Epoxidation of propylene with dilute H2O2 over titanium silicalite containing trace aluminum

Titanium silicalite (TS-1) was successfully synthesized by using TPABr as the template and silica sol as silicon source in a 100 l stainless steel autoclave. IR, XRD, UV--vis, elemental analysis, and (2)7Al and (3)1P MAS NMR were used to characterize the synthesized products. The results show that the synthesized material has an MFI structure with high crystallinity and large crystal size and two kinds of titanium species. Trace aluminum in silica sol is also incorporated into the zeolite framework. The synthesized TS-1 exhibits high activity in the epoxidation of propylene with dilute H2O2 with high selectivity to methyl mono-ethers and low selectivity to propylene oxide (PO). The low selectivity toward PO is due to the residual acidity onto TS-1. The selectivity of PO can reach up to 90% through adjusting the pH of the reaction mixture. Extra amounts of base decrease the H2O2 utilization and the H2O2 conversion. However, in over acid-treated TS-1 in which part removal of extra-framework titanium takes place, the utilization of H2O2 is quite different: for the low Si/Ti ratio of TS-1, the H2O2 utilization increases. But the utilization of H2O2 does not change for the high Si/Ti ratio TS-1. Thermal analysis shows that the as-synthesized TS-1 exhibits high activity and thermal stability in the calcined range 540-900 degreesC.

ZrO2／SiO2棱镜偏振膜的膜系优化设计与制备

对以K9玻璃为基底，采用ZrO2和SiO2为高低膜料来制备棱镜偏振膜，并进行膜系优化设计。设计指标为：波长540nm处满足Tp>99％，Ts<1％。优化结果表明，膜系以H3L(HL)^13 H3LH为最佳膜系。测试结果表明，此膜系完全满足设计指标，偏振性能优良。探讨了参考波长对偏振膜工作带宽的影响。

一种以海带（Laminaria japonica）为原料生产沼气的方法

本发明涉及一种以海带为原料生产沼气的方法。包括以下步骤： (1)用水对海带进行漂洗；(2)对步骤(1)所得的海带进行晾干、粉碎处理，粉碎至粒径为100～200目；(3)将步骤(2)所得的海带投入到发酵装置中，加入接种物，接种物TS与海带TS的重量比为1∶ 1～5；(4)加淡水调整发酵装置内总固形物含量为2.5％～10％；(5) 控制步骤(4)中混合物的初始pH值在6.5～7.5；(6)将发酵装置密封，置于恒温水浴中，控制发酵温度在35±3℃。本发明以非常低廉的成本在获取沼气这一能源，为海带提供了一种新的利用途径，可大力推动海带栽培业的发展，而海带栽培业可以促进海洋生态环境的改善。

气相贝克曼重排新型固体酸催化剂研究

己内酰胺是一种重要的有机化工原料。采用环己酮肟的气相Beckmann重排的方法制己内酰胺可以解决传统的液相工艺中存在的副产硫酸胺、腐蚀设备和污染环境等问题。本研究的目的是开发出适合环己酮肟的气相Beckmann重排的固体酸催化新工艺。 首先，本工作用同位素标记的方法研究了Beckmann重排在固体酸B2O3/γ-Al2O3和TS-1上的反应机理。同位素标记后的产品采用质谱测量。通过与H218O交换氧，发现环己酮肟与H218O的交换在B2O3/γ-Al2O3和TS-1只能进行到一定程度，这暗示固体酸上腈中间体的解离不如经典的机理完全。提出了解离度(α)的概念，其定义为解离了中间体腈与总中间体腈之比。通过拟合实验数据和同位素标记的产品的计算公式，获得了B2O3/γ-Al2O3和TS-1上α 值分别为0.199和0.806的结果。 其次，采用对氧化铝表面合适氟化的方法，对氟化的氧化铝的性能进行研究。发现氧化铝表面氟化可以改善Beckmann重排的性能。氧化铝表面氟化可以消除其表面碱性位，说明了催化剂表面碱性位不利于Beckmann重排。而完全氟化的氧化铝的选择性不如某些固体酸如负载B2O3和Silicalite-1，暗示着表面酸强度也影响催化剂的选择性。同时，我们对适合气相Beckmann重排的催化剂进行了简单的筛选。发现一种稀土焦磷酸盐有可能是适合此反应的催化剂。 再次，研究了稀土焦磷酸盐催化剂上气相Beckmann重排。通过对一些稀土磷酸进行XRD,FT-IR,NH3-TPD和水接触角等表征，发现这类催化剂上表面的弱酸位以及合适的表面疏水是它们具有较好性能的原因。 再次，对焦磷酸铈催化剂的合成以及反应氛围进行了优化。发现优化的反应氛围为催化剂在pH在3~4时沉淀，在500~550度焙烧，在~350度反应，载气~80ml/min，空速在0.43h-1时反应，能保持转化率在98％以上，选择性在70％以上，8小时不失活。 最后，采用P123作为模板剂合成了一种新型的中孔稀土磷酸盐，这种稀土磷酸盐具有无序的虫洞形结构。应用这种新型的中孔稀土磷酸盐于酚类甲醇氧烷基化获得了较好的结果。与不加表面活性剂的材料相比，这种中孔稀土磷酸盐在低温下具有更大的活性并且其选择性不受损失。认为这种中孔的形态对催化性能具有好的影响。

厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器处理发酵废水的中试研究

一体化反应器由于投资少、占地小、管理运行方便等优点而备受青睐。但现有的一体化反应器大都适用于处理中低浓度废水，耐受负荷普遍偏低。本课题研制出新型高效的厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器，旨在通过反应器结构优化、高效微生物载体研制、配合高效微生物菌剂技术处理中高浓度有机废水，实现高效和低耗，降低设备造价，提高反应器运行稳定性。 首先开展了菌剂对废水的适配试验。采用15种不同的微生物菌剂，以葡萄糖配水、中药提取废水、啤酒废水、氨氮配水为基质，分别测定了微生物菌剂的耗氧速率和厌氧比产甲烷速率，以其为指标比较了各菌剂对废水的适配性。根据结果选择活性高的14＃、8＃、10＃菌剂，在试验室进行了菌剂对废水的连续处理试验，取得良好的处理效果，为菌剂在厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器的小试、中试中的应用奠定了基础。 经小试研究后，又对厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器进行了处理发酵废水的中试研究。试验结果表明，反应器启动快，系统有机负荷2.72 kgCODm-3d-1时整个反应器去除率保持在84.5％～93.19％，在30多天内一次启动成功。冲击负荷试验中，系统总有机负荷最高可达到8.88 kgCODm-3d-1，系统去除率稳定在88.10％～96.88%，说明反应器处理效率高，抗冲击能力强。稳定运行期间，COD去除率可达90％以上，各项指标都能达到国家排放标准。 此外，对反应器配套系统高效菌剂、高分子复合颗粒载体进行了研究。结果显示，菌剂与反应器适配良好，各功能区形成了丰富、高活性的微生物，厌氧区颗粒污泥TS高达83.9 gL-1，VS/TS为56.9％～57.4％，比产甲烷活性为280～350 mLCH4 gvss-1d-1；好氧区固定化微生物TS高达1.921 gL-1，VS/TS为94.02～94.30％。对载体性能的研究表明，此高分子复合颗粒载体密度适中，易于流化，不易流失；粗糙多空，易于挂膜；且无生物毒害作用，稳定安全，是一种优良的生物载体。反应器各功能区对废水的降解过程分析，说明了反应器、菌剂、载体适配良好，在其协同作用下，实现了污染物的高效降解。 The integrated reactors were popular because of their characteristics such as little investment, small occupation of land, convenient of manage and running etc. But the present integrated reactors were mostly applied for treating wastewater of low concentration, the load tolerance was generally on the low side. A new type integrated anaerobic-aerobic bio-reactor was developed, which was conducted to treating organic wastewater of middle or high concentration by optimization of reactor structure, development of efficient microbe carrier and adaptation of high active microbial blends, to achieve high efficiency and low consume, reduce equipment cost, enhance running stabilization of reactor. The adaptability test of microbial blends on different wastewater was carried on firstly. Oxygen consumption rate and anaerobic specific activity of methane producing of 15 different microbial blends were measured separately taking glucose artificial wastewater, Chinese herb extracting wastewater, brewery wastewater and ammonia nitrogen artificial wastewater as substrate, by which the adaptabilities of different microbial blends to wastewater were compared. According to the results high active microbial blends 14#, 8# and 10# were selected and used in the continuous treatment of wastewater in the laboratory and had obtained good effect, which had laid a foundation for application microbial blends to small scale test and pilot test of integrated anaerobic-aerobic bio-reactor. After the small scale test, the pilot test of the integrated anaerobic-aerobic bio-reactor treating fermentation wastewater was carried on. The test results showed fast initiation of the reactor. When system organic load reached 2.72 kgCODm-3d-1the COD removal rate of the reactor was stable between 84.5%～93.19% and it initiated successfully in more than 30 days at a time. In the load shock test the maximum organic load of system could reach to 8.88 kgCODm-3d-1 and the COD removal rate could be stable between 88.10%~96.88% which indicated that the reactor was efficient for treating wastewater and had strong resistance to shock load. At stable running period the COD removal rate of the reactor was over 90% and each index of wastewater could reach to the national discharge standards. In addition, the high active microbial blends and the macromolecule compound granule carrier, the matching system of the reactor was studied. It showed that the microbial blends adapted well to the reactor and abundant and high active microbes were formed in each functional field. The TS of granule sludge in anaerobic field was as high as 83.9 gL-1, the VS/TS was 56.9%~57.4%, the specific activity of methane producing was 280~350 mLCH4 gvss-1d-1. And the TS of immobilized biological granule was as high as 1.921 gL-1, the VS/TS was 94.02%~94.30%. Study on the carrier showed that the self-made macromolecular compound granule carrier was moderate of density, easy of fluidization, unease of running off, rough and porous, easy of films fixation, no bio-toxic, stable and safe, was a kind of superior carrier. Analysis of degradation process in each functional field confirmed the reactor, microbial blends and carriers were in good adaptation and wastewater was decontaminated by their cooperation.

Identifying the isolated transition metal ions/oxides in molecular sieves and on oxide supports by UV resonance Raman spectroscopy

Isolated transition metal ions/oxides in molecular sieves and on surfaces are a class of active sites for selective oxidation of hydrocarbons. Identifying the active sites and their coordination structure is vital to understanding their essential role played in catalysis and designing and synthesizing more active and selective catalysts. The isolated transition metal ions in the framework of molecular sieves (e.g., TS-1, Fe-ZSM-5, and V-MCM-41) or on the surface of oxides (e.g., MoO3/Al2O3 and TiO2/SiO2) were successfully identified by UV resonance Raman spectroscopy. The charge transfer transitions between the transition metal ions and the oxygen anions are excited by a UV laser and consequently the UV resonance Raman effect greatly enhances the Raman signals of the isolated transition metal ions. The local coordination of these ions in the rigid framework of molecular sieves or in the relatively flexible structure on the surface can also be differentiated by the shifts of the resonance Raman bands. The relative concentration of the isolated transition metal ion/oxides could be estimated by the intensity ratio of Raman bands. This study demonstrates that the UV resonance Raman spectroscopy is a general technique that can be widely applied to the in-situ characterization of catalyst synthesis and catalytic reactions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.