63 resultados para Philodemus, ca. 110-ca. 40 B.C.


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Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been considered as the leading candidate for nano-device applications ranging from gene therapy and novel drug delivery to membrane separations. The miniaturization of DNA-nanotube devices for biological applications requires fully understanding DNA-nanotube interaction mechanism. We report here, for the first time, that DNA destabilization and conformational transition induced by SWNTs are sequence-dependent. Contrasting changes for SWNTs binding to poly[dGdC]:poly[dGdC] and poly[dAdT]:poly[dAdT] were observed. For GC homopolymer, DNA melting temperature was decreased 40 degrees C by SWNTs but no change for AT-DNA. SWNTs can induce B-A transition for GC-DNA but AT-DNA resisted the transition. Our circular dichroism, competitive binding assay and triplex destabilization studies provide direct evidence that SWNTs induce DNA B-A transition in solution and they bind to the DNA major groove with GC preference.

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Investigation of the redox thermodynamics of horse heart cytochrome c at bare glassy carbon electrodes has been performed using cyclic voltammetry with a nonisothermal electrochemical cell. The thermodynamic parameters of the electron-transfer reaction of cytochrome c have been estimated in different component buffer solutions. The change DELTAS(re)-degrees in reaction center entropy and the formal potential E-degrees' (at 25-degrees-C, vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)) for cytochrome c are found to be -64.1 J K-1 mol-1 and 0.251 V in phosphate buffer, -64.8 J K-1 mol-1 and 0.257 V in Tris + HCl buffer, -65.6 J K-1 mol-1 and 0.261 V in Tris+CH3COOH buffer (pH 7.0, ionic strength 100 mM). The temperature dependence of the formal potential obtained in phosphate buffer with or without NaCl in the range 5-55-degrees-C shows biphase characteristics in an alkaline solution with an intersection point at ca. 44-degrees-C or 42-degrees-C, which should be due to a structural change in the protein moiety of cytochrome c. However, in acidic and neutral solutions only a monotonic relationship between E-degrees' and temperature is observed. The effect of the buffer component on E-degrees' for cytochrome c is also discussed.

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In this study, hemolytic activity of venom from the jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum Kishinouye and some factors affecting it were assayed. The HU50 of R. esculentum full venom (RFV) against chicken erythrocytes was 3.40 mu g/ml and a Hill coefficient value was 1.73 suggesting at least two molecules participated in hemolytic activity. The hemolytic activity of RFV was affected by some chemical and physical factors such as divalent cations, EDTA, (NH4)(2)SO4, pH and temperature. In the presence of Mg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Ca2+ ( >= 2 mM), Mn2+ (>= 1 mM), EDTA (>= 2 mM) and (NH4)(2)SO4, the hemolytic activity of RFV was reduced. RFV had strong hemolytic activity at the pH 6-10 and the hemolytic ratios were 0.95-1.19. Hemolytic activity was temperature-sensitive and when RFV was pre-incubated at temperatures over 40 degrees C, it was sharply reduced. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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对青海油菜蜂花粉及生物酶解破壁花粉的营养成分进行了分析和比较。结果表明,花粉经酶解破壁后,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、还原糖、核酸、总黄酮、灰份、多数氨基酸、维生素(A、B、C和K)及黄酮类化合物(原青花素、芦丁、槲皮素、异鼠李索)的含量得到了明显提高,而K、Na、CaMg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Mn等矿质元素的含量无明显变化。青海油菜花粉经破壁后更有利于营养成分和活性成分的释放。

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文章对采自贵州从低海拔的东部到高海拔的西部且大致平行的石灰岩和砂岩两地带均生长的3种C4草本植物,即巴茅(Miscanthus floridulus)、白茅(Imperata cylindrica)和类芦(Neyraudia reynaudiana),以及相对应的土壤表层样品,进行了营养元素和C同位素组成分析;研究营养元素含量随着海拔的不同而出现的变化趋势,以及这些元素之间的相互协变作用,尤其是CaN之间的相互协变作用对植物的N含量、C/N比值和δ^13C值的影响,以了解植物的C/N比值(指示植物残留物质量的一种标志)与土壤有机C积累的关系。研究结果表明,植物的N含量和δ^13C值具有随海拔的上升而显著增大趋势,而植物的C/N比值在砂岩地区虽有减小的趋势,在石灰岩地带则没有。对所研究的C4草本植物来说,在土壤pH值为5.8的中性条件下显示出Ca最大吸收,因此,Ca其他营养元素之间的协变模式在两种土壤类型中表现出相反的倾向,并存在土壤交换性Ca边界浓度:当土壤可交换性Ca含量为2.24mg/g,相应土壤的pH值在5.8以下时,随着土壤可交换性Ca度的增大,植物的N含量上升,而植物的C/N比值会显著降低;当Ca边界浓度以上时,随着土壤可交换性Ca度的增大,植物的N含量下降,而植物的C/N比值有增加的趋势。由此可见,植物残留物的N含量和C/N比值受Ca素含量的相互协变作用的影响。在砂岩地区,随着植物C/N比值的增高,土壤有机质的含量却随之下降,而在石灰岩地区则没有这种倾向。因此得出结论:植物的C/N比值的增大对土壤有机碳积累的影响主要取决于土壤的性质,尤其是取决于土壤可交换性Ca含量。

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在地球的环境界面上,发生着重要的物理、化学和生物学反应,进行着频繁的物质交换和输送,研究和认识环境界面的地球化学过程对揭示环境演化,评价环境质量,认识成矿机理具有重要意义[万国江,1988]化学风化是元素表生地球化学循环的重要环节,是地表碉石(浮土)-水界面间的物质交换过程,其中大气成份和植物微生物代谢产物作为活化剂。化学风化的研究历史大致分为三个阶段:定性描述阶段、化学风化速度定量测定阶段、化学风化的环境生态效应研究阶段。化学风化的动力学理论经过了扩散作用理论、表面反应理论、表面络合反应理论三个发展阶段。化学同化动力学理论及其生态效应方面的研究存在的主工问题是:矿物溶解速度是由表面反应控制的,土壤具有特殊的表面性质,但目前还没有土壤化学同化动力学的实验数据。溶解铝主要来自土壤活性铝,但土壤铝的溶解机理还不清楚;仅根据化学平衡计算就认为Al~(3+)浓度是由矿物溶解平衡控制的,这很不可靠;因为土壤孔隙水的酸度控制矿物的溶解平衡,而土壤中Al~(3+)的水解制约着土壤孔隙水的酸度。孤立地研究养分的释放和流失是不完深善的,需要建立养分循环的动力学模型。黄壤是贵州分布最广的一种土壤。贵州存在着环境酸化、土壤缺钾和“石山”化等一系列生态环境问题。黔中是一个较强的酸雨区,区内降水pH值位于3.5-4.2之间;黄壤酸度高,缓冲能力弱。黄壤中活性铝浓度高,但国内没有进行黄壤中铝的淋溶和毒性的研究。黄壤是中国最贫钾的土壤之一,但缺钾的原因和发展趋势还不清楚。本文的目的是完善土壤化学风化动力学理论、阐明环境中铝的转化机理、建立钾素循环的动力学模型。同时,预测环境酸化趋势、评价土壤钾素供给状况和铝的毒性,讨论关于贵州环境酸化、土壤缺钾和“石山”化等环境生态问题的对策。作者在红枫湖汇水区采集土壤、土壤孔隙水和河水样品。土壤孔隙水用经改进的离心法提取;用化学浸提法测定土壤中铝的形态;完成了河水、土壤孔隙水的水化学全分析、土壤化学性质的测定、土壤的化学全分析和X射线衍射分析,湖水水化学全分析数据由导师提供。作者完成了土壤淋溶实验的研究,测定了淋溶前土壤样品的化学质和化学组成,测定了淋溶液的pH、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+、Na~+溶解硅和单体铝。通过土壤、土壤孔隙水、湖水的化学年组成,研究土壤的化学风化动力学;通过土壤、土壤孔隙水中铝的形态分布,研究环境中铝的迁移转化机理;根据河水中钾的含量,研究土壤钾素的地球化学循环;通过土壤淋溶实验研究土壤化学风化、土壤铝淋溶、钾素循环的动力学过程。综合现场取样和淋溶实验两方面的研究成果,获得以下几点认识:1、红枫湖汇水区黄壤的化学风化处于高岭石化阶段,酸沉降增大化学风化速度,土壤化学风化符合硅酸盐矿物溶解的表面反应理论。2、实验证实了Johnson (1981)提出的土壤缓冲机制,同时发现弱酸性和中性土壤在淋溶过程中吸附H~+。3、黄壤中铝的移动性与土壤酸度和有机质含量有关,溶解铝在土壤A-B、B-C面发生沉淀。4、实验证实铝的溶解由三水铝石溶解反应控制,同时发现溶解铝浓度由H~+供给量和盐基离子释放量控制。5、建立钾素循环的动力学模型:EXCH. K=Fw-Fd-Fa利用河水中K~+浓度计算土壤钾素的化学侵蚀速率,可以预测土壤缺钾的趋势。6、实验发现土壤钾素的化学侵蚀过程由离子交换反应控制,钾素侵蚀速率与径流强度、土壤酸度和酸沉降有关。7、酸沉降加剧黄壤酸化和缺钾的趋势,加重黄壤中铝的毒性,需要控制酸沉降通量,使雨水pH值大于4.5。

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组织培养能够诱导染色体断裂和重接进而产生染色体易位的观点已被广泛认识。大量的研究注意到了组织培养产生的核型不稳定性,其中大多数研究的对象是栽培作物及其属间或种间杂种幼胚和幼穗再生植株。借助于减数分裂分析、染色体分带和其它检测技术,在再生植株中发现了包括易位在内的许多染色体变异。可以相信,除了传统的同源和部分同源染色体配对时的自发易位和辐射诱变等方法以外,远缘杂种组织培养有可能作为产生染色体易位的又一种选择。尽管如此,至今还没有取得培养细胞中染色体易位的直接证据。本研究以普通小麦×硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂种为材料,研究了组织培养过程中离体细胞的染色体变异,用基因组原位杂交技术(GISH)证实组织培养诱导小麦染色体与簇毛麦染色体发生易位。同时,研究了小麦×黑麦杂种培养细胞中的染色体变异和黑麦B-染色体的变化。利用组织培养技术获得了小麦-黑麦和小麦-长穗偃麦草代换系和附加系。 1 普通小麦比较容易与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体TH_1和TH_1W杂交,所选的9个普通小麦品种或品系与TH_1和TH_1W配制的19个杂交组合,平均结实率为46.7%,共计获得19个杂交组合2316粒杂种种子。正反交结果表明,以普通小麦为母本的杂交结实率高于反交结实率。在继代培养过程中,杂种幼胚愈伤组织生长迅速,甚至直接诱导出绿苗,共获得不同杂交组合2005株再生植株。 2 普通小麦与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂种愈伤组织发生了比较大范围的染色体数目和结构变异。在检查的中国春×TH_1W、TH_1W×84加7911515、TH_1×84加7911515、TH_1W×91E27、鲁资357×TH_1W等5个杂种组合的1730个愈伤组织细胞中,平均有19.1%的细胞发生了染色体数目变异,不同杂交组合变化在12.7%(中国春×TH_1W)至30.7%(TH_1×84加7911515),其中,以染色体数目减少的变异为主,数目增加的变异比较少。杂种愈伤组织平均有6.3%的细胞发生了染色体断裂,产生染色体断片、环状染色体、端着丝点染色体和缺失染色体。断裂的染色体可能重新融合在一起,形成双着丝点染色体。 3 培养时间影响普通小麦×硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体和普通小麦×黑麦杂种愈伤组织细胞中的染色体数目和结构变异。在一定时间里,随着培养时间的延长,未发生核型变异的细胞逐渐减少,发生变异的细胞逐渐增多,主要表现在染色体数目减少的细胞增多,而染色体数目增加的细胞有减少的趋势。在长时间培养(190日龄)的愈伤组织中染色体加倍的细胞消失了,表明长时间培养对高倍性的细胞具有不利的选择,使这类细胞难以在长期继代培养中生存下去。愈伤组织在第一次继代培养时就发现有核型变异,说明染色体变异在愈伤组织培养初期就可以发生。 4 以簇毛麦总基因组DNA为探针,采用荧光原位杂交技术在普通小麦×硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂种愈伤组织细胞中发现小麦染色体与簇毛麦染色体发性易位,这一结果是组织培养诱导培养细胞中属间染色体易位的第一个直观的证据。易位的染色体既有臂间易位,也有小片段易位。易位的染色体不仅可以在愈伤组织细胞中存在,也能够在再生植株中表达。在64株中国春×TH_1W和NPFP×TH_1再生植株中,观察到了3个易位株,其中1个易位株是一个小麦染色体与一个簇毛麦染色体发生了相互易位,易位的簇毛麦染色体片段比较小,大约为簇毛麦染色体臂的1/2,而易位的小麦染色体大约是臂长的1/3,另外2个易位株染色体断点位于或靠近着丝点。本研究的结果再次证实了利用组织培养能够创造小麦与外源染色体之间发生易位。 5 ~(60)Co γ-射线辐射处理对于普通小麦中国春与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体TH_1W杂种愈伤组织细胞的染色体变异有很大的影响。表现在未发生变异的细胞大大减少,发生染色体数目变异的细胞急剧增加,主要是染色体数目减少的变异提高了21.3%,相反染色体增加的变异不但没有增加,而且还有所减少。经过辐射处理的愈伤组织细胞染色体结构变异也有大幅度增加,变异频率提高,变异类型增加。发生染色体断裂和重接形成双着丝点染色体的细胞频率达到22.3%,比对照提高13.9%。辐射诱变对培养细胞中簇毛麦染色体变异发生明显的影响。与此同时,簇毛麦染色体与小麦染色体易位频率比对照提高了近2倍。观察结果还表明愈伤组织辐射处理比延长培养时间诱导染色体变异的效果更好。 6 尽管愈伤组织中发生的染色体变异在再生植株中多有发现,但是,只有比较小范围染色体变异的愈伤组织细胞具有再生能力形成再生植株,那些发生剧烈变异的细胞通常不具有再生能力,因而不能在再生植株中得到表达。普通小麦与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂种大多数再生植株染色体数目与供体杂种保持一致,只有少数植株发生染色体数目变异。显然,发生较大染色体变异的愈伤组织细胞在增殖和分化过程中处于不利的地位,逐渐被淘汰。 7 在普通小麦与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦与黑麦杂种愈伤组织中,观察到相当高频率的染色体加倍细胞,为利用组织培养创造双二倍体提供了一种可能。但是,加倍的细胞只是培养初期的愈伤组织中出现,经过一段时间的培养,这种细胞大多消失了。而且,大多数再生植株染色体数目未发生加倍,其中并没有出现期望的双二倍体植株。表明加倍了的细胞在愈伤组织生长和分化过程中大范围变异的细胞一样受到不利的选择,再生能力比较差。因此,利用组织培养创造双二倍体需要更大的努力。 8 一些黑麦品种含有数目不等的B-染色体。B-染色体的多少对普通小麦与黑麦的杂交结实率有比较大的影响,数目越多,杂交结实率越低。在培养初期的愈伤组织细胞中,B-染色体的频率很高,例如69%的中国春×芬7416杂种的40日龄愈伤组织细胞中含有数目不等的B-染色体。常染色体的倍性影响B-染色体的分布,染色体数目加倍的双二倍体细胞中含多数B-染色体的细胞频率大大高于单倍体细胞。经过一段时间的培养之后,绝大多数B-染色体都不存在了,只有极少数细胞含有1个B-染色体。可能的原因是离体培养过程对B-染色体产生了不利的选择。 9 利用组织培养技术,从普通小麦与八倍体小黑麦杂种幼胚再生植株自交后代中选育出2个异代换系,从4D缺体小麦×八倍体小黑麦再生植株回交后代中选育出1个附加系。荧光原位杂交、C-分带和种子贮藏蛋白分析证明这两个代换系1D/1R代换,附加的也是1R染色体。从4D缺体小麦与八倍体小偃麦杂种再生植株自交和回交后代中选育出5个代换系和2个附加系。染色体配对和RAPD分析证实了长穗偃麦草染色质的存在。其中一些小麦-长穗偃麦草代换系和附加系对叶锈病免疫或高抗,对条锈病的一些生理小种和白粉病具有比较高的抗性。而且,附加系924和代换系807蛋白质含量分别达到19.32%和18.83%。 10 当普通小麦鲁资357与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂交时,无论是实生苗还是再生植株都发生杂种致死现象。细胞学观察没有发现植株染色体发生变异,荧光原位杂交表明簇毛麦染色也没有发生可见的变异。推测这种杂种致死现象是由于鲁资357和硬粒小麦81086A(TH_1和TH_1W的硬粒小麦亲本)中可能分别带有互补的杂种致死基因所致。

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预计到本世纪末,大气CO2浓度将会增加到540~970ppm,大气CO2浓度升高所引起的全球气候变化已经受到广泛的关注。植物生长依赖CO2,并且对大气CO2浓度升高在结构和生理上产生响应。目前已有大量报道,从生态系统、群落、种群、个体、器官、组织、生理以及生化等水平上研究高浓度CO2所对植物产生的影响。但是有关高浓度CO2对植物有性生殖影响的报道却很少,同时多数实验均建立在短期的生殖响应,忽视了植物在长期高CO2浓度下具有的反馈作用和CO2浓度变化对植物的驯化作用。植物有性生殖与其生态适应性和农作物籽粒产量的关系极为密切;同时,植物有性生殖特性的变化,也可作为预测植物对全球气候变化响应的重要指标之一。为此,利用高浓度CO2对植物进行长期选择实验将很有必要。研究结果将为预测未来大气CO2浓度增加的条件下陆地生态系统的演变趋势、全球变化对植物有性生殖响应的方式和机制提供新的思路和有效方法。   在本研究中,我们以模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)作为实验材料,利用370和700ppm CO2对其进行连续8个世代处理,首先研究高浓度CO2对每一个世代的拟南芥有性生殖特性的影响,然后比较各个世代中各种生殖特性指标变化的规律,从细胞、组织和个体尺度上揭示拟南芥有性生殖对全球变化的响应模式。此外,在700ppm CO2处理下,我们对拟南芥叶片生理、生化以及结构的变化进行了相关研究。两部分研究结果及主要结论如下:   首先,在每一个世代中,与370ppm CO2相比较,700ppm CO2处理显著促进了拟南芥开花,缩短生长周期,增加花、角果及种子等生殖的产量,降低种子N含量,提高种子C/N比、种子千粒重以及生殖生物量所占总生物量的比例等,而对种子萌发率、角果所含种子数目以及角果长度则无显著影响。但是, 通过对相同CO2浓度处理条件下,不同世代之间的研究结果比较发现,不同世代之间相关的生殖生物学指标并无显著差异。   其次,高浓度CO2显著降低叶片气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔导度以及蒸腾速率。在高浓度CO2处理下,叶肉细胞中叶绿体数目、叶绿体宽度和表观面积、淀粉粒大小和数量、叶片和细胞壁厚度等都显著增加,但是基粒内囊体膜的数量却显著下降。叶片中碳水化合物如可溶性总糖、淀粉以及纤维素含量在高浓度CO2下分别显著增加71.9%、78.7% 和 22.3%。此外,在高浓度CO2处理下,叶片中多数激素如如吲哚乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)、赤霉素(gibberellin, GA)、玉米素核苷(zeatin riboside, ZR)、二氢玉米素核苷(dihydrozeatin riboside, DHZR)和异戊烯基腺苷(isopentenyl adenosine, iPA)均都显著地增加,而脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)含量却有所下降。最后,叶片中各种矿物质元素含量如N、P、K、CaMg等含量在高浓度CO2处理下也都显著下降,而C/N比增加24.8%。   以上结果表明:   (1) 在每一个世代中,700ppm CO2处理对拟南芥各种有性生殖特性具有显著的影响,但是高浓度CO2处理对植物所引起的效应在多个世代以内并不能够传递给后代,所以在多个有性生殖世代内,高浓度CO2处理对植物生长、生殖没有驯化作用。   (2) 在高浓度CO2处理下,拟南芥叶片中叶绿体超微结构的变化,可能主要是由于叶绿体中淀粉粒数量和体积大小显著增加而引起。   (3) 在高浓度CO2处理下,由于拟南芥叶片内与促进细胞分裂与伸长的激素含量显著增加,从而对拟南芥植株生长发育速率的提高起了重要的作用。   (4) 拟南芥生长在高浓度CO2条件下,其叶片中各种矿质元素含量(如N、P、K、CaMg)均显著降低,究其原因可能是,第一由于叶片中碳水化合物含量的显著增加而对矿物质元素具有稀释作用;第二由于蒸腾速率下降,引起矿质元素从根部随着蒸腾流运输到地上部分的含量相应减少。   

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比较了云南高黎贡山地区的贡山独龙江和腾冲大蒿坪白颌大角蟾(Megophryslateralis)两个地理种群的核型、C-带和Ag-NORs结果表明,两个地理种群在核型和带型上都有差异两个地理种群的核型均为2n=26,NF=52染色体形态差异不明显,而次缢痕的位置完全不同,贡山独龙江标本的次缢痕位于No.2的长臂上近着丝点处,腾冲标本的次缢痕位于No.5的短臂上近着丝点的部位在腾冲标本中发现一雄性个体中有一条额外的染色体,可能是B染色体两地标本的C-带差异不太显著,贡山独龙江标本的C-带相对较为显著.贡山独龙江标本的Ag-NORs位于No.2长臂近着丝点处,与次缢痕的部位对应,两条同源染色体上大小有显著差异.腾冲标本的Ag-NORs位于No.5短臂上近着丝点处,与次缢痕的部位对应依据核型和带型的比较,对白颌大角蟾的分类和进化问题进行了讨论。

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银额果蝇昆明群体有丝分裂中期核型中存在B染色体, 出现频率为69.1%在已 研究过的来自各个地区的银额果蝇中, 昆明群体的B染色体频率最高。B染色体 数目为1—6条。该群体内单雌系间的B染色体数目不同, 个体间和细胞间的B染色 体数目也不同。在核型中, B染色体最小, 形态稳定, 点状, C-带和G-带呈阳性 。 图版1图2表1参12

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鲤科是鱼类最大的科,在中国淡水鱼类组成中鲤科鱼类的成分占一半以上.鲤科鱼类的演化过程代表了东亚淡水鱼类的整体演化过程.为探讨东亚鲤科鱼类系统发育关系,共分析了包括18种新测序列在内的54种鲤科鱼类细胞色素b基因的全序列.分析的物种涵盖了鲤科鱼类的12个亚科并对问题较多的(鱼丹)亚科(Danioninae)和雅罗鱼亚科(Leuciscinae)进行了广泛的采样.系统发育树的建立使用了多种方法,包括邻接法、最大简约法和最大似然法.亚口鱼科(Catostomidae)的胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asia

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稀土掺杂的长余辉发光玻璃是一种新型的发光材料,其应用范围可以从传统的弱光照明领域延伸到信息存储领域。我们在探找新型的长余辉发光玻璃体系的过程中,总结了一些设计长余辉玻璃材料的方法,研究了稀土离子在玻璃基质中的发光行为和斓系离子与材料中缺陷的作用。我们在论文中首次报道了稀土掺杂的碱土硼硅酸盐玻璃的长余辉发光和光激励长余辉发光现象。试激活的碱土硼硅酸盐玻璃(Ro-BZO3-5102:TbZo3,R=Mg,cas几B。)在254 nm紫外光辐照30 min以后,余辉时间长达6-10个小时。将激发后的玻璃避光保存24小时至余辉消失后,再使用低能量的366 nm的紫外光檄发样品,玻璃会重新发射长余辉,即产生光激励长余辉发光;而未预先经254 nm紫外光辐照的玻璃没有光激励长余辉现象发生。在这一体系中,光激励长余辉的衰减与首次激发的长余辉的衰减具有不同的衰减规律,辅以吸收光谱和热释光谱的表征,我们对其发光的机理进行了探讨。我们还研究了三价稀土离子在碱土硼硅酸盐玻璃中的发光性质,以及共掺稀土和其他金属离子对试激活的碱土硼硅酸盐玻璃荧光和长余辉发光的影响。此外1本论文还首次报道了Du3+,Tm+和Zr4+等离子在玻璃中的长余辉发光现象。

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毛壳霉属(Chaetomium)和曲霉属(Aspergillus)真菌产生多种具有生物活性的化合物。为系统阐明两属微生物的次生代谢物,对三种毛壳霉、两种曲霉真菌分别进行固态发酵,以色谱和波谱技术研究发酵物中的成分,分离鉴定了51个化合物,其中23个为新化合物,测试了部分化合物对肿瘤细胞的活性。 1、从螺卷毛壳霉(C. cochloides)固态发酵物中分离鉴定了11个化合物,3个新化合物为螺卷毛壳霉素A~C(1~3)。化合物1、3及dethio-tetra (methylthio) chetomin(4)对Bre-04、Lu-04和N-04细胞株生长抑制的GI50值为0.05~7.0 μg/mL。 2、从印度毛壳霉(C. indicum)固态发酵物中鉴定的三个异喹啉生物碱印度毛壳霉素A~C(12~14)代表两类骨架新颖的异喹啉生物碱。 3、从巴西毛壳霉(C. brasiliense)固态发酵物中鉴定了11个化合物,其中Mollicellins I~J(15~16)、2-Hydroxymethyl-6-methylmethyleugenin(19)为新化合物。化合物16和Mollicellin H(18)对Bre-04、Lu-04、N-04细胞株生长抑制的GI50值在2.5~8.6 μg/mL。 4、从土曲霉(A. terreus)固态发酵物中鉴定了18个化合物。5个为新化合物为Terretonin A~D(24~27)和Asterrelenin(28),24~27为二倍半萜化合物,28为吲哚生物碱。 5、从杂色曲霉(A. versicolor)固态发酵物中鉴定了16个化合物。9个新的化合物Brevianamides K~N (40~43)、Averins A~C (44~46)和Glyanphenines A~B (47~48)代表三种类型的生物碱。 6、综述了1997-2007年间新的二倍半萜的研究进展。 The fungi of the genera Chaetomium and Aspergillus produce various secondary metabolites with biological activities. In order to systematically study the secondary metabolites, the solid-state fermented rice culture of three species of Chaetomium and two of Aspergillus were chemically studied. By the means of chromatograhy and spectroscopy, 55 compounds were isolated and identified, among of them 23 were new ones. The biological activities of some compounds were investigated. 1. From the fungus C. cochliodes, three new epipolythiodioxopiperazines, chaetocochins A-C (1-3) were isolated, together with 8 known ones (4-11). Compounds 1, 3 and 4 showed growth inhibitory effects against cancer cell lines Bre-04, Lu-04 and N-04 with GI50 values from 0.05 to 7.0 μg/mL. 2. Three novel isoquinolines Chaetoindicins A-C (12-14) were isolated and identified from the fungus C. indicum. Chaetoindicin A, Chaetoindicins B-C represented two classes of novel carbon skeletons. 3. Three new compounds, Mollicellins I-J (15-16), and 2-hydroxymethyl-6-methylmethyleugenin (19), were isolated from C. brasiliense. Compound 16 and Mollicellin H (18) showed growth inhibitory effects against cancer cell lines Bre-04, Lu-04 and N-04 with GI50 values from 2.5 to 8.6 μg/mL. 4. Eighteen compounds were isolated from the fungus A. terreus. Terretonin A-D(24 - 27)and Asterrelenin(28) are new compounds belonging to sesterterpoids and indole-ralated alkaloid, respectively. 5. From the fungus A. versicolor, sixteen secondary metabolites, including nine new ones, Brevianamides K-N (40-43), Averins A-C (44-46), and Glyanphenines A-B (47-48), were isolated and identified. Brevianamides K-N (40-43), Averins A-C (44-46), and Glyanphenines A-B (47-48) represented three classes of alkaloids. 6. New sesterterpenes and their bioactivities reported from 1997 to 2007 were summarized.

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从新几内亚核桃木的树皮中分离得到的吲哚类喹诺里西定生物碱10-Desbromoarborescidine A,因发现其具有阻滞钙离子通道的活性而倍受关注。10-Desbromoarborescidine A由A、B、C、D四个环组成,只有一个手性中心,是吲哚生物碱中结构较简单的一种,常作为此类生物碱全合成方法的模型化合物。但迄今为止,能高效而简便的实现手性10-Desbromoarborescidine A不对称全合成方法线路不多,大多数以不对称诱导的方式建立其手性中心,手性催化的方式仅有一例金属催化。从逆合成分析可知,Desbromoarborescidine A的全合成可以通过亚胺不对称催化还原进行关键的手性中心构建,而本课题组在之前的研究中通过手性有机小分子催化剂的发展,已将三氯硅烷氢转移还原亚胺发展成了一类简便实用、高效、高对映选择性并具有优良底物适应范围的不对称催化反应,我们希望以这一反应作为关键手段,发展一条Desbromoarborescidine A及其类似物不对称合成新路线。 根据我们设计的新路线,首先成功合成了其关键中间体,然后我们进行了关键的不对称催化尝试。用本实验室已有的高性能有机小分子催化剂虽得到了较好的对应选择性,但是产率很低。同时,为了验证整条线路的可行性,我们也用消旋的中间体进行拉通线路的尝试。但不幸的是,在脱除保护基时遇到了很大困难。尝试换不同的保护基,或改变脱保护基的顺序,都未能成功合成目标产物。究其原因可能是由于吲哚的特殊性造成的,吲哚类亚胺与常规的芳香亚胺有较大的差异,其NH基团无论保护还是不保护,对与其2位相联接的C=N双键均有很大的影响,导致其不对称催化还原难以进行。另外,由于所设计的还原产物含有处在吲哚苄位的胺基,稳定性较差,造成保护基脱除困难。 烯胺C-亚磺酰化反应是本课题组最近发现的一个新反应,之前未见文献报道。本研究对该反应进行了反应条件优化和底物扩展,发现带Cbz,Ac,COt-Bu,CO2Et,Bz等保护基的一系列环状和非环状烯胺在亚磺酸钠、DMAc和MeSiCl3的共同作用下能高效高产率生成β-胺基烯基亚砜类新化合物,为合成多官能团化的烯基亚砜新化合物提供了一条简便实用的途径。 The main constituent of Dracontomelum mangiferum B1, indoloquinolizidine alkaloid 10-Desbromoarborescidine A, has drawn great attention due to its calcium channel blocking activity. Its molecular structure is relatively simple compared with the other alkaloids of the same type, which has only one chiral center, albeit with four cycles A, B, C, and D. This compound is often used as a model target for exploring different strategies for the total synthesis of indole alkaloids. Nevertheless, so far there still lack practical and highly efficient methods for the asymmetric total synthesis of 10-Desbromoarborescidine A. Most of the current available methods rely on stoichiometric asymmetric synthesis for the construction of the chiral center. There is only one example reporting utilization of asymmetric catalysis, but with transition metal complex as the catalyst. Our retrosynthetic analysis shows that catalytic asymmetric reduction of imine could be used as the key step for the construction of the chiral center of Desbromoarborescidine A. Since in the previous studies our group has developed the asymmetric reduction of imines by trichlorosilane into a practical and highly efficient and enantioselective method using newly designed chiral organocatalysts, we hope to apply this method to develop a novel synthetic route for the total synthesis of Desbromoarborescidine A and its analogues in this study. According to the newly designed synthetic route, we first accomplished the synthesis of the key intermediates which was then examined for the critical asymmetric catalysis. The asymmetric reduction using the highly efficient organocatalysts, developed in our lab afforded high ee but poor yield. We tried different reaction conditions to improve the yield, but failed to get any good results. Simultaneously, to vertify the feasibility of the synthetic route we designed, we also tired to go through the route toward the racemic synthesis of Desbromoarborescidine A. But unfortunately, protection and deprotection proved to be big hurdles. All the different protection groups and different sequences of protection and deprotection we tried failed to get us through the designed synthetic sequence and furnish the final product. Most likely, the indole part is the culprit behind the failures.The NH group of the indole, no matter protected or not, may impact the catalytic asymmetric reduction of C-N double bond connected with 2-C. Additionally, the reduction product we designed contains an amino group in the β-position of the indole, which may cause problems due to its instability. C-sulfenylation of enamines is a novel reaction discovered recently by our group, which has not been seen before in the literature. In this study, optimization of the reaction conditions and exploration of the substrate scope were further undertaken for this reaction, which reveal that a series of enamines with N-Cbz, Ac, COt-Bu, CO2Et protection groups could all undergo smooth C-sulfinylations with the comined use of sodium benzene sulphinate, DAMc and MeSiCl3, efficiently furnishing the β-amino vinylsulfoxide products in high yield, affording a practical and highly efficient methods for synthesis of functional vinylsulfoxides.

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大气臭氧的损耗导致了地球表面具有生物学效应的紫外线-B(UV-B)辐射增强。同时,大气成分变化中除了UV-B辐射增强外,氮沉降是一个新近出现而又令人担忧的环境问题,其来源和分布正在迅速扩展到全球范围,并不断向陆地和水生生态系统沉降。本试验在四川省境内的中国科学院茂县生态站内进行,以云山、冷杉、色木槭和红椋子幼苗为模式植物,从生长形态、光合作用、抗氧化能力和矿质营养等方面研究了青藏高原东缘4种树苗对全球变化-增强UV-B辐射和氮供应(氮沉降)的响应。该试验为室外盆栽试验,包括四个处理:(1)大气UV-B辐射+无额外的氮供应(C);(2)大气UV-B辐射+额外的氮供应(N);(3)增强UV-B辐射+无额外的氮供应(UV-B);(4)增强UV-B辐射+额外的氮供应(UV-B+N)。其目的:一方面有助于丰富我国对全球变化及区域响应研究的全面认识,进一步完善在全球气候变化条件下臭氧层削减和氮沉降对陆地生态系统影响的内容;另一方面,在一定程度上有助于我们更好的理解在全球变化下森林更新的早期过程。具体结果如下: 增强的UV-B辐射在生长形态、光合、抗氧化能力、活性氧和矿质营养方面对4种幼苗都有显著的影响。UV-B辐射增强对幼苗的影响不仅与物种有关,而且,还与氮营养水平相关。总体表现为,高的UV-B辐射导致了色木槭和红椋子幼苗叶片的皱缩和卷曲,并降低了色木槭幼苗的叶片数和叶重,在额外的氮供应下,云杉、冷杉和红椋子的叶重也显著地降低了;色木槭和红椋子幼苗叶片的解剖结构受到了增强的UV-B辐射的影响,增强的UV-B辐射显著地降低了色木槭叶片的栅栏组织厚度,提高了红椋子叶片的厚度;增强的UV-B辐射显著地降低了4种幼苗的单株总生物量、植物地下部分的生长、总叶绿素含量 [Chl (a + b)]、净光合速率和最大量子产量(Fv/Fm),提高了4种幼苗叶片的膜脂过氧化(MDA含量),改变了植物体不同器官中的矿质元素含量;增强的UV-B辐射提高了冷杉、色木槭和红椋子叶片中的过氧化氢含量(H2O2)、超氧负离子(O2-)生成速率,在额外的氮供应下,云杉叶片中的活性氧含量也显著地提高了;在无额外的氮供应条件下,增强的UV-B辐射显著地提高了4种幼苗叶片中的UV-B吸收物质、脯氨酸含量和抗氧化酶的活性(SOD、POD、CAT、GR和APX)。在额外的氮供应条件下,UV-B辐射的增强却显著地降低了冷杉叶片中脯氨酸含量和红椋子叶片中UV-B吸收物质含量,但是,在4种幼苗叶片中,5种抗氧化酶的活性对UV-B辐射的增强没有明显的规律性,增强的UV-B辐射显著地提高了云杉叶片中的POD、SOD和GR的活性,提高了冷杉叶片中的POD和GR活性,提高了色木槭叶片中的POD、SOD和CAT活性和红椋子幼苗叶片中的POD和SOD活性。从这些结果可知,植物在遭受高的UV-B辐射导致的过氧化胁迫时,植物体内形成了一定的保护机制,但是,这种保护不能抵抗高的UV-B辐射对植物的伤害。 额外的氮供应在生长形态、光合、抗氧化能力、活性氧和矿质营养方面对4种幼苗都有一定的影响,不同幼苗对额外的氮供应响应不同,并且受到UV-B辐射水平的影响。在当地现有的UV-B辐射水平下,额外的氮供应显著地提高了幼苗的单株总生物量、植物地下部分的生长、Chl (a + b)、净光合速率(红椋子除外)、UV-B吸收物质(冷杉除外)、脯氨酸含量(红椋子除外)和部分抗氧化酶的活性,降低了H2O2的含量、O2-的生成速率和MDA含量(红椋子除外),改变了植物体内部分矿质元素含量,显著地提高了云杉和冷杉叶片中的Fv/Fm。这些指标总体表明,在当地现有大气UV-B辐射水平下,额外的氮供应对植物的生长和发育是有利的。在增强的UV-B辐射水平下,4种幼苗的生长形态和光合大部分指标都没有受到额外氮供应的影响,额外的氮供应提高了红椋子幼苗的单株总生物量和Chl (a + b)含量,提高了冷杉和色木槭叶片中的活性氧含量和MDA含量,却降低了红椋子叶片中的活性氧含量;额外的氮供应也提高了云杉、色木槭和红椋子叶片中UV-B吸收物质和脯氨酸含量,降低了冷杉叶片中UV-B吸收物质和脯氨酸含量;在抗氧化酶活性方面,额外的氮供应降低了云杉、冷杉叶片中5种抗氧化酶的活性和红椋子叶片中POD和GR的活性,提高了色木槭叶片中的POD和SOD的活性;4种幼苗植物体内的矿质元素含量对额外的氮供应没有显著的规律性。从这些结果可知,在高的UV-B辐射下,额外的氮供应提高了云杉、冷杉和色木槭幼苗对高的UV-B辐射的敏感性,然而,额外的氮供应却促进了红椋子幼苗的生长,原因可能是,在高的UV-B辐射下,额外的氮供应增加了红椋子叶片的厚度、叶重和叶片数,降低了叶片中活性氧含量的结果。表明在高的UV-B辐射水平下,额外的氮供应降低了红椋子幼苗对高的UV-B辐射的敏感性。 在全球变化的趋势下,UV-B辐射增强和氮沉降可能同时存在,我们的研究表明,与大气UV-B辐射+无额外的氮供应处理相比,增强UV-B辐射+额外的氮供应处理显著地降低了幼苗的单株总生物量(红椋子除外)、Chl (a + b)、净光合速率、Fv/Fm(冷杉除外)和MDA含量(红椋子除外),提高了活性氧含量 (云杉除外)、UV-B紫外吸收物质含量(冷杉除外)、脯氨酸含量和部分抗氧化酶的活性,改变了植物体不同器官中的矿质元素含量。结果表明,在当地现有条件下,全球变化(UV-B辐射增强和氮沉降)对云杉、冷杉和色木槭幼苗的生长是不利,尽管植物体内一些抗氧化性指标提高了,然而,却对红椋子幼苗的单株总生物量的累积没有显著的影响。 The depletion of the ozone led to the increase of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) with biological effects in the earth’s surface. At the same time, except for enhanced UV-B radiation, nitrogen deposition was an anxious environmental problem at present, rapidly expanding to the global scope and continuously depositing to land and aquatic ecosystem. The experiment was conducted in Maoxian Ecological Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan province, China. Picea asperata, Abies faxoniana, Acer mono Maxim and Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings were selected as model plants to assess the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and supplemental nitrogen supply on growth, morphological, photosynthesis, antioxidant and mineral nutrient traits of 4 species seedlings in east Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The experiment was potted outdoor, including 4 treatments: (1) ambient UV-B without supplemental nitrogen (control, C); (2) ambient UV-B with supplemental nitrogen (N); (3) enhanced UV-B without supplemental nitrogen (UV-B); (4) enhanced UV-B with supplemental nitrogen (UV-B+N). One hand, it was helpful for enriching our country to comprehensive understanding of the researches in the global change and the region response, further perfecting the effects of the depleted ozone layer and nitrogen deposition on land ecosystem under the global change; the other hand, it was favorable for us to better understanding of the early process of forest renews under the global change. The results were as follows: Enhanced UV-B radiation had significant effects on 4 species seedlings in growth, morphological, photosynthesis, antioxidant and mineral nutrient traits of 4 species seedlings. The effects of enhanced UV-B on plants were not only related with species, but also related with nitrogen nutrient level. Generally, the increase of UV-B radiation led to the shrinkage and curl of leaves in Acer mono Maxim and Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings, and reduced the number of leaf and leaf weight of Acer mono Maxim seedlings, under supplemental nitrogen supply, leaf weight of Picea asperata, Abies faxoniana and Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings significantly also reduced; the anatomical features of leaf in Acer mono Maxim and Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings affected by enhanced UV-B radiation, the increase of UV-B radiation markedly reduced the palisade tissue thickness of Acer mono Maxim leaf and enhanced the leaf thickness of Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings; the enhanced UV-B radiation significantly reduced total biomass per plant of 4 species seedlings, the growth of the underground parts, Chl (a + b), net photosynthetic rate and maximum potential quantum yield of photosynthesis (Fv/Fm), and increased the degree of lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and changed the content of mineral elements in different parts of plants; the enhanced UV-B radiation also increased the rate of superoxide radical (O2-) production and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in leaves of Abies faxoniana, Acer mono Maxim, Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings, under supplemental nitrogen supply, the reactive oxygen species in leaves of Picea asperata seedlings also significantly increased by enhanced UV-B radiation; under without supplemental nitrogen supply, enhanced UV-B radiation evidently induced an increase in UV-B absorbing compounds, proline content and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, GR and APX) of leaves in 4 species seedlings. Under supplemental nitrogen supply, enhanced UV-B radiation induced a decrease in proline content of leaves in Abies faxoniana seedlings and UV-B absorbing compounds of leaves in Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings, but, there were no obvious rules in the activities of five antioxidant enzymes of 4 species seedling leaves to enhanced UV-B radiation, enhanced UV-B radiation significantly increased the activities of POD, SOD and GR in Picea asperata leaves, the activities of POD and GR in Abies faxoniana leaves and the activities of POD, SOD and CAT in Acer mono Maxim leaves. The results indicated that some protective mechanism was formed when plants were exposed to enhanced UV-B radiation, but the protection could not counteract the harm of high UV-B radiation on plants. Supplemental nitrogen supply had some effects on 4 species seedlings in growth, morphological, photosynthesis, antioxidant and mineral nutrient traits. The response of 4 species seedlings was different to supplemental nitrogen supply, and was affected by UV-B levels. Under local ambient UV-B radiation, supplemental nitrogen supply significantly increased the total biomass per plant, the growth of underground parts, Chl (a + b), net photosynthetic rate (except for Acer mono Maxim seedlings), UV-B absorbing compounds (except for Abies faxoniana seedlings), proline content (except for Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings) and the activities of some antioxidant enzymes, and reduced H2O2 content, the rate of O2- production and MDA content (except for Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings) and changed the content of mineral elemental in different parts; supplemental nitrogen supply also evidently increased Fv/Fm in Picea asperata and Abies faxoniana seedlings. These results indicated that supplemental nitrogen supply was favorable for the growth of plants under local ambient UV-B radiation. Under enhanced UV-B radiation, mostly parameters in growth and morphology of 4 species seedlings were not affected by supplemental nitrogen supply. Supplemental nitrogen supply increased the total biomass per plant and Chl (a + b) of Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedling, increased the reactive oxygen species and MDA content in Abies faxoniana and Acer mono Maxim leaves, and reduced the reactive oxygen species in Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak leaves; supplemental nitrogen supply also increased UV-B absorbing compounds and proline content in Picea asperata, Acer mono Maxim and Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak leaves, decreased UV-B absorbing compounds and proline content in Abies faxoniana leaves; in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, supplemental nitrogen supply significantly reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in Picea asperata and Abies faxoniana leaves and the activities of POD and GR in Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak leaves, and increased the activities of POD and SOD in Acer mono Maxim leaves; the content of mineral elements in 4 species seedlings was no significantly rule to supplemental nitrogen supply. We knew from the results, under enhanced UV-B radiation, supplemental nitrogen supply made Picea asperata, Acer faxoniana and Acer mono Maxim seedlings more sensitivity to enhanced UV-B radiation, however, accelerated the growth of Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings. The reason was probably that supplemental nitrogen supply increased the leaf thickness, leaf weight and leaf number, reduced the reactive oxygen content of leaf in Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings grown under high UV-B radiation. This showed that supplemental nitrogen supply reduced the sensitivity of Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings to high UV-B radiation. Under the tendency of the global change, enhanced UV-B radiation and nitrogen deposition may probably coexist. The results showed, compared with the treatment of ambient UV-B radiation without supplemental nitrogen supply, the treatment of enhanced UV-B radiation with supplemental nitrogen supply significantly reduced the total biomass per plants (except for Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings), Chl (a + b), net photosynthetic rate, Fv/Fm and MDA content (except for Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings), and increased reactive oxygen content (except for Picea asperata seedlings), UV-B absorbing compounds (except for Abies faxoniana seedlings), proline content and part antioxidant enzymes, and changed the content of mineral elements of different parts. The results indicated that the global change (enhanced UV-B and nitrogen deposition) were not favorable for the growth of plants under local ambient UV-B radiation and nitrogen nutrient level,, though increased some antioxidant indexes, however, the treatment of enhanced UV-B with supplement nitrogen supply did not significantly affect on the biomass accumulation of Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings.