and the ones with three and four output channels were discussed in details as examples. By simply tuning the effective refractive index of two dielectric rods in the coupler symmetrically to induce the redistribution of the power of the optical field, uniform or free splitting can be achieved. Compared with the reported results, this way is simpler, more feasible and more efficient and has extensive practical value in future photonic integrated circuits.

Instabilities in a non-transferred direct current plasma torch operated at reduced pressure

Using an oscilloscope, a high-speed video camera and a double-electrostatic probe system, the periodicity and amplitude of the fluctuations in arc voltage, jet luminance and ion saturation current of a plasma jet were monitored to investigate various sources of instabilities and their effects in a non-transferred dc plasma torch operated at reduced pressure. The results show that besides a 300 Hz main fluctuation inherited from the power supply, arc voltage fluctuation of 3–4 kHz with an amplitude less than 5% of the mean voltage was mainly affected by the total gas flow rate. The arc voltage fluctuation can affect the energy distribution of the plasma jet which is detectable by electrostatic probes and a high-speed video camera. The steadiness of energy transfer is also affected by the laminar or turbulent flow state of the plasma.