32 resultados para cropland


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土壤水力特性的空间变异和尺度效应近年来受到广泛关注。本研究以半干旱区(辽宁省阜新县)大片农田(面积20hm2)为对象,根据土壤物理性质拟合持水特性的转换函数,应用地统计学定量化持水特性的空间变异特征,并将多重分形和小波理论相结合,从奇异性和分辨率的角度探讨水力特性的尺度效应。 采用基于3级土壤颗粒的线性回归(MLR3)、非线性回归(ENR3)和基于7级颗粒的线性回归(MLR7)等3种方法拟合土壤持水特性的转换函数,并评价它们描述空间变异特征的效率,结果表明:详细颗粒模型比简单颗粒模型精度更高,非线性回归亦能提高一定的预测精度;对半方差函数来说,线性回归的结构性方差大(结构性较好),非线性回归结构性较差,详细颗粒不能增加结构性方差,因此精度高的转换函数不一定能更好表达水力特性的空间异质性。 采用多重分形方法分析了水力特性基于奇异性的多重尺度规律,结果表明:导水率、有机碳含量、粘粒含量、萎蔫系数、VG参数α和θr有多重分形特征,其它特性为单一分形;水力特性与物理性质之间的关系在单一尺度和多重尺度下会产生较大的变化,这是因为影响它们之间关系的因素随之发生了变化。 应用小波分析揭示出水力特性基于分辨率的尺度规律,结果表明:水力特性的波谱能量(方差)具有尺度和空间位置的依赖性;物理性质与水力特性之间的相关性随尺度变化而变化,仅在一定尺度(分辨率)上有效,且这种关系依赖于空间位置。尺度效应的研究对空间变异的取样具有一定指导作用。

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大气CO2浓度升高能够对农田生态系统产生一系列的影响。土壤线虫在农田生态系统腐屑食物网中占有重要的地位,能够对外界环境变化作出较迅速的响应。本文利用江苏省江都市小记镇的稻-麦轮作FACE系统研究平台,在2007-2008年小麦生长季,研究了大气CO2浓度升高和不同氮肥处理(高N和低N)对农田土壤线虫群落的影响。 研究结果表明:高氮肥施用情况下, CO2浓度升高显著降低了麦田土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量。不同氮肥处理中CO2浓度升高条件下土壤可溶性碳的含量显著低于对照,而土壤总有机碳和微生物量碳含量高于对照。 大气CO2浓度升高条件下,麦田土壤线虫群落组成和多样性与对照相比表现出显著差异。CO2浓度升高显著增加了麦田土壤线虫总数、食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫和植物寄生线虫数量。在小麦拔节期和成熟期,低N和高N施用条件下,FACE处理中土壤线虫多样性指数(H’)、成熟度指数(MI和PPI)均低于对照处理,而结构指数(SI)高于对照处理。线虫生态指数的结果表明,大气CO2浓度升高条件下,土壤线虫群落多样性降低,土壤环境受到一定的干扰,食物网趋于结构化。

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以广西西北部喀斯特地区的开垦草地生态系为对象,研究了草地开垦变为不同农田后对土壤有机碳库的效应。结果表明,草地开垦为农田后,土壤可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳及总有机碳的含量显著下降。自然草地开垦后,柑桔地土壤有机碳含量高于农作用地土壤。玉米与甘蔗轮作土壤有机碳含量高于甘蔗连作。13C示踪结果表明,柑桔地土壤有机碳中来源于草地的含量高于农田土壤;农田土壤有机碳中来源于草地的随种植年限的增加而降低。在玉米与甘蔗轮作的农田中,土壤有机碳中来源于玉米的高于甘蔗连作土壤有机碳中来源于甘蔗的。

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在黄土高原沟壑区王东沟小流域,针对塬面、梁地和坡地三种地形,分别选取了盛果期果园、老果园和退果还耕地等,研究了退果还耕条件下,三种地貌类型土壤剖面中水分含量变化及NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N积累和迁移规律。结果表明,无论塬面、梁地或者坡地上,果园土壤水分含量显著降低(10%~14%);果园退耕后,土壤水分开始缓慢恢复。盛果期,塬面NO_3~--N峰值主要处于100—200 cm之间,退果还耕后,100 cm以上土层中NO_3~--N含量降低,100cm以下NO_3~--N积累量在增加,并且峰值不断向下移动。盛果期果园NO_3~--N积累量为631~3032 kg/hm~2;退果还耕地、老果园NO_3~--N积累量都显著高于盛果期果园。盛果期40%以上的NO_3~--N积累在100—200 cm土层,但退果还耕地上50%左右集中分布在200—300 cm土层。土地利用与管理方式的变化对NH_4~+-N分布特征的影响并不明显。

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文章研究纸坊沟流域内草地、农地、林地、灌丛四种不同生态系统类型植被生产力及逐年生物量,估算各生态系统类型固定CO2和释放O2的能力,并根据生态学原理和生态经济学方法,运用碳税法、造林成本法和影子价格法,推算出各生态类型固定CO2和释放O2气体的生态、调节服务功能价值。研究表明,1985~2001年流域总生物量年均生物量和总体呈线性增加趋势。由于各种治理措施的实施和退耕还林(草)政策的正确导向,纸坊沟流域土地利用趋于合理,CO2/O2气体调节服务功能价值逐步增强,流域生态经济系统向良性演变。不同生态系统类型气体调节功能价值的估算为退耕还林(草)年限及生态补偿提供了科学决策依据。

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本文分析了黄土高原耕地资源的特点与问题、农业生产中的主要经验,提出了粮食生产潜力与目标、农业发展的技术对策与建议.

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对黄土丘陵区退耕地植被特征的时空变异性进行了研究。结果表明,不同植被类型区植被特征之间差异不是很显著,仅延安与安塞在物种丰富度之间和安塞与吴旗在物种多样性之间存在较显著的差异(0.01

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大气温室效应气体N2O、CO2增多与全球气温变暖有着密切的关系,由于农业活动导致的碳排放量占碳总排放量的25%,因此研究农田土壤有机碳的影响因素,对增加农田碳素固定和保持,减少由于不合理的土地使用而导致大量CO2的排放,维持农业和生物圈生态系统的可持续发展有着重要意义。本文分析了温度、水分、土地开垦、休闲和撩荒、耕翻、轮作、秸秆还田、肥料管理等对土壤有机碳的影响。减少翻耕次数,增加秸秆还田,优化氮、磷、钾等养分用量及配比,是提高农田,尤其是旱地农田土壤有机碳含量,培肥、改良土壤的重要途径。

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通过对黄土丘陵沟壑区种植不同作物的坡耕地土壤抗冲性进行动态测定 ,探讨了坡耕地在作物不同生长时期和种植不同作物条件下的抗冲性特征及影响因素 ,为该区保持坡耕地水土、防止流失而合理配置农作物提供科学依据。

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本文依据田间试验数据 ,采用Jensen模式 ,研究了黄土旱区冬小麦、春玉米这两种优势作物的—水分模型 .研究结果表明 ,小麦在播种~返青期缺水敏感指数 (λ)最大 ,对缺水最为敏感 ;拔节~抽穗期次之 ,然后是抽穗~灌浆期 ,而灌浆~成熟期和返青~拔节期的敏感性最小 .总耗水量在 32 0~ 42 0mm之间 ,灌水量为 2 6 0~ 30 0mm左右、且分布在冬前和拔节~抽穗期是节水高产高效的灌水模式 .玉米拔节 -抽穗期和抽穗 -灌浆期对缺水最敏感 ,拔节前和灌浆 -成熟期敏感性小 .说明拔节后到抽穗期补水对产量作用最大 ,其次为抽穗 -灌浆期 .这为黄土旱区制定灌溉制度提供了重要理论依据

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为掌握不同土地利用方式下坡面土壤含水率的空间分布特征及其变异规律,利用经典统计学方法对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带草地和农地坡面土壤含水率的空间变异性进行了对比研究。结果表明:草地和农地的土壤含水率均值在同一土层深度下差异极显著,但二者在垂直方向、坡长方向的变异程度均为中等变异程度;草地和农地坡面土壤含水率的垂直变化特征不同,前者为降低型,后者在100 cm以上为波动型,以下为稳定型;草地和农地坡面土壤含水率均随坡长的增加呈波浪式变化规律,整体上有增加趋势;将坡面划分为5个坡长或将土层划分为4层以后,草地和农地坡面土壤含水率沿垂直方向、坡长方向的总体变化趋势均没有改变,但由于尺度的扩展获得了一些较大尺度上的水分信息。

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应用离心机法测定土壤水分特征,研究黄土高原典型草原带退耕地植被恢复演替过程中土壤持水性能的变化特点及趋势。结果表明:土壤含水量与土壤水吸力之间符合幂函数θ=aSb,参数a的变化随着植被的演替呈增加趋势;由于植被的影响,在同一吸力范围内的土壤含水量不同,植被为顶级长芒草(Stipabungeana)群落时,土壤在各吸力段的含水量最高,坡耕地最低;其它群落土壤含水量随着水吸力的增加变化趋于一致;退耕地植被在演替过程中通过提高土壤有机质含量改善结构,降低容重并增加毛管孔隙度,对土壤的储水和持水性能产生作用。

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China's cultivated land has been undergoing dramatic changes along with its rapidly growing economy and population. The impacts of land use transformation on food production at the national scale, however, have been poorly understood due to the lack of detailed spatially explicit agricultural productivity information on cropland change and crop productivity. This study evaluates the effect of the cropland transformation on agricultural productivity by combining the land use data of China for the period of 1990-2000 from TM images and a satellite-based NPP (net primary production) model driven with NOAH/AVHRR data. The cropland area of China has a net increase of 2.79 Mha in the study period, which causes a slightly increased agricultural productivity (6.96 Mt C) at the national level. Although the newly cultivated lands compensated for the loss from urban expansion, but the contribution to production is insignificant because of the low productivity. The decrease in crop production resulting from urban expansion is about twice of that from abandonment of arable lands to forests and grasslands. The productivity of arable lands occupied by urban expansion was 80% higher than that of the newly cultivated lands in the regions with unfavorable natural conditions. Significance of cropland transformation impacts is spatially diverse with the differences in land use change intensity and land productivity across China. The increase in arable land area and yet decline in land quality may reduce the production potential and sustainability of China's agro-ecosystems. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Due to its inert reaction in soil system and distinctive vertical distribution in soil profile, caesium-137 (Cs-137) has been used as a tracer to assess wind erosion. In this study, 62 soil samples were collected from 4 sampling sites in Taipusi County, Inner Mongolia; Caesium-137 activities for those soil samples were measured using a gamma-ray spectrometry in Sichuan University, Chengdu. Distribution pattern of Cs-137 in vertical soil profile was different for different land use and land cover types. Caesium-137 was distributed homogeneously in plow layer of cropland, and negatively exponential in low to medium cover grassland. Distribution pattern in high covered grassland was represented by a peak at 2-4 cm soil depth followed by a negative exponential curve. Based on those findings, simplified mass balance model was chosen to estimate the rate of wind erosion for cropland, while profile distribution model was used for grassland. Estimated wind erosion rates were 7990, 4270 and 1808 Mg(.)km(-2.)a(-1) for cropland, low cover grassland and medium cover grassland, respectively. Wind erosion intensity correlated negatively with plant cover.

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Land-cover changes in China are being powered by demand for food for its growing population and by the nation's transition from a largely rural society to one in which more than half of its people are expected to live in cities within two decades. Here we use an analysis of remotely sensed data gathered between 1990 and 2000, to map the magnitude and pattern of changes such as the conversion of grasslands and forests to croplands and the loss of croplands to urban expansion. With high-resolution ( 30 m) imagery from Landsat TM for the entire country, we show that between 1990 and 2000 the cropland area increased by 2.99 million hectares and urban areas increased by 0.82 million hectares. In northern China, large areas of woodlands, grasslands and wetlands were converted to croplands, while in southern China large areas of croplands were converted to urban areas. The land-cover products presented here give the Chinese government and international community, for the first time, an unambiguous understanding of the degree to which the nation's landscape is being altered. Documentation of these changes in a reliable and spatially explicit way forms the foundation for management of China's environment over the coming decades.