44 resultados para Phospholipid


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One and two dimentional NMR methods were used to investigate the interactions of lanthanide complexes (Lncit(2) and Ln-DTPA) with phospholipid bilayers, The results showed that in the phospholipid bilayers dispersion containing citrate ligand at pH 7.4, lanthanide ions would initially combine with citrate ligand and form Lncit, complexes which have little effect on the structure of phospholipid bilayers. Ln-DTPA complex does not affect the bilayers structure either. These results provided important experimental data for evaluating scientifically the toxicities of lanthanide ions when they were introduced into the biological body.

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Direct-injection electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in combination with information-dependent data acquisition (IDA), using a triple-quadrupole/linear ion trap combination, allows high-throughput qualitative analysis of complex phospholipid species from child whole blood. In the IDA experiments, scans to detect specific head groups (precursor ion or neutral loss scans) were used as survey scans to detect phospholipid classes. An enhanced resolution scan was then used to confirm the mass assignments, and the enhanced product ion scan was implemented as a dependent scan to determine the composition of each phospholipid class. These survey and dependent scans were performed sequentially and repeated for the entire duration of analysis, thus providing the maximum information from a single injection. In this way, 50 different phospholipids belonging to the phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin classes were identified in child whole blood. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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The polar headgroup of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) molecule both in gas phase and aqueous Solution is investigated by the hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) method, in which the polar head of DPPC molecule and the bound water molecules are treated with density functional theory (DFT), while the apolar hydrocarbon chain of DPPC molecule is treated with MM method. It is demonstrated that the hybrid QM/MM method is both accurate and efficient to describe the conformations of DPPC headgroup. Folded structures of headgroup are found in gas phase calculations. In this work, both monohydration and polyhydration phenomena are investigated. In monohydration, different water association sites are studied. Both the hydration energy and the quantum properties of DPPC and water molecules are calculated at the DFT level of theory after geometry optimization. The binding force of monohydration is estimated by using the scan method. In polyhydration, more extended conformations are found and hydration energies in different polyhydration styles are estimated. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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以类囊体膜中唯一的阴离子型磷脂一磷脂酰甘油(PG)为研究对象,应用放氧测定和富立叶红外光谱等实验方法和技术手段,对PG与光系统II (PSII)之间的相互作用进行了研究。 研究表明,PG对PSII的放氧活性产生显著影响,具有明显的浓度效应。在低浓度(2~22 mg PG/mg Chl)时对PSII的放氧活性有明显的促进作用,而在高浓度(24~40 mg PG/mg Chl)下则表现出显著的抑制作用。 PG对PSII放氧活性的影响与其引起蛋白结构的改变密切相关。结果显示,PG的作用导致PSII颗粒中蛋白质二级结构的改变,主要表现为α-螺旋、β-折叠的增加和无规卷曲的减少。 不仅如此,红外光谱的分析还表明,PG还使蛋白酪氨酸残基中的酚基构象及其周围的微极性发生改变,即在红外光谱的1620—1500 cm-1,之间芳香环骨架的伸缩振动带向高频方向变化,其吸收强度也相应增加;在3500~3100 cm. -1间出现新的氢键吸收峰。 PG除能促进PSII的放氧活性以外,还对PSII表现出新的作用,即PG可以使PSII颗粒因缺钙而受抑制的放氧活性得到恢复;外加Ca2+可使PG表现出对缺钙PSII颗粒(dc。PSII)放氧活性的更大促进作用,且随Ca2+浓度的增加,促进作用也越显著。 PG的作用也使dc。PSII蛋白的结构发生了改变,导致蛋白二级结构中a-螺旋、p_折叠结构的增加和转角、无规卷曲成分的减少,即可使PSII颗粒因缺钙而改变的蛋白结构基本得到恢复。PG还能与Ca2+形成离子对似的配合物,而这种配合物的形成可以优化缺钙PSII颗粒的功能如放氧活性等。

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磷脂酰甘油(phosphatidylglycerol, PG)是类囊体膜(也叫光合膜)中唯一的一种磷脂。在蓝藻中,PG的合成途径为:磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid, PA)胞嘧啶双磷酸-二酰基甘油 (cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol, CDP-DAG) 磷酸磷脂酰甘油 (phosphatidylglycerol phosphate, PGP)PG。其中最后一步反应是由PGP去磷酸化而生成PG,催化该反应的是PGP磷酸酶。然而迄今为止,PGP磷酸酶还没有在蓝藻和高等植物中得到克隆和鉴定。本工作在鱼腥藻Anabaena sp. PCC7120中通过将一个可能编码PGP磷酸酶的基因(alr1715)进行突变,获得缺失PG的突变体。与野生型相比,该突变体PG的含量降低了30%左右。突变后的蓝藻藻丝发黄、生长缓慢,叶绿素含量降低。整体细胞的光合作用活性、光系统II(photosystem II,PSII)的放氧活性以及PSII反应中心的光能转化效率显著下降,传递给PSII的激发能减少。

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磷脂是动物和植物非光合组织细胞膜系统的主要组成成分,在细胞生命过程中扮演着重要角色。尽管绿色植物光合膜的的甘油脂主要是糖脂,但是它仍然含有大约10%的磷脂,说明磷脂在光合膜的结构和功能中起重要作用。构成生物膜的磷脂有多种,但是,光合膜只含有磷脂酰甘油(PG)一种磷脂。光合膜中的PG有其特殊性,即:在PG的sn-2位上总连着一个棕榈酸(16:0)或者反式十六碳烯酸(16:1trans),说明了这种具有特殊结构的甘油脂在维持类囊体膜的结构和功能方面具有重要的作用。 叶绿体中有两个重要酶参与了PG的生物合成,它们分别是胞嘧啶二脂酰甘油合成酶(CDS)和磷脂酰甘油合成酶(PGS)。本实验以烟草和马铃薯为材料,利用RNAi技术,对CDS和PGS基因的表达进行抑制,通过PG缺失突变体,研究其功能。 对转含有PGS片段的沉默结构的转基因烟草叶片膜脂进行了分析,结果表明,与野生型烟草相比较,其PG含量下降了约20%,同时,SQDG和PC的含量增加。PG含量的降低没有引起MGDG和DGDG含量的变化。另外,我们还对转基因植株目的基因片段的RNA表达水平进行了RT-PCR分析,发现其表达量大幅度降低。这些结果表明,在转基因株系中,PGS基因的表达受到了抑制,说明我们获得了PG部分缺失的烟草PGS突变体。 对烟草PG缺失体的PG脂肪酸组成进行分析,表明其特征性脂肪酸反式十六碳烯酸含量明显下降,比野生型降低了44%,C18:0、C18:1和C18:2的相对含量增加,整个变化与总脂脂肪酸变化基本一致。 为了研究PG缺失对光合作用的影响,我们分析了多种光合指标。对叶绿素含量的分析表明,PG含量的降低影响了光合色素的组成。PG部分缺失的转基因烟草中的叶绿素总的含量下降,其中叶绿素b含量下降更为明显,结果,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值较野生型高。转基因植株净光合速率下降,二氧化碳利用率降低;PSII的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(фPSII)降低,光化学猝灭下降,非光化学猝灭增加,尤其老叶的变化更为明显。这些结果说明了PG的部分缺失影响了植株的光合能力,捕光色素蛋白复合体的结构受到了影响,PSII功能遭受损伤。 同时,我们根据已经报道的马铃薯CDS基因,克隆了一个片段,构建沉默结构,并对沉默结构进行了转化。通过抗性基因的筛选以及RT-PCR检测,证明了沉默结构转化成功,目的基因的表达受到抑制,获得了马铃薯CDS转基因植株。 对马铃薯野生型和CDS转基因植株进行膜脂和脂肪酸分析表明,转基因植株叶片的PE、PG和PC等磷脂含量降低,SQDG和DGDG含量增加;C16:1(3t)、C16:2、C16:3、C18:1和C18:2含量下降,C16:0和C18:3含量增加,而C16:1和C18:0变化不明显。马铃薯CDS转基因植株的叶绿素荧光分析表明,PSII最大光化学效率降低,从野生型的0.82下降到0.77。

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Microorganisms play an important role in removing pollutants from constructed wetlands. We investigated the microbial characteristics in a novel integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland (IVCW), which has been in operation in Wuhan, China since 1998. We used phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and amoA gene to analyze the structure and diversity of the microbial community within the IVCW. PLFA results suggested that the amount of bacterial PLFA was significantly higher than that of fungal PLFA, but the total microbial biomass represented by PLFA index was low in the system. Microbial spatial distribution showed significantly higher bacterial (both G(+) and G(-)) and fungal biomass in the surface than in the subsurface layers. The ratios of monounsaturated to branched PLFA demonstrated that an anaerobic layer sandwiched by two aerobic layers existed in the IVCW, consistent with the redox potential results. Analysis of the amoA revealed the presence of Nitrosomonas-like sequences in the surface substrate of the downflow chamber and apparent diversities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the system. These results suggest that microorganisms, despite their relatively low biomass, have inhabited the IVCW, and the results will offer some valuable information on microbe to system designers and managers.

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Clinorotation experiments were established to simulate microgravity on ground. It was found that there were obvious changes of Dunaliella salina FACHB435 cells and their metabolic characteristics during clinorotation. The changes included the increases of glycerol content, the rate of H+ secretion and PM H+-ATPase activity, and the decrease of ratio of the plasma membrane (PM) phospholipid to PM protein. These results indicated that microgravity was a stress environment to Dunaliella salina. It is deduced that it would be possible to attribute the effect of microgravity on algal cells to the secondary activation of water stress.

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本文以磷脂的脂质体和LB膜两大膜模拟体系为模型,利用红外光谱等技术手段,研究了稀土离子、氨基酸及氨基酸稀土配合物对磷脂脂质体热致相变行为的影响以及它们同磷脂相互作用的分子机理;同时对磷脂LB膜作了结构表征,研究了磷脂LB膜与蛋白质的相互作用。

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石油污染是目前最严重的环境问题之一,我国有近千万亩的耕地受到程度不同的石油污染。沈抚灌区位于辽宁省沈阳市和抚顺市之间,全长70多千米,是我国最大的石油污染灌区之一,有四五十年的污灌历史,已对当地的生态环境造成了严重的影响。随着人们对污水灌溉危害的认识,从20世纪80年代起,逐步停止了污水灌溉,开始了清水灌溉和改为旱田耕作,但污染问题仍然存在。目前,由于对该地区污染土壤微生物类群、原位降解菌及它们对环境条件变化的响应等信息缺乏了解,限制了对该地区污染土壤的生物修复。 分子生物学研究手段及稳定同位素分析技术,为污染土壤微生物生态学研究提供了全新的研究手段,为突破当前石油污染土壤生物修复研究止步不前的局面指引了方向。本论文采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis, DGGE)和磷脂脂肪酸分析(Phospholipid Fatty-acid Analysis, PLFA)分析技术,对沈抚灌区水改旱田石油污染土壤的微生物多样性与环境指标的相关规律进行了分析;以PLFA为生物标示物,结合气相色谱-稳定同位素比率质谱(Gas Chromatography Combustion Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry, GC-c-IRMS)分析技术,对石油污染土壤和相对清洁土壤中多环芳烃菲和芘的土著降解菌群进行了鉴定;并以不同的吸附性载体为介质,富集、筛选了芘的降解菌。 研究结果表明,石油污染土壤中的微生物群落结构主要与其相对地理位置有关,当污染物的浓度达到一定程度,土壤中的微生物群落结构会发生明显的改变。以13C标记的稳定同位素菲和芘为代谢底物,对污染土壤中菲和芘的土著降解菌群进行了鉴定。 13C-PLFA- GC-c-IRMS分析结果显示,参与菲降解的微生物有G-、G+细菌和放线菌,其中以G-细菌为主;污染土壤和相对清洁土壤两种土壤都未检出有真菌参与;参与芘降解的微生物有放线菌、G-细菌和真菌,其中以G-细菌为主,同时,也检测到有真菌的参与;污染土壤中的降解菌群较清洁土壤丰富。研究还发现,芘在土壤中的降解可能存在不经过菲为中间产物的代谢途径。采用不同的吸附性载体所富集的优势细菌显著不同。从不同的吸附性载体上最终得到8株芘的降解菌,其中鉴定出的三株菌中Sp-A56,Sp-A21为多食鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacterium multivorum);Sp-B05氨基杆菌属的一个亚种(Aminobacter sp.),未见有关该菌株芘降解能力的报道,可能是一株新的芘降解菌。

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东北黑土区是我国重要的商品粮生产基地,在保证我国的粮食安全中发挥着重要作用。随着生产的发展,多种农用化学品尤其是大量杀虫剂和除草剂进入黑土农田环境,在预防作物病虫害及减少人工劳动强度的同时,这些化学品在环境中会发生一系列复杂的物理、化学和生物化学反应,使黑土面临着环境安全危机。因此,研究农用化学品的土壤生态过程与黑土农田生态系统环境安全有关的科学问题显得尤为重要。 本文以东北地区广泛使用的除草剂乙草胺为代表,在推荐施用量条件下,通过室内恒温(25℃)避光培养试验,研究了乙草胺在黑土中的主要生态过程(降解、吸附)及在土壤中的残留时间特征,探讨了影响乙草胺生态过程行为的主要因素,同时利用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid Fatty Acids,PLFAs)为标识物研究了土壤微生物对外源污染物的的响应。 研究结果表明:吸附是乙草胺在土壤中主要去向之一,高有机质黑土对乙草胺的吸附能力很强。微生物降解是乙草胺消失的另一个重要要因素,适当的水分有益于土壤中微生物生长,从而促进土壤中乙草胺降解,其中,细菌比真菌具有更强的降解乙草胺的能力;随着乙草胺的施药量增加,乙草胺总降解率下降。在乙草胺施入及降解过程中,土壤微生物群落不断发生变化,真菌PLFAs、细菌PLFAs;G+菌PLFAs、G-菌PLFAs数量及比例受到乙草胺施入的显著影响,细菌比真菌的变化更为显著。原位土壤中,乙草胺在表层土壤(0-10cm和10-20cm)微生物降解作用显著;而降水是促进乙草胺向深层次迁移的主要因素。 通过对乙草胺的主要生态过程进行研究,对深入探讨乙草胺生态环境安全性及合理使用除草剂有着重要的指导作用。

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东北黑土是我国重要的商品粮生产基地,在保证我国的粮食安全中起着重要作用。鉴于东北黑土所具有的重要战略地位及其面临的严峻形势,如何通过化肥合理配施培肥黑土已经成为一个亟待解决的关键问题。 本文以东北黑土为供试土壤,设置CK、C、N、P、NP、CN、CP、CNP,8个养分组合,进行室内恒温模拟培养。通过对黑土呼吸强度的监测,研究黑土微生物活力对不同养分响应的规律;同时采用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid Fatty Acids, PLFAs)和中性脂肪酸(Neutral Lipid Fatty Acids, NLFAs)为标识物,研究黑土微生物群落结构以及生理生态特性在不同养分条件下的动态变化,揭示黑土微生物活力与群落组成对不同养分响应的规律。 研究结果表明:黑土微生物活力首先受到可利用C源的限制,单加葡萄糖能够使土壤呼吸释放的CO2-C累积量达到对照的10倍以上,使黑土微生物活力显著提高;而在碳限制的状况被缓解后,氮便成为黑土微生物生长的主要限制因素,可利用碳底物充足的条件下,N的加入能够显著提高土壤呼吸强度,使释放出的CO2-C累积量达到对照处理的13倍以上,CN交互作用非常显著;在碳氮养分都充足的条件下,P的施入能更好地刺激微生物生长,提高黑土微生物活力,CNP处理,黑土微生物活力在培养的第3 d即达到峰值。CN和CNP组合能够迅速刺激真菌、细菌生长,使PLFA和NLFA含量、真菌/细菌比值均增加;并且CNP组合优于CN组合。单独加入C和CP组合,不能在短时间内使真菌、细菌的PLFA和NLFA含量显著增加,真菌/细菌比值也处于较低的水平。G+/G-比值在CN条件下,达到最大之后逐渐趋于平稳;而在单加C、CP和CNP条件下,G+/G-比值均在培养时间内达到两次峰值,显示出不同的养分条件下,微生物群落结构发生着内在的动态变化。

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We report the interesting finding that crystallization of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the presence of dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) vesicles by a simple gas diffusion method results in the formation of unusual microscopic CaCO3 spherules. The experimental results indicate that the as-prepared CaCO3 spherules, which have a complex macroporous structure, are predominantly vaterite. It is believed that DMPG vesicles play an important role in the process of crystallization, and the possible formation mechanism is proposed.

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In this study, varieties of lipid bilayer-protected gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized through a simple wet chemical method, and then the effect of freeze-thawing on the as-prepared AuNPs was investigated. The freeze-thawing process induced fusion or fission of lipid bilayers tethered on the AuNPs. The UV-vis spectra and transmission electron microscopy experiments revealed that the disruption of lipid bilayer structures on the nanoparticles led to the fusion or aggregation of AuNPs.