24 resultados para immobilised Streptomyces


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本文综述了放线菌分类学研究的意义和进展,分析了放线菌分类学研究特点及发展趋势;同时综述了嗜盐、嗜碱放线菌的研究进展,分析了嗜盐和嗜碱放线菌研究的重要性和意义。通过对采自渤海沿岸盐场、青海盐湖、张北盐湖、曲周、保定等地盐碱和高盐的样品进行嗜盐和嗜碱放线菌的分离,建立了适于嗜盐和嗜碱放线菌的分离培养条件;找到了广适性的嗜盐放线菌培养用培养基;发现了嗜盐放线菌多数耐碱的规律。采用形态培养特征、生理生化测定、细胞化学组分分析、DNA G+C mol%测定以及DNA同源性分析和165 rDNA序列为基础的系统发育分析等相结合的多相分类技术对分离得到的部分典型菌株系统地进行了分类研究,从表型、基因型和系统发育三个层次对其分类地位进行了确定。本研究发现嗜盐放线菌新属新种1个,为波状盐场放线菌新属新种(Actinoosalterria undulata gen.nov.sp.nov),嗜盐放线菌新种4个,分别是:沧州拟诺卡氏菌(Nocardiopsl's cangzhouensis sp.nov.)、塘沽拟诺卡氏菌(Nocardiopsis tangguensis sp.nov)、茶卡拟诺卡氏菌(NocardioPs沽chakaensis)和盐场链霉菌(Streptomyces salinarum sP.nov.);发现嗜碱放线菌新种2个,分别是;布尔津拟诺卡氏菌(NocardioPsis buerjinensis sp.nov.)和城墙拟诺卡氏菌(Nocardiopsis rampartis sp.nov.);另有2株嗜碱放线菌鉴定为达松维尔拟诺卡氏菌,2株嗜碱放线菌鉴定为产气味拟诺卡氏。论文研究中还初步建立了放线菌磷酸类脂高效液相色谱测定的方法与测定条件。

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链霉菌是十分重要的一类放线菌,绝大多数的抗生素都由该类细菌产生。毛壳属真菌是一类重要的丝状真菌,从中也发现有很多结构新颖、活性独特的活性物质。因此本论文对两株链霉菌的活性成分及一株金毛壳菌的次生代谢产物进行了研究。 1.从吸水链霉菌(Streptomyces hygroscopicus 1.358)液态发酵产物(乙酸乙酯提取物)中分离得到3个化合物,通过波谱方法鉴定为RK955A (1)、Nigericin(2)、Elaiophylin(3)。以青霉素耐药-金黄色葡萄球菌作为指示菌的抗菌活性测定表明,三者均具有较强抗菌活性。 2.通过抗肿瘤体外活性筛选模型筛选得到得到一株链霉属土壤放线菌,从中分离得到六个化合物:苯乙酰胺(4)、苯丙酰胺(5)、肉桂酰胺(6)、3-(N-(甲酰胺基)乙酰基)吲哚(7)、鸟苷磷酸(8)、鸟苷(9)。 3.从金色毛壳菌(Chaetomium aureus)的固态培养物中分离得到13个化合物,利用波谱方法将其鉴定为:金毛壳菌素A(10)、金毛壳菌素B(11)、Eugenetin(12)、Eugenitol(13)、Chaetoquadrin A(14)、Chaetoquadrin B(15)、Chaetoquadrin G(16)、Chaetoquadrin H(17)、Chaetochromin A(18)、Sterigmatocystin(19)、O-methylsterigmatocystin(20)、3β-羟基-麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯(21)和过氧麦角甾醇(22)。 4.综述了聚醚类抗生素的结构、生物合成、生物活性及作用机理。 The genus Streptomyces (Actinomycetes) is an important group of microbe. Most antibiotics known nowdays are discovered from species of Streptomyces. The fungi of the genus Chaetomium have attracted much attention because various kinds of secondary metabolites with diverse bioactivities have been found from them. Thus, the bioactive compounds from two strains of Streptomyces and the secondary metabolites of Chaetomium aureus were investigated. 1. Three compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the fermentation broth of Streptomyces hygroscopicus. They are identified to be elaiophylin (1), nigericin (2), and antibiotic RK955A (3) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds 1-3 possess antibacterial activities against Staphyloccocus aureus. 2. It was found that the extract of the fermented broth of a strain of Actinomycetes could inhibit some tumor cel lines. Separation of the bioactive fraction led to the isolation of six compounds. They were characterized to be phenylacetamide (4), phenylpropylamide (5), trans-cinnamamide (6), 3- (N- (formylmethyl) acetamide) indole (7), guanylicacid (8), and guanosine (9). 3. From the fermented broth of Chaetomium aureus, 13 compounds were isolated for the first time. They were determined to be chaetomiumycin A (10), chaetomiumycin B (11), eugenetin (12), eugenitol (13), chaetoquadrin A (14), chaetoquadrin B (15), chaetoquadrin G (16), chaetoquadrin H (17), chaetochromin A (18), sterigmatocystin (19), O-methylsterigmatocystin (20), 3β-hydroxyergosta-5, 7, 22-triene (21) and peroxy-ergosterol (22). Compounds 10 and 11 are new ones. 4. Structure, biosynthesis, biological activity, and mechanisms of polyether antibiotics were reviewed.

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本论文以从四川峨嵋山森林土壤中分离筛选获得的一株产抗耐药性活性化合物的链霉菌S227为材料,对发酵液中活性物质的分离纯化及抗耐药性活性进行了研究。 建立了抗耐药性活性的定性、定量检测方法。建立的管蝶法活性定量检测的标准回归方程为:D=4.8229Ln(C)+3.6326 R=0.9972 ;纸片法活性定量检测的标准回归方程为:D=5.5Ln(C)-12.794 R=0.999。 根据建立的样品活性的检测方法,测定了发酵液的初始活性。实验证明活性物质的温度、pH稳定性好。 通过活性的定性、定量追踪方法,分别利用等体积的石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇在不同的pH梯度下萃取,确定了pH3条件下正丁醇能最大程度的萃取活性物质,说明活性物质极性很大。对正丁醇萃取相经过两次硅胶柱层析及薄层层析分离得到具有抗耐药菌活性的纯化样品S227-4。 经过核磁共振氢谱、碳谱数据分析初步确定S227-4为四聚糖,通过糖的水解实验初步确定S227-4由葡萄糖和半乳糖组成。 纸片法活性检测表明S227-4具有抗耐药菌活性。采用MIC测定法对该样品抗耐药活性进行研究。在证明该样品本身不具有抗菌活性的基础上,以临床分离的耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,考察了该样品与抗生素联合使用时对耐药菌抗生素MIC(最小抑菌浓度)值的影响,结果表明在不影响菌体生长的浓度条件下,该样品能明显降低多株耐药菌对多种抗生素的MIC值,不同程度地恢复所测试耐药菌对相应抗生素的敏感性。如S227-4与青霉素钠联用可以使S. aureus 12352的MIC降低8倍,而与红霉素联用可以使S. aureus 12334的MIC降低128倍。 The purification process and the activity of the anti bacterial drug resistance compounds produced by Streptomyces S227 isolated from the forest soil sample of the Mountain E’MEI in Sichuan Province were studied in this thesis. Quantitative and qualitative activity assay methods of the active compounds were established. The regression equation of the tube method was D=4.8229Ln(C)+3.6326, R=0.9972. The regression equation of the paper method was D=5.5Ln(C)-12.794, R=0.999. According to the established activity assay method, the incipient activity of the broth was evaluated. And it was proved that the stability of the active compounds was good. By quantitative and qualitative activity tracing method, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and butanol were used to extract the active compounds at different pH. The result showed that butanol was the most effective agent for active component recovery at pH3. From the butanol extraction a purified sample, S227-4, was isolated by silica gel column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography . S227-4 was proved to be a tetra- saccharide by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. And its monosaccharides include glucose and galactose by hydrolysate analysis. The anti-drug resistant activity of S227-4 was tested in vitro by MICs assay using different drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated clinically. The sample itself showed no anti-microbial activity in growth inhibitory experiment, but when it was used together with different antibiotics, it could remarkably decrease the MICs of different clinically isolated drug-resistant bacterial strains to these antibiotics. For example, when S227-4 was used with penicillin, the MIC of S. aureus 12352 decreased 8 times compared with that when penicillin was used alone. Meanwhile when it was used with erythromycin the MIC of S. aureus 12334 deceased 128 times compared with erythromycin alone.

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以克拉维酸产生菌棒状链霉菌Streptomyces clavuligerus CCRC11518(ATCC 27064)III50为出发菌株, 首先比较各种物理和化学诱变剂处理对其克拉维酸生物合成的影响, 确定了亚硝基胍为棒状链霉菌诱变育种的诱变剂及其处理剂量: 2mg/ml、40min. 经浓度为2mg/ml的亚硝基胍处理40min后, 采用新颖理性化筛选方法, 通过逐步筛选自身代谢产物抗性突变株、克拉维酸抗性突变株和链霉素抗性突变株, 最终得到一株克拉维酸高产菌VI118(效价633μg/ml), 其克拉维酸效价是出发菌株(效价377μg/ml)的167.9%. 该高产突变株在琼脂斜面培养基上连续传接10代, 克拉维酸效价保持稳定. 通过单因子和多因子摇瓶正交试验, 对高产菌株VI118的发酵条件进行了研究, 确定最佳发酵条件: 甘油60g, 水解植物蛋白 60g, KH2PO4 0.5 g, 玉米浆 7.5g, MnSO4•H2O 0.34g, MgSO4•7H2O 0.99g, FeSO4•7H2O 0.56g, 蒸馏1000ml, pH 7.0, 发酵培养基装量20ml/250ml三角瓶, 接种量10%, 培养温度28ºC, 220r/min摇床培养72h后测定效价. 在最佳发酵条件下克拉维酸效价达到651μg/ml, 同时把初始发酵培养基的昂贵成分替换为廉价的工业原料. 通过摇瓶分批补料试验, 得到最佳补料物质和补料方式:在上述最佳发酵条件下, 分别在发酵培养48h、56h、64h、72h时补加4ml无菌水, 80h发酵结束, 克拉维酸效价达到905μg/ml. 在不增加原料成本的情况下通过摇瓶补料方式克拉维酸效价为未补料的139.0%, 总产量为未补料的264%. By a novel rational screening method, mutant Streptomyces clavuligerus CCRC11518(ATCC 27064)III50(titres 377μg/ml), as the clavulanic acid-producing parent strain, was treated by NTG (2mg/ml) for 40min, and the self-generated metabolites resistant mark, the clavulanic acid resistant mark and the streptomycin resistant mark were added step by step. Finally, the mutant VI118(titres 633μg/ml)with the three marks was obtained. The clavulanic acid productivity of this mutant was increased by 167.9% compared with the parent strain. After reproducing 10 generations on the agar medium slant, the productivity of this mutant was stable. The optimum fermentation conditions were established as followings: glycerol 60g, acid hydrolyzed vegetable protein 60g, KH2PO4 0.5g, corn steep liquor 7.5g, MnSO4•H2O 0.34g, MgSO4•7H2O 0.99g, FeSO4•7H2O 0.56g, distilled water 1 liter, pH 7.0, 20ml in 250ml shake-flask, inoculation 10%(v/v), fermentation temperature 28ºC, rotation speed 220 r/min, time 72h. The clavulanic acid productivity was 651μg/ml, while used the low-priced industrial raw materials. After studying on fed-batch in the shake-flask, the optimum fed-batch manner was obtained: under optimum fermentation conditions, at 48h, 56h, 64h and 72h, adding 4ml distilled water into each flask, fermentation ending at 80h. The clavulanic acid productivity was increased by 139% compared with no fed-batch, meanwhile the total yield was increased by 264%.

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The analysis on microbiological ecology for four types of oil contaminates soils showed that the bacteria utilizing the oil as carbon sources increase,wheras the fugi become less .Zooloea and Bacillu are the dominant bacteria ; Mocor and Cunninghamella ,and Fursarium are the dominant fungi streptomyces take the superiority among the actinomyces.The anaiysis on esterase activity showed that the microbes above mentioned have abilies of degrading esters. The biodeg radationrates are 55.45%,56.74%,38.37% and 45.19%respectively,after 53 days,the biodegradation rate can be increased by 12.6% when the dominant microbes are added.

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In our screening of marine actinomycetes for bioactive principles, three novel antibiotics designated as chandrananimycin A (3c), B (3d) and C (4) were isolated from the culture broth of a marine Actinomadura sp. isolate M045. The structures of the new antibiotics were determined by detailed interpretation of mass, 1 D and 2 D NMR spectra.

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本文对256株胶州湾海洋链霉菌进行了抑菌活性的筛选,并选取10株典型菌株进行化学筛选,获得2株有研究价值的菌株。通过大规模发酵,获得纯化的次级代谢产物,进行了结构解析。通过与其他5株活性菌株的16S rRNA基因序列比较,并结合生理生化、形态特征和培养特征分析,探讨了这两株菌的分类地位。   采用液体扩散法,选用金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、八叠球菌、隐球菌、白色念珠菌、Mucor miehei (TÜ 284)和Streptomyces viridochromogenes (TÜ57) 8株受试菌进行抑菌活性的筛选,结果22%的菌株显示出对至少一种受试菌具有抑制作用(抑菌圈Æ ³ 8 mm)。根据菌株的形态特征和抑菌活性特点,选择M024、M028、M042、M083、M086、M095、M097、M124、M134和M226 10株链霉菌进行化学筛选。考察了8种培养基和4种培养条件,结果发现菌株M095在Meat extract培养基、pH 6.5、28℃和95 r/min条件下,菌株M097在Meat extract培养基、pH 7.8、 28℃、95 r/min(条件Ⅰ)和M2+培养基、pH 7.8、 35℃、110 r/min(条件Ⅱ)条件下,可供进一步研究。 对菌株M095(24 L规模)和M097(Ⅰ为30 L规模,Ⅱ为14 L规模)进行发酵,采用乙酸乙酯提取和柱层析分离纯化次级代谢产物,通过ESI-MS、EI-MS、1H-NMR和13C-NMR等波谱解析,鉴定出次级代谢产物的结构。发现菌株M095产生一抑菌活性很强的化合物全霉素,首次证实该全霉素具有抑制丝状真菌的作用;菌株M097主要产生10个化合物,其中8个具有不同程度的生物活性,另外两个化合物中,Aloesaponaria Ⅱ为首次从微生物野生菌株(wild strain)中获得,化合物Cui D为一新结构的蒽醌类化合物。 经分子鉴定,初步认为本实验分离的7株活性海洋链霉菌分属于4个链霉菌类群,结合生理生化、形态特征和培养特征分析,认为菌株M095可能为灰色链霉菌的变种,M097可能为球孢类群中的一个新种。

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作者所在的课题组,自1998年以来从胶州湾海泥中陆续分离了800株海洋放线菌,并从4株放线菌中分离出了12个新结构活性化合物。选择产生新颖抗肿瘤抗生素的海洋放线菌M045和M048,产全霉素的海洋放线菌M095和产蒽醌类化合物的海洋放线菌M097为研究材料,建立了海洋放线菌的遗传转化体系,为海洋放线菌的遗传工程操作及天然化合物组合生物合成奠定了基础。 (1)通过接合转移建立了菌株M045的遗传转化体系。用来源于蓝藻Anacystis nidulans UTEX625的别藻蓝蛋白基因验证了转化体系的有效性。通过PCR及基因组步移方法获得长度为1709bp的部分聚酮合成酶(PKS)基因,分析其同放射菌素基因具有同源性,利用基因中断插入失活该基因,但未获得突变株。因此尝试通过反向遗传学方法,克隆该菌株中新骨架抗肿瘤抗生素——中国霉素的生物合成基因簇,本研究已经构建了该菌株Fosmid基因组文库,对基因组文库的筛选工作正在进行中。 (2)利用PEG-介导的质粒pIJ702转化原生质体和接合转移两种方法均成功获得菌株M048的转化子,其中接合转移率高达10-4。菌株M048来源于高盐的海洋环境,维持原生质体所需渗透压与模式菌株—变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyces lividans)有很大差异,本研究对菌株M048原生质体形成和再生的各种因素进行了优化,获得了渗透压稳定剂蔗糖最佳浓度为0.4M。 质粒pIJ8600整合于菌株M048染色体上,对该转化株的抑菌活性、薄层层析(TLC)以及HPLC-MS进行了分析。结果表明,同野生菌株相比,该转化株对7种受试菌的抑菌活性显著增强,TLC显示差异的化合物条带,HPLC-MS显示化合物组分有差异。因此质粒pIJ8600的整合,引起菌株次级代谢产物生物合成途径的改变,使有抑菌活性的化合物大量累积。 从菌株M048染色体上克隆获得了1196bp的部分PKS基因,通过基因中断插入失活该基因,结果显示M048突变株次级代谢产物抑菌活性增强,HPLC分析发现显著差异。初步分析该PKS基因的中断使菌株体内某些生物合成途径受阻,而大量合成抗菌活性强的chandrananimycin C,或者产生了抑菌活性强的其它化合物。 (3)本研究成功建立了菌株M095的接合转移体系。M095/pIJ8600转化株的生物学活性分析并未发现差异,表明该菌株染色体上的整合位点(attB)是中性(neutral)的。通过PCR以及基因组步移的方法克隆获得了该菌株的部分糖基转移酶基因,该基因中断突变株对4株受试菌的抑菌活性增强,HPLC显示有差异,表明该糖基转移酶基因参与了菌株M095活性次级代谢产物的生物合成过程。 (4)对于菌株M097,用接合转移法成功获得了转化子。实现了别藻蓝蛋白基因的重组表达,并纯化了表达产物,体外试验表明其具有清除羟基自由基能力。结果表明来源于蓝藻的外源基因可以在海洋放线菌体内有效表达和正确折叠,初步验证了本研究所建立的海洋放线菌遗传转化体系的稳定性及有效性。对M097/pIJ8600转化株的生物学活性分析,未发现差异,表明该菌株染色体上的整合位点是中性的。 本论文首次将基因工程技术引入四株海洋放线菌,建立了海洋放线菌自身的基因转移系统,为利用基因工程技术改造海洋放线菌的天然化合物生物合成途径提供了方法。对部分PKS基因中断突变株的生物学活性及化学分析,初步揭示了通过遗传转化方法进行化合物组合生物合成的可行性。

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2001~2002年从海北高寒草甸生态系统采集土样,用不同方法从中分离放线菌300余株,根据其形态和分类特征,分别归入小单孢菌属(Micromonospora)、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)、糖多孢菌属(Saccharopolyspora)、原小单孢菌属(Promicromonospora)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces),并将链霉菌归入7个类群.同时对230株中温菌和110株低温菌的部分酶活性及其对真菌和细菌的拮抗性进行了测定,发现链霉菌不仅具有许多酶活性,而且对真菌和细菌有拮抗性.