59 resultados para Salustio Crispo, Cayo, 83-35 a. C.


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本文用仪器化冲击仪研究了酞侧基聚芳醚酮(PEK-C)的冲击断裂韧性对温度的依赖性。依据线弹性断裂力学原理,通过1.5YPL/BD2对a-1/2作图,所得直线斜率即为应力强度因子Kc;用U对BDΦ作图,所得直线斜率即为扩展裂纹所需的能量Gc。在不同温度下测试,便可得到Kc-T,Gc-T的依赖关系图。温度对冲击断裂韧性的影响,是tanδ损耗和裂尖前缘热钝化共同作用的结果。在100~140℃之间,断裂韧性的升高主要是由于β转变作用的结果。通常tanδ对能量吸收过程的影响,要比裂尖前缘热钝化的影响小,只有当裂尖前缘区域的有效温度Te低于软化温度Ts时,tanδ才起作用。当T=180℃,Te=202.43℃,大于软化温度Ts时,裂尖前缘热钝化开始起作用,冲击断裂韧性随温度升高而升高

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The photosynthetic oxygen evolution of Caulerpa serrulata was determined with oxygen electrodes. The effects of light and temperature on the growth and regeneration of fragmented C. serrulata thalli were analyzed. The regenerating rate and establishment of different sizes and portions of C. serrulata were studied. The results showed that the light saturation point of C. serrulata was 200 mu mol photons/m(2) per s and the optimum growth temperature was 25-30 degrees C. Under these conditions, the maximum photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate was 15.1 +/- 0.29 mg O-2/mg Chl a/h, the growth rate and elongation rate reached the highest values, 4.67 +/- 0.09 mg FW/d and 0.78 +/- 0.01 mm/d, respectively. The fragmented C. serrulata thalli was regenerated at 20-35 degrees C and survived at 15 degrees C and 200 mu mol photons/m(2) per s. A different survival rate was detected according to fragment size. All of these results indicated that C. serrulata was a candidate to become an invasive species if introduced into a new place. Therefore, we should pay more attention to C. serrulata for its potential threat to marine ecosystem when it is sold for aquarium use.

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Six deep-sea proteolytic bacteria taken from Aleutian margin sediments were screened; one of them produced a cold-adapted neutral halophilic protease. These bacteria belong to Pseudoalteromonas spp., which were identified by the 16S rDNA sequence. Of the six proteases produced, two were neutral cold-adapted proteases that showed their optimal activity at pH 7-8 and at temperature close to 35 degrees C, and the other four were alkaline proteases that showed their optimal activity at pH 9 and at temperature of 40-45 degrees C. The neutral cold-adapted protease E1 showed its optimal activity at a sodium chloride concentration of 2 M, whereas the activity of the other five proteases decreased at elevated sodium chloride concentrations. Protease E1 was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and its molecular mass was 34 kDa, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The molecular weight of protease E1 was determined to be 32,411 Da by mass spectrometric analysis. Phenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride (PMSF) did not inhibit the activity of this protease, whereas it was partially inhibited by ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid sodium salt (EDTA-Na). De novo amino acid sequencing proved protease E1 to be a novel protein.

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A diode stack end-pumped Nd:YVO4 slab laser at 1342 nm with near-diffraction-limited beam quality by using a hybrid resonator was presented. At a pump power of 139.5 W, laser power of 35.4 W was obtained with a conversion efficiency of 25.4% of the laser diode to laser output. The beam quality M-2 factors were measured to be 1.2 in the unstable direction and 1.3 in the stable direction at the output power of 29 W. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America

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用气相传输平衡技术(VTE)在(0001)蓝宝石衬底上制备了单相的γ-LiAlO2薄层,X射线衍射表明,在适当的温度(1050~1100℃)条件下,此γ-LiAlO2薄层为高度[100]取向,并通过扫描电子显微镜和透射光谱,分析了影响薄膜质量的因素,这一实验结果意味着有望通过VTE技术制备用于GaN基器件外延生长γ-LiAlO2(100)//Al2O3(0001)复合衬底。

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植物近缘物种系统发育和物种形成过程一直以来都是植物进化生物学研究中最基本的问题之一,是人们理解自然界物种多样性产生和变化的前提。近缘物种间通常形态相似,遗传和分子水平的分化很小且常受诸如渐渗杂交、谱系分选、种内重组等微观进化事件的影响,导致植物近缘物种间系统发育和物种形成过程研究极为困难。在过去十多年中,生物技术的革新和理论方法的发展极大地推动了进化生物学研究,促进了人们对一些重要模式生物与其近缘种间的系统发育关系和物种分化过程的认识,如人、果蝇、线虫、拟南芥和玉米等。然而,迄今在植物中,许多重要类群及其近缘种的系统发育和物种形成过程研究仍不多见,包括在具有特殊重要性的栽培作物中,如稻属(Oryza L.)。由于属内包含有重要粮食作物水稻,稻属向来都是禾本科内备受关注的一个类群。本研究中,我们通过多基因序列的方法,探讨了稻属C色体组三个近缘二倍体物种的系统发育和物种形成过程,主要研究结果如下。 为选择适宜的实验策略和保证序列数据的真实性,我们利用不同聚合酶扩增自交的栽培稻Oryza sativa ssp. japonica和异交的O. longistaminata同类型的基因片段,采用克隆测序的方法,评估聚合酶链式扩增反应(PCR)中产生的非真实变异的状况。我们使用exTaq、exTaq和Pfu混和酶和PfuUltraTM酶三种不同聚合酶扩增了Adh1、GPA1和Waxy三个基因片段。在检测到的非真实变异中,PCR 错误的类型主要为单碱基变异和不同等位基因间重组,其中以单碱基变异为主,且突变类型以转换占绝大多数。比较不同酶扩增错误的结果表明,高保真PfuUltraTM酶对PCR反应错误有显著的改善,在扩增产物的单克隆中几乎检测不到PCR噪音,错误率仅为0.0001%,而exTaq和混和酶的错误率分别为0.096%和0.073%。从不同物种比较结果来看,exTaq酶和Pfu酶混用时在自交的O. sativa ssp. japonica内对PCR错误也表现明显的改善,但在异交的O. longistaminata改善效应不太明显。在三个不同基因位点上,PCR扩增错误出现频率随扩增区域增长而变大。在PfuUltraTM酶的扩增产物中发现重组最少,exTaq和混和酶重组较多,且混和酶对重组改善效果不明显。基于不同聚合酶扩增错误对比研究结果,我们认为,由于能保证序列变异的真实性且不遗漏等位基因,核基因的克隆测序较宜于分离杂合个体中不同的等位基因。 基于随机挑取4个叶绿体和10个核基因位点,利用12份Oryza officinalis、8份O. eichingeri和4份O. rhizomatis材料,对稻属C色体组三个近缘二倍体物种的系统发育关系作了深入分析。利用不同的系统发育分析方法对单基因位点序列和合并序列数据作了分析,结果表明,稻属C色体组三个近缘种间呈多歧分支。因此,三个二倍体C色体组物种可能经快速辐射分化形成。在不同核基因和叶绿体基因的系统发育树中各分支枝长均很短,也表明C色体组的三个物种可能在较短时期内分化出。不同基因间拓扑结构不一致主要受谱系随机分选的影响。此外,C色体组不同物种间的种间渐渗和不同等位基因重组对系统发育树的冲突也有影响。值得注意的是,C色体组三个物种的辐射分化不排除由于相邻两次物种形成事件间隔时间太近、目前数据量不够而无法分辨的可能。在本研究中,我们发现,对于系统发育重建困难的类群,利用等位基因构建物种谱系树有助于挖掘不同基因间结果不一致的因素。 基于10个随机选取的核基因序列数据,利用物种水平的取样方式和群体遗传学分析方法,我们研究了稻属C色体组三个近缘物种O. officinalis、O. eichingeri和O. rhizomatis的核苷酸多态性,并根据多态性水平和式样,推测了三个近缘种分化的历史。结果表明,在C色体组的三个近缘种中,仅分布于斯里兰卡的O. rhizomatis的核苷酸多态性水平相对最低(θsil = 0.0038),而间断分布于非洲和斯里兰卡的O. eichingeri最高(θsil = 0.0057)。与被子植物其他类群相比,稻属C色体组三个物种的核苷酸多态性水平显得较低,O. eichingeri的核苷酸多态性仅约为玉米及其近缘野生种的23-46%和拟南芥的35%。C色体组内三个野生种相对较低的核苷酸多态性水平可能起因于其较小的祖先有效群体。物种形成模型分析表明,O. officinalis和其近缘种从最近共同祖先分化开后可能经历了居群缩减的历史,且自最近共同祖先分开后,三个物种彼此间并无显著的基因交流。基于分子钟粗略估算了C色体三个物种分化时间,结果表明,三个物种彼此在很短的时期内分开,约0.63-0.68 Myr。同时,O. eichingeri在非洲和斯里兰卡两个地理宗的分异时间约为0.37 Myr,且推测斯里兰卡的O. eichingeri主要由西非经长距离扩散传播到斯里兰卡。

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本文对北京怀柔汤河口、北京云蒙山、西山以及河北省石家庄地区元氏县的荆条灌丛的群落学特征及其生物量进行了较为详细的研究,并着重研究了汤河口、云蒙山、西山三个亲地的荆条群落的地球化学特征和元素循环特征,对西山的荆条群落中荆条叶片枯落物的分解过程进行了详细的比较研究,最后,对汤河口和西山的两个荆条灌丛的相对稳定性进行了探讨,并和昭田真的演替度进行了比较,期望对荆条灌丛的现况有个较全面和深入的了解,为合理的改造利用广阔的华北落叶灌丛提供理论依据。 本研究设置了四个样地。样地1在北京市怀柔县汤河口乡,样地2在汤河口以南40公里的云蒙山林场,下设两个小样地2a2b,分别经过8年和3年的封山保护。样地3在北京海淀区的西山上,样地4位于河北省元氏县。四个样地的地理位置,地形、立地条件及所受的人为干扰的程度各不相同。DCA分析对样地的排序图中从左到右样地的顺序为样地2b,2a样地3,样地1,样地4。 6个样地的荆条滋丛中计有高等植物49种,分属24科47属。其中样地1 8科14种,样地2a 15科24种,样地2b 13科18种,样地3 9科14种,样地4a 11科18种,样地4b 7科11种。以禾本科植物最多(8种),菊科植物6种次之,蔷薇科植物4种,居第三。6个样地中常见植物种(存在度60%以上)有11个,较1965年调查时的常见种数(16种)显著减少。 生活型谱分析表明样地1和2a生活型谱介于热带和温带类型之间。样地2b的生活型谱是较典型的温带类型,样地3则较偏向荒漠类型;样地4a4b的生活型谱则较偏向热带和荒漠的类型。 植物区系分析表明,样地2b带有最明显的中生性,而样地4a含有最多的热带和亚热带分布种而最为干燥。样地依干燥度增加的顺序为2b,2a3,1,4b,4a这个顺序恰好和DCA对样地的排序结果完全吻合,同时,它还是温度升高的梯度。 荆条灌丛中荆条地上部生物量,以样地2a2b为最高,分别为3571,9和3285.8公斤/公顷,其次为样地3,达2445.7公斤/公顷,余下的顺序为样地1,样地4a4b。这个顺序和DCA与样地的排序结果一致,即荆条地上部生物量随着样地干燥程度的增加和温度的增加而减少。相关分析表明,热量(年日照时数)是控制荆条生长的最主要因素,且荆条的生长受土壤中砾石的很大的制约。 荆条灌丛中荆条之外的其它植物种类,作为一个组分,其地上部生物量除样地1外,和荆条地上部生物量的大小顺序一致,这些植物地上部生物量随人为干扰程度的增强而极显著的减少,且随海拔高度的增加而极显著的增加,说明这些植物较适于生长在海拔较高的地区,且它们随人为干扰的能力很弱。 荆条灌丛群落地上部总生物量,作为上述两个组分的综合,较多的受灌丛中其它植物地上部生物量的影响,而且与海拔高度呈现显著的相关性。群落地上部总生物量与年蒸发量、无霜期、人为干扰程度均表现极显著的负相关,与≥10'C年积温也显著的负相关。这些特点,都表明荆条灌丛一个总趋势,即较低的温低更适合该群落的生长。 荆条地下部生物量在样地l达9641.8公斤,公顷顾(1986) 和l0996.6公斤/公顷(1987),其中各有51.1%和28.90%是根球的生物量,在样地3则1988年为2306.1公斤/公顷,l989年增至5442.2公斤/公顷,两个样地中,地下部生物量为枝条生物量的6.29和5.44倍(样地1),以及2.10和1.23倍《样地3),根枝比的分析表明样地1年龄大于样地3,且样地1比样地3.干燥,荆条的根枝比大于其它灌术种类的根枝比,这是荆条对砍伐的适应.就象灌丛栎(根枝比6.23)对火灾的适应一样。 样地1荆条灌丛的总生物量,1986年为13.44吨/公顷,87年为l6.4吨/公顷,增加了22.2%,群落年净第一性生产量为3.96吨/公顷•年。在群落总生物量中,荆条的生物量占绝大部分,分别达90.4%和86.3%,而在群落年净第一性生产量中,荆条的贡献达3.00吨/公顷•年,占75.8%。 样地3的总生物量88年为9.90砘/公顷.89年猛增至21.17砘/公顷,增加了113.9%,群落年净第一性生产量为12.62砘/公顷•年,是样地1的3.19倍。群落总生物量中,荆条所占的比例在1988年为48.0%,89年增大为58.5%,和样地1的变化趋势相反,表明两个样地的荆条灌丛处于不同的发育阶段。在群落的年净第一性生产量中,荆条的贡献和样地1相似,达71.1%。 和不同类型的灌丛地上部生物量比较的结果表明荆条灌丛小于同地区的落叶灌丛(绒毛绣线菊、荆条、蚂蚱腿子灌丛),更小于同地区的乔木树种的萌生灌丛如辽东栎萌生丛.以及其他地区的矮针叶树栎灌丛,群落总生物量的比较结果也表明荆条灌丛的生物量还有很大的发展潜力。 荆条灌丛地上部生产量已经超过一些成熟乔木种类的林地的生产量,且荆条灌丛中生长最快的群落(样地3)的地上部生产量已接近一些乔木种类的幼龄林地的生产量说明荆条灌丛有较高的生长速度。 生物量累积比作为植物或群落衰老程度的指标,说明荆条灌丛较之其它原生灌丛还是较”年轻”的,样地1的生物量累积比较大,是该群落遭受频繁砍伐的反映。 由荆条灌丛立地的潜在生产量的分析可知样地1的荆条灌丛离其”成熟类型”的生产量还差距很大,而样地3的生产量正接近其”成熟类型”。结合前面的分析,可以推测在人类活动频繁和强度的干扰下,样地l的荆条灌丛没有继续向其成熟类型发育,而在中途衰退了。 西山荆条灌丛中,在代谢活动较旺盛的部位,N和K的含量较高,Hg,P和Zn也表现相似的倾向,A1和Fe则表现了相反的趋势,即代谢活动较强的部位,含量较低。Mn,Ca和Ha是介于中问的一种类型。比较各组分中元素的含量值,Mg是较均匀的类型,其余元素在不同组分间含量的差异都较悬殊。西山荆条灌丛中,Mn,Mn, Mg,CaAI五个元素都以土壤中的含量为最高,N的含量则以上壤为最低,而植物组分中 K的含量一直保持较高的水平。 多数元素在荆条根球中的含量最低,包括Fe,Hn,Zn,(Ca,P和AI。随着年龄的增大,各组分中K的含量有增加的趋势(其增加量大于其它元素的增加量),在西山荆条灌从中,植物组分以及及土壤里各元素除p外,其含量均与两个以上元素的含量呈显著相关性(图11).而P的含量只与N的含量具极显著相关性,,在植物组分中,灰分含量与Fe,Mn,Ca,P,AI的含量均具极显著的相关性。荆条内部各组分的元寨岔登之间全部晕缀显著相关,而绝大部分植物组分中元素含量与土壤中相应元素的含量值无相关性。 植物组分中,其它植物地上部,其它植物地下部和羽叶是元素积累量最大的三个组分。荆枝中的Ca和Ha荆根球和荆根中的Zn和Mg以及荆根中的Al,它们的含量与其积累量之间具有较明显的补偿现象,即它们的积累量并不随生物量的增减而发生显著的变化。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条和其它植物对10种元素的吸收总量基本相等。在荆条的总吸收量中,K,N,Ca的吸收量占88.5%,其余7种元素的吸收量只占11.5%。在其它植物中,则以Ca,N和Al的吸收量占多数,达73.9%。在荆条和其它植物中,K和Al的吸收可能存在着拮抗关系。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条对K的吸收量最大,但对Mn的利用系数最大。10种元素中最大和最小吸收量之间在荆条中相差339倍(K和Zn之间),但荆条对各元素的利用系数却相差不多,平均为0.775±0.09。其它植物对10种元素的利用系数较荆条稍高,平均为0.826±0.07,整个西山荆条灌丛群落对元素的利用系数以Mn为最高,Na最低。 若以土壤中元素的垒量的贮量计算,荆条对N的吸收系数最大,Al最小。若以土壤中元素的有效含量(可溶性或可代换性量)汁,则荆条的吸收系数以Al最大,Ca最小 (表21)。土壤元素(全量)的周转时间,Al最长,达2603.2年,多数元素在450-600年 之间,只有N,P,K三个元素的周转时间最短,分别只有35.4,151.9,和109.l年。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条以凋落物形式归还土壤的元素量在其吸收量中所占的比例(归 还率),Zn (26.5%),Mg (36.1%),Ca (36.1%),P(21.3%)和N(25.0%)属较高的类型, Al (13.5%),Na14.6%)和K(13.1%)居中,Mn (8.5%)和Fe(8.0%)最低。灌丛群落中 元素的归还率除Mn最小(12.1%)外,其余在21.3%-37.9%之间。 西山荆条灌丛中,荆条和其它植物所吸收的元素量在群落总吸收量中所占的比例, 各元素之间显著不同,均匀的类型有N,Zn,Mg和Na即荆条和其它植物的吸收量相当。 K是唯一以荆条的吸收量占优势的元素,荆条吸收的K占群落总吸收量的80.7%。其余 元素,Mn,P,Al,Fe和Ca均是其它植物的吸收量显著大于荆条的吸收量(表22,图45)。 荆条所吸收的无素量,在其内部各组分中的分配(存留)格局,普遍规律是将绝大 部分用于其叶片的生长(或存留于叶片)中.Mn是唯一例外的元素,荆条将其吸收量的 最大部分存留于其枝条中。其余9个元素.荆条对其叶片存留后剩下的那部分元素量的 分配方式可以区分出三种类型:将剩余部分中的多数存留于其枝条的元素有AI,Fe,Zn, Mg;将剩余部分中的多数存留于其地下部的元素有P,NaCa;而K和N则属于中间 的类型,即用于叶片后的剩余的K和N在荆枝和荆条地下部(根球和艉)中较均匀的分配 (表22,图46). 西山荆条灌丛中元素循环的强度和速度都显著大于汤河口荆条灌丛,两个样地的元 素循环特征的最显著差异是汤河口荆条灌丛中荆条将其吸收的元素量中的最大部分存留 于其地下部,和西山样地完全相反,这可能是两个样地荆条灌丛元素循环特征的最本质 的区别。其原因,可能是汤河口样地中荆条对其地上部遭受频繁砍伐的一种适应方式, 也可能是汤河口荆条滋丛衰老的反映。 西山灌丛中荆条落叶分解过程中其失重率曲线呈双S形,其失重率最大增长速度出现在第166-299天之间。经过539天的分解作用,荆条枯落叶损失了其于重的53.3%,其中分解期(千重损失50%所用时间)为514.1天。 与干重失重率相对应,荆条枯落叶的平均腐解率的最高值出现在299和364天,而区 间腐解率的最大值则出现在第66—227天和第227 - 299天之间,比平均腐解率的最高值 出现的早,这与其总失重率曲线是非常吻合的,因为第166 - 227天及第227 - 299天之间 的高腐解率导致了其后高失重率的出现。 平均腐解率与平均气温之间具显著相关性(P<0.0S),而与平均降水量只在90%置信区间内有相关性,区间腐解率也只在90%置信区内与平均气温有相关性。 以平均腐解率计算,荆条枯落叶干重的95%被分解所需的时间为6.37年,比同一地区的侧柏、元宝槭、黄栌、山杏、刺槐,油讼和栓皮栎短,说明荆条叶片枯落物的分解速率是较快的。 荆条枯落叶分解过程中的失重主要由于有机物被分解引起的,且有机C可溶性糖 和粗纤维的分解决定了失重率变化的总趋势。 各有机物含量程分解过程中的变化各不相同。就浓度而言,以可溶性糖的浓度降低 速度最快,丹宁的浓度也显著的下降,粗脂肪和有机C度属于平缓下降的类型,而木 质素和粗纤维属另一极端的类型,其浓度持续升高。各有机物在枯落叶中的总量以不同 的速率减少。经过539天的分解作用,各有机物的损失率大小的顺序为可溶性糖(97.90%)>丹宁(95. 92%)>粗脂肪(70.83%)>有机C(61.59%)>粗纤维(37.36%)>木质素( 31,97%)。此外,不同的有机物的含量以不同的规律变化,其中可溶性糖和木质素在第105天内即被大量的分解而损失(分别损失63.66%和19.67%)。丹宁和有机C损失率的变化是较际准的S形曲线,粗纤维的损失率变化曲线为右抛物线的上半部,而粗脂肪类似S形曲线,但最不规则. 荆条枯落叶分解过程中矿质元素浓度和含董的变化很不规则。灰分含量作为大部分矿质元素含量的总和,其浓度在分解过程中稳定升高,而其总量则持续下降,所研究的10种矿质元素的浓度和总量的变化很不一致,在浓度变化方面,K是星下降趋势的唯一元素,其余元素(包括N,Ca,NaMg,P,Fe,Zn,Mn和Al)的浓度均随分解过程呈升高的趋势。从元素的总量方面可以区别出两种类型:即N,Ca,NaK,P5个元素属于减少的类型,而Fe,Mn,Zn,Mg和Al的总量则有所增加。 西山和汤河口两个样地的荆条灌丛都是渐近稳定的,且离其稳定态尚有一定距离,相对稳定性指数没有显示两个样地的稳定性具有显著的差异。 西山荆条灌丛的演替度大于汤河口灌丛,这和它们所受的人为干扰的强度的差异有紧密联系。

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The southeastern region of Yunnan province is a key site for drug trafficking and HIV-1 infection spread from the west of Yunnan and Laos to southeastern China. To investigate the prevalence of HIV-1 infection and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection among injection drug users (IDUs) in southeastern Yunnan, three cohorts of 285 addicts, including 242 IDUs and 43 oral drug users, living in the cities of Gejiu and Kaiyuan and the county of Yanshan were studied. HIV-1 and HCV infections were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and/or polymerase chain reaction. Data on the age, sex, risk behavior, drug use history, employment, ethnic background, and marriage status were obtained by interview. The overall prevalence of HIV-1 infection was 71.9%. The rate of HCV coinfection among 138 HIV-1-infected IDUs was 99.3%. Most HIV-infected IDUs were 20 to 35 years old (86.7%) and were ethnic Han (75.9%), suggesting that the epidemic in Yunnan is no longer confined to non-Han ethnic minorities, HIV prevalence in female IDUs (81.2%) was significantly higher than in male IDUs (68.2%) (p <.05). The prevalence of HIV infection reached 68.4% after 1 year of injection drug use. Needle/syringe sharing is the major high risk factor for the spread of HIV-1 and HCV infections. Large-scale educational campaigns are urgently needed to reduce the spread of HIV and HCV infection in these regions.

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This study is one of the very few investigating the dioxin body burden of a group of child-bearing-aged women at an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site (Taizhou, Zhejiang Province) (24 +/- 2.83 years of age, 40% were primiparae) and a reference site (Lin'an city, Zhejiang Province, about 245 km away from Taizhou) (24 +/- 2.35 years of age, 100% were primiparae) in China. Five sets of samples (each set consisted of human milk, placenta, and hair) were collected from each site. Body burdens of people from the e-waste processing site (human milk, 21.02 +/- 13.81 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) fat (World Health Organization toxic equivalency 1998); placenta, 31.15 +/- 15.67 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) fat; hair, 33.82 +/- 17.74 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) dry wt) showed significantly higher levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurnas (PCDD/Fs) than those from the reference site (human milk, 9.35 +/- 7.39 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) fat, placenta, 11.91 +/- 7.05 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) fat; hair, 5.59 +/- 4.36 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) dry wt) and were comparatively higher than other studies. The difference between the two sites was due to e-waste recycling operations, for example, open burning, which led to high background levels. Moreover, mothers from the e-waste recycling site consumed more foods of animal origin. The estimated daily intake of PCDD/Fs within 6 months by breast-fed infants from the e-waste processing site was 2 times higher than that from the reference site. Both values exceeded the WHO tolerable daily intake for adults by at least 25 and 11 times, respectively. Our results implicated that e-waste recycling operations cause prominent PCDD/F levels in the environment and in humans. The elevated body burden may have health implications for the next generation.

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With a crystal orientation dependent on the etch rate of Si in KOH-based solution, a base-emitter self-aligned large-area multi-linger configuration power SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) device (with an emitter area of about 880 mu m(2)) is fabricated with 2 mu m double-mesa technology. The maximum dc current gain is 226.1. The collector-emitter junction breakdown voltage BVCEO is 10 V and the collector-base junction breakdown voltage BVCBO is 16 V with collector doping concentration of 1 x 10(17) cm(-3) and thickness of 400 nm. The device exhibited a maximum oscillation frequency f(max) of 35.5 GHz and a cut-off frequency f(T) of 24.9 GHz at a dc bias point of I-C = 70 mA and the voltage between collector and emitter is V-CE = 3 V. Load pull measurements in class-A operation of the SiGe HBT are performed at 1.9 GHz with input power ranging from 0 dBm to 21 dBm. A maximum output power of 29.9 dBm (about 977 mW) is obtained at an input power of 18.5 dBm with a gain of 11.47 dB. Compared to a non-self-aligned SiGe HBT with the same heterostructure and process, f(max) and f(T) are improved by about 83.9% and 38.3%, respectively.

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The stress states in unintentionally doped GaN epilayers grown on Si(111), 6H-SiC(0001), and c-plane sapphire, and their effects on optical properties of GaN films were investigated by means of room-temperature confocal micro-Raman scattering and photoluminescence techniques. Relatively large tensile stress exists in GaN epilayers grown on Si and 6H-SiC while a small compressive stress appears in the film grown on sapphire. The latter indicates effective strain relaxation in the GaN buffer layer inserted in the GaN/sapphire sample, while the 50-nm-thick AlN buffer adopted in the GaN/Si sample remains highly strained. The analysis shows that the thermal mismatch between the epilayers and the substrates plays a major role in determining the residual strain in the films. Finally, a linear coefficient of 21.1+/-3.2 meV/GPa characterizing the relationship between the luminescent bandgap and the biaxial stress of the GaN films is obtained. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.

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The polyetherketone (PEK-c) guest-host polymer films doped with (4'-nitro)-3-azo-9-ethyl-carbazole (NAEC) were prepared. The films were poled by corona-onset poling at elevated temperature (COPET). The orientational order parameter of the chromophores NAEC in poled polymer film was determined by measuring the absorption spectra of the films before and after being poled. By using the two-level model, the measured dispersion of the refractive index of the polymer film, and the dispersion of the first hyperpolarizability of chromophore NAEC, the dispersion of the macroscopic second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) and linear electrooptic (EO) coefficients was evaluated for the NAEC/PEK-c guest-host polymer film. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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1.35 mum photoluminescence (PL) with a narrow linewidth of only 19.2 meV at room temperature has been achieved in In0.5Ga0.5As islands structure grown on GaAs (1 0 0) substrate by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurement reveals that the 16-ML-thick In0.5Ga0.5As islands show quite uniform InGaAs mounds morphology along the [ 1(1) over bar 0] direction with a periodicity of about 90 nm in the [1 1 0] direction. Compared with the In0.5Ga0.5As alloy quantum well (QW) of the same width, the In0.5Ga0.5As islands structure always shows a lower PL peak energy and narrower full-width at half-maximum (FWHM), also a stronger PL intensity at low excitation power and more efficient confinement of the carriers. Our results provide important information for optimizing the epitaxial structures of 1.3 mum wavelength quantum dots devices. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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以野外样地调查和室内分析法研究了黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复年限下草地土壤微生物CN及土壤呼吸熵的变化。结果表明,土壤微生物量碳明显地随着植被恢复年限的增加而增加。在恢复前23a,土壤微生物量碳在0~20cm土层年增加率为24.1%;20~40cm为104.4%。植被恢复23a,0~20cm土层增长率为0.83%,20~40cm为0.19%。土壤微生物量N表现为在植被恢复的初期略有下降,3a,开始出现明显增加。0~20cm土层年增长率为20.14%,20~40cm为15.11%。在植被恢复23a,0~20cm土层的年增长率为0.14%,20~40cm变化不大。土壤微生物呼吸强度随着恢复年限的增加逐渐加强;土壤呼吸熵随植被封育时间的增加而呈对数降低趋势。土壤呼吸熵(qCO2)在反映土壤的生物质量变化时,显得更加稳定,受植物生长状况影响较小。相关分析表明,土壤微生物量和土壤微生物活性与土壤有机质、碱解氮和粘粒含量显著正相关;与土壤粉粒含量明显负相关;表层土壤pH值对其也有明显影响。草地植被自然恢复过程可增加土壤微生物活性,有利于土壤质量的提高。