用于波导放大器的Er^3＋／Yb^3＋共掺磷酸盐玻璃的性能研究

通过优化熔融条件和玻璃组份，成功开发出一种新的Er^3+／Yb^3+共掺磷酸盐玻璃，其在沸水和熔盐中均表现出很好的化学稳定性。通过分析室温下Er^3+／Yb^3+共掺磷酸盐玻璃的吸收光谱，计算得到了Er^3+离子在波长1533nm处的峰值发射截面和杜得-奥菲而特强度参数；其中Er^3+离子在波长1533nm处的峰值发射截面为0．72×10^20cm^2，大于Schott的IOG1玻璃中Er^3+离子的峰值发射截面0．67×10^-20cm^2。通过改变离子交换的条件，获得了1．55μm单模光波导的制作条件

青蒿的遗传转化及青蒿素生物合成的调控

利用发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)1601，1000，1500，15834，A4，均成功地转化了中药青蒿(Artemisia annua L.)并且建立了pRi1601，pRi15834，pRiA4诱导的发根培养。pRi1601，pRi15834的发根诱导率比其它质粒高。太老或太幼的叶片不利子发根的诱导;发根主要从叶脉的伤口处萌发;带顶芽或带侧芽的叶片容易诱导根，但不一定是发根。光照有利于发根的诱导和发根的生长。以每个发根的“绝对生长速率”(Gtowth Ratio，GR)和绝对“侧根”数量(Number of Side Roots，NSR），通过大量的发根系的筛选，建立了8个发根系，1601-L-1, 1601-L-2, 1601-L-3, 1601-L-4, 15834-L-1, 1601-P-I, 16 01-P-2，15834-L-2。Southern分子检测表明，160l-1-1，1801-L-2, 1601-L-3，1601-L-4，1601-P-1，1601-P-2均为转化子。8个建立的发根系之间无论生长或者QHS的合成存在明显的差异。比较光／暗(16/8hrs)，25℃条件下培养的16 01-L-1，1601-L-2，1601-L-3，1601-L-4，1601-P-l，和1601-P-2，其中16 01-L-3的生长最快，160l-L-1的生长最慢;但是，1601-L-1的QHS的含量最高（可达1. 048%），1601-1-3的QHS的含量最低。160Z-L-3，15834 -L-1和2583:1-L-2的生长速率相差不大。用盛有l000mLMS液体培养基的3000mL的锥形瓶扩大培养1601-L -3，15834-L-1和15834-L-2，转速为ll0rlpm，培养过程中发根容易形成发根球（Hairy Root Balis，HRB），HRB的形成严重影响发根的生长和QHs的合成，HpLC分析表明扩大培养发根中QHS的含量比较低。 改变MS基本培养基中的无机离子的浓度，研究不同无机离子对发根生长和QHS的合成的影响。 l、KN03为18.79×10-3M时有利于1601- L-1生长，为14. 84×10-3M时有利于QHS的合成。NH-4N0-3浓度在10.93-12. 49×10—3M范围内有利于1601-L-1生长，在0-20.62×10-3M范围内对QHS的合成影响不大，大于20. 62×lO-3M不利QHS的合成。培养基中NH-4+／N0-3-比值为0. 37-0. 4-0.52:1时有利于发根的生长，比值为0.52 - 0.58:1时有利于QHS的合成。 2、H-2P0-4-浓度为2.498×10-3M时有利于发根的生长在0-2. 498×l0-3M范围内，随着浓度的提高，促进发根的生长。培养基中的H2P4 -的浓度在0-1.249×lO-3M的范围内，随着浓度的提高，促进QHS的合成，为1.249×10-3M时QHS的含量最高。 3、培养基中最适16 01-L-1生长的Ca-2+浓度为0.198- 0.766×10-3M，大于或小于该浓度范围，显著地抑制发根的生长。但是，在0-3.695×10-3M范围内，随着培养基中Ca-2+浓度提高，促进QHS的合成，最适Ca-2+浓度为3.695×l0-3M。 4、培养基中不加Mg-2+时，完全抑制发根生长，在0. 142×10-3M-7.506×l0-3M浓度范围内，对发根生长影响没有明显的差别。但是，HPLC和UV分析发根中QHS含量，培养基中不加Mg-2+时，发根中QHS含量最高。 5、培养基中的Fe-2+浓度在0. 25 -1．0×10-3M范围内，同时有利于16 01- L-1的生长和QHS的形成。 6、培养基中最适合予16 01- L-3生长的KI浓度为2.5ppm，大于或小予该浓度均显著地抑制发根的生长，培养基中加入KI明显地降低发根中的QHS的含量。 7、H2BO3对l601-L-l生长影响不大，HPLC分析QHS的含量，培养基中的H3BO3浓度为100ppm和400ppm，QHS的含量分别为1.69mg/g和1.80mg/g(DW)。 8、Cu-2+对1601-L-3的生长影响显著，最适合1601-L-3生长的Cu-2+浓度为1.00ppm，在0 -1.00ppm的浓度范围内，随着培养基中的Cu+浓度的提高，发根的生物量不断增加。培养基中QHS合成的最适Cu2+浓度为0.05ppm，大于或小于该浓度均显著地抑制发根中QHS的合成。 比较光培养和暗培养对发根生长的影响，结果表明光照明显地促进1601-L-l的生长，暗培养明显不利于发根的生长。最适合于发根生长的温度为25℃，大于35℃显著地抑制发根的生长，影响发根的根尖细胞的正常分裂。 改变培养基中的蔗糖浓度和在发根培养的不同时期给培养基中添加蔗糖，试验结果表明蔗糖作为碳源对1601-L-3和1601-L-1的生长具有显著的影响。 (1)培养基中缺少蔗糖显著地抑制发根的生长。 (2)发根培养的前5天时间内，蔗糖浓度为30- 60glL昀培养基最有利于发根的生长，50glL的培养基中的发根生长最快，培养基中的蔗糖浓度大于60g/L小于30g／L时，发根的生物量增加较少。 (3)发根培养至第15天时，蔗糖浓度为60g/L的培养基最有利予发根的生物量的增加。发根培养至30天时，蔗糖浓度为60-90g/L的培养基，发根的生物量的增加相差不大，但是为蔗糖浓度为30-40g/L的培养基中的发根生物量一倍。 (4)发根培养过程中，分别于第5和15天给蔗糖浓度为30g/L的培养基中添加一次或二次蔗糖，使培养基中的蔗糖终浓度相当于60g/L或90g/L，培养至30天时，添加蔗糖的培养基中的发根的干重生物量相当于不添加蔗糖培养基中的发根生物量一倍，相当于初始蔗糖浓度为60g/L和90g/L培养基中发根的生物量。 (5)随着培养基中蔗糖浓度的提高，发根干重/鲜重比显著增加。培养基中的蔗糖的消耗量与发根生物量的增加呈正相关，蔗糖消耗越多，发根生物量的增加越大。 比较pH值对发根生长和QHS合成的影响表明，灭菌前pH值在5.O-6.5范围内的培养基适合予1601-L-1的生长，小于5.O不利于发根的生长，pH5.8有利于1601-1-1生长和QHS的生物合成。发根收获时培养基中的pH值一般为4.5-5.2. pH7.O抑制发根的生长，pHl0.O对发根具有强烈的致死作用。发根在培养过程中，对培养基中的pH值具有显著的调节作用，发根能在很短的时间内(24- 48hrs)使pl:l值为5.8、6.4、7.0培养基降低到pH4. 5-5.2，pH为5.8的培养基有利于QHS合成。 比较不同基本培养基对发根生长和QHS合成的影响，试验结果表明N6、DCR、Litvay培养基有利于1601-L-1的生长，WS、White、B5培养基不利于发根的生长。DCR培养基中的QHS含量最高。 根据三水平试验选用三水平正交表来安排试验的原则，选用三水平正交表L7(3-)，研究多因子效应对发根生长和QHS合成的影响，试验结果表明，Mg2+，Fe2+，Mn-2+，NH4NO3，KN03 ,KI,Ca-2+为发根生长的主要因子，NH4N03，KNOs，Mg2+，Ca2+，肌醇为QHS合成的主要因子。 通过TLC分析发根中QHS和其它化学成分，同时比较发根和无菌苗及野生植株的化学成分，发根和无菌苗均能合成包括QHS在内的野生青蒿叶片中的大部分非挥发性的化台 物。 研究青蒿植株在发育过程中QHS的含量的变化以及发根、无菌苗和野生青蒿中QHS的合成，HP分析结果表明，l、不同的单株青蒿之间的QHS量相差很大。2、同一植株幼 叶的QHS含量比老叶的QHS含量高。3、不同单株青蒿之间达到最高QHS含量的时间不一样，开花期或开花之前。4、无菌苗（带根）或者不带根丛生芽均能合成QHS，但是带根的无菌蕾的QHS量比丛生芽中的QIS的含量高。5、不同发根农杆菌转化的发根系1601-L-1和15834-L-1都能合成ＱＨＳ。

Variables affecting melanoidins removal from molasses wastewater by coagulation/flocculation

Coagulation/flocculation process was applied in the polishing treatment of molasses wastewater on a bench-scale. Important operating variables, including coagulant type and dosage, solution pH, rapid mixing conditions as well as the type and dosage of polyeletrolytes were investigated based on the maximum removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color, residual turbidity and settling characteristics of flocs. HPSEC was utilized to evaluate the removal of molecular weight fractions of melanoidins-dominated organic compounds. Experimental results indicate that ferric chloride was the most effective among the conventional coagulants, achieving 89% COD and 98% color eliminations; while aluminum sulfate was the least effective, giving COD and color reductions of 66% and 86%, respectively. In addition to metal cations, counter-ions exert significant influence on the coagulation performance since Cl--based metal salts attained better removal efficiency than SO42--based ones at the optimal coagulant dosages. Coagulation of molasses effluent is a highly pH-dependent process, with better removal efficiency achieved at lower pH levels. Rapid mixing intensity, rather than rapid mixing time, has relatively strong influence on the settling characteristics of flocs formed. Lowering mixing intensity resulted in increasing settling rate but the accumulation of floating flocs. When used as coagulant aids, synthetic polyelectrolytes showed little effects on the improvement in organic removal. On the other hand, cationic polyacrylamide was observed to substantially enhance the settleability of flocs as compared to anionic polyacrylamide. The effects of rapid mixing conditions and polymer flocculants on the coagulation performance were discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Aerobic biodegradation of hexachlorobenzene by an acclimated microbial community

The aerobic degradation of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by an acclimated microbial community which isolated from a contaminated site and acclimated in our laboratory was investigated. The enriched microbial community was capable of biodegrading HCB when cultivated in minimal salts medium and supplied HCB as the sole carbon source. The efficiencies of microbial community in the degradation of HCB under different pH and temperatures were examined. The phylogenetic analysis for the nearly complete sequences of 16S rDNA demonstrated that the bacteria assemblage in the microbial community was dominated by Azospirillum and Alcaligenes groups.

Headspace solid-phase microextraction with novel sol-gel permethylated-beta-cyclodextrin/hydroxyl-termination silicone oil fiber for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in soil

A simple, sensitive, and accurate method for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soil has been developed based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Permethylated-beta-cyclodextrin/hydroxyl-termination silicone oil (PM-beta-CD/OH-TSO) fiber was first prepared by sol-gel technology and employed in SPME procedure. By exploiting the superiorities of sot-gel coating technique and the advantages of the high hydrophobic doughnut-shaped cavity of PM-beta-CD, the novel fiber showed desirable operational stability and extraction ability. After optimization on extraction conditions like water addition, extraction temperature, extraction time, salts effect, and solvents addition, the method was validated in soil samples, achieving good linearity (r>0.999), precision (R.S.D. < 10%), accuracy (recovery>78%), and detection limits (S/N =3) raging from 13.0 to 78.3 pg/g. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Regulation of gamete release in the economic brown seaweed Hizikia fusiforme (Phaeophyta)

Gamete release is an essential event in artificial seeding of the economic brown seaweed, Hizikia fusiforme. Mass egg release occurred in the dark, with few eggs being discharged in the light. Release of eggs was elicited with eight practical salinity units (one PSU = 1 g sea salts l(-1)) and was inhibited by salinity levels > 32 PSU. Egg release was optimal at 23 degrees C, and was decreased by 72% in agitated seawater compared to unstirred seawater. Inhibitors of photosynthesis and ions channels suppressed egg release, indicating that this process was physiologically associated with photosynthetic activity and ion transport.

Quasi-hexagonal ordered arrays of FePt nanoparticles prepared by a micellar method

Hexagonally ordered arrays of magnetic FePt nanoparticles on Si substrates are prepared by a self assembly of diblock copolymer PS-b-P2VP in toluene, a dip coating process and finally plasma treatment. The as-treated FePt nanoparticles are covered by an oxide layer that can be removed by a 40 s Ar+ sputtering. The effects of the sequence of adding salts on the composition distribution are revealed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. No particle agglomeration is observed after 600 degrees C annealing for the present ordered array of FePt nanoparticles, which exhibits advantages in patterning FePt nanoparticles by a micellar method. Moreover, magnetic properties of the annealed FePt nanoparticles at room temperature are investigated by a vibrating sample magnetometer.

Abatement of waste gases and water during the processes of semiconductor fabrication

The purpose of this article is to examine the methods and equipment for abating waste gases and water produced during the manufacture of semiconductor materials and devices. Three separating methods and equipment are used to control three different groups of electronic wastes. The first group includes arsine and phosphine emitted during the processes of semiconductor materials manufacture. The abatement procedure for this group of pollutants consists of adding iodates, cupric and manganese salts to a multiple shower tower (MST) structure. The second group includes pollutants containing arsenic, phosphorus, HF, HCl, NO2, and SO3 emitted during the manufacture of semiconductor materials and devices. The abatement procedure involves mixing oxidants and bases in an oval column with a separator in the middle. The third group consists of the ions of As, P and heavy metals contained in the waste water. The abatement procedure includes adding CaCO3 and ferric salts in a flocculation-sedimentation compact device equipment. Test results showed that all waste gases and water after the abatement procedures presented in this article passed the discharge standards set by the State Environmental Protection Administration of China.

主链含六元氮杂环聚酰亚胺的合成及性能

聚酰亚胺是一类综合性能优异的耐热高分子材料，不仅具有很高的热性能，机械性能，和化学稳定性，还具有较低的介电常数和热膨胀系数，使它在航空，航天工业，微电子工业等诸多领域获得了广泛的应用。研究发现芳杂环的引入能为聚酰亚胺带来一定特殊的性能，因而由芳杂环单体合成的聚酰亚胺一直备受关注。近年来由含氮杂环的单体合成的聚酰亚胺及其性能不断被报道，这些聚合物具有很优异的性能。研究表明这些优异的性能与酰亚胺环的对称性，芳香性和杂原子带来的极性有关。吡啶、嘧啶等芳杂环是刚性的芳杂环分子，具有很好的耐热性能及化学稳定性能，而且杂环中的N 原子又可与金属离子配位和质子化。因而，含吡啶(或嘧啶)环聚合物在具有很好的热稳定性及化学稳定性同时，还会具有较好的可加工性。本论文以硝基取代的vinamidinium salts���amidine salts���易烯醇化的羰基化合物为原料，通过在碱性条件下的环化反应得到得含吡啶环(或嘧啶环)的硝基化合物；硝基化合物用Pd/C和水合肼还原得到棒状含氮芳杂环二胺：2,5-二(4-氨基苯基)嘧啶，2-氨基-5-(4-氨基苯基)嘧啶，2-(4-氨基苯基)-5-氨基嘧啶，2,5-二(4-氨基苯基)吡啶，和2-(4-氨基苯基)-5-氨基吡啶。通过1H-NMR、13C-NMR、IR、MS及元素分析确证了含氮芳杂环二胺及其中间产物的结构。这种二胺或加一定量对苯二胺与均苯二酐(PMDA)或联苯二酐(BPDA)通过两步法聚合获得一系列聚酰亚胺，通过红外、动态力学、静态力学、热重分析、广角X-Ray衍射等实验测试了该类聚合物的结构、热性能、机械性能及结晶性能。研究表明，所得聚酰亚胺的分子链有很高的规整性，表现出很好的化学稳定性，优异的热性能和机械性能。当PPD的含量为50%时，由相同二酐单体所得的聚合物具有最好的综合性能，其中杂环中氮原子的极性对维持聚合物的热稳定性和聚合物在高温条件下的机械性能性起着很重要的作用。并将PPD的含量为50%的聚酰胺酸胶液通过干-湿纺，热亚胺化，和高温牵伸获得聚酰亚胺纤维，并研究了亚胺化条件和牵伸条件对聚酰亚胺纤维性能的影响。

1,5-二氮杂戊二烯合成非对称联吡啶研究

联吡陡及其衍生物不仅用于化工和药物合成的中间体，而且具有独特的赘合作用，可被用于金属催化剂配体等方面，因此它的合成方法研究引起了人们广泛的兴趣。但是非对称联吡陡的合成日前方法仍很少。本文利用己经被成功使用于其他含氮杂环的二碳合成子-1，5-二氮杂戊二烯（vinamidiniulnsalts���，合成了单取代的2，2'-，2，3'-，2，4，一二类联吡陡。在合成1，5-二氮杂戊二烯的过程中：确立了一条以四甲氧基丙烷为原料一步合成l，5一二氮杂戊二烯的简捷，经济，易工业化的合成路线，并成功进行了公斤级的放大实验；优化了1，5-二氮杂戊二烯的亲电取代反应，高收率的获得溟代，硝化的1，5-二氮杂戊二烯；优化了从取代乙酸合成p取代1，5-二氮杂戊二烯的合成方法，高收率的获得九种p芳基取代1，5-二氮杂戊二烯。本文研究了非对称联吡睫合成的一种新方法：在碱性条件下，取代的1，5-二氮杂戊二烯盐各种乙酞基吡陡亲核加成的产物，不经分离直接和氨进行［3＋2＋1〕的成环反应，可以高收率的合成出单取代的2，2气，2，3气，2，4气三类联吡陡。这一方法己经被成功的应用于芳基取代，卤素取代，硝基取代以及无取代基的1，5-二氮杂戊二烯与三种乙酞基吡陡的反应。这种成环反应的收率与1，5-二氮杂戊二烯俘位的吸电子特征相关。因此，针对不同取代基的1，5-二氮杂戊二烯在溶剂，碱的选择以及反应温度的控制等方面进行了优化。从而成功合成出近30种单取代的非对称联吡陡。一这种合成方法，原料价格低廉，实验操作简单，而且收率高，非常适合大量合成的要求。

Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation of Nanotubes: Interplay of Bundling and Surfactants Encapsulation

Density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU) has emerged as a promising tool to prepare chirality enriched nanotube samples. Here, we assess the performance of different surfactants for DGU. Bile salts (e.g., sodium cholate (SC), sodium deoxycholate (SDC), and sodium taurodeoxycholate (TDC)) are more effective in individualizing Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) compared to linear chain surfactants (e.g., sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)) and better suited for DGU. Using SC, a narrower diameter distribution (0.69-0.81 nm) is achieved through a single DGU step on CoMoCAT tubes, when compared to SDC and TDC (0.69-0.89 nm). No selectivity is obtained using SDBS. due to its ineffectiveness in debundling. We assign the reduce selectivity of dihydroxy bile salts (S DC and TDC) in comparison with trihydroxy SC to the formation of secondary micelles. This is determined by the number and position of hydroxyl ( OH) groups on the a-side of the steroid backbone. We also enrich CoMoCAT SWNT in the 0.84-0.92 nm range using the Pluronic F98 triblock copolymer. Mixtures of bile salts (SC) and linear chain surfactants (SOS) are used to enrich metallic and semiconducting laser-ablation grown SWNTs. We demonstrate enrichment of a single chirality, (6,5), combining diameter and metallic versus semiconductillg separation on CoMoCAT samples.

微生物法沥取重金属污泥中铬的研究

本文研究了两种微生物及其组合沥取、回收用微生物法治理电镀铬废水产生的铬污泥中的铬。铬污泥富含C、N、O，含铬量为13%， 经X-光电子能谱分析铬以三价态(氢氧化铬)存在。二种微生物分别从一酸性矿水和酸性污泥中分离筛选得到，经鉴定为硫杆菌属 (Thiobacillus Beijerinek)的两个不同种，一为氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillu ferrooxidans, TF), 另一为氧化硫硫杆菌 (Thiobacillus thiooxidans, TT)。研究并比较了不同微生物对污泥中铬的沥取能力，结果表明，TT菌沥取铬效率最高。振荡、动 态淋滤、静置等沥取方式经过研究表明动态淋滤为最佳，室温条件下(15-20℃)，污泥浓度为20g/L时，总铬沥出率达60%时所需时 间：动态淋滤为48.5h，振荡和静置方式分别为91.22，81.6h。研究了不同温度、不同起始PH、不同污泥浓度及非成熟菌液对微生 物沥取能力的影响：(1) 沥取前期，温度对铬的沥出影响较大；微生物沥取反应基本属一级反应；温度与反应速率的关系基本符合 Arrhenius方程，但沥取后期这一特点并不突出。(2) 沥取液最适起始PH为菌液自然PH；PH值的人为改变将使铬的沥出大大降低。 (3) 污泥浓度与铬的沥出呈正相关，但浓度高于30g/L时，铬的沥出量不再增加。(4) 非成熟菌液沥出铬的能力较差，但沥取液中 微生物生长繁殖较为活跃。总结微生物沥取反应最佳沥取条件为：TT成熟菌液、污泥浓度10g/L、温度25-36℃、动态淋滤方式，此 时铬几乎可100%从污泥中沥出。经扫描电镜分析，沥取开始时，微生物紧密吸附于污泥颗粒表面上，表面紧密吸附为微生物发挥功 能提供了基础。微生物沥取污泥中铬的反应机理推测为：硫细菌代谢产硫酸或氧化Fe2+成Fe3+，利用酸，Fe3+ 及自身氧化酶系统 氧化污泥中Cr3+为Cr6+,Cr6+溶出结晶为CrO3。This paper has studied bioleaching and recovery of Chronium(Cr)from electroplating sludge by two consortum of bacteria and their combination, with sludge produced by microbiological process treating electroplating wastewater containing Cr as material. The share of Cr is 13% and its state is Cr (OH)3 in the sludge. One of the bacteria in the paper was isolated from acid sewage sludge and the other was from acid mineral water. The former was tested and determined as Thiobacillus ferroxidans(TF) and the latter was Thiobacillus thiooxidans(TT). Different microorganisms, responsible for the metal leaching activity, have great influence on the efficiency of leaching. The results showed that TT has biggest power. Experiments were conducted to examined effects of three different ways of leaching(Shaking, Down-leaching, Static-leaching). When temperature was in-door's (15-20℃)and concentration of the sludge was 20g/L, the bioleaching time required to reach 60% of Cr solubilization with the above three ways were 91.2, 48.5, 81.6h respectively. Down-leaching was proved to be the most efficient. The influence of different temperature, initial PH, concentration of the sludge and non-mature inoculum had been studied. The results obtained reveal that: (1) The variation of temperature is important during the time from initial to middle of leaching. The reaction of bioleaching belongs to first-order. The relation between the bioleaching rate constant(In k)and temerature can be expressed by Arrhenius function. (2) The fittest initial PH is the nature PH of mature inoculum. Any alteration with it could cause clearly negative effection. (3) The concentration of the sludge can make strong influence on the bioleaching efficiency. But when the concentration is above 30g/L, the increasing of Cr in the solution is little. (4) If non-mature inoculum acts as the bioleachin microorganism, little quantity of Cr would be gained from the sludge. But the micormass in the solution is very active. The results from electron microscope showed that microorganisms adhered to the surface of the sludge and the adherence was the first stage of the bioleaching. Some salts of Cr can be obtained afer the water of the bioleaching solution being evaporated. By analysing the results of experiment with X-Ray spectroscopy, the salt was identified as CrO3. The recovery rate of Cr is 78.4%.