火烧、施肥、刈割及其交互作用对草原土壤净氮矿化的影响

我国北方温带草原地处干旱半干旱区，是欧亚大陆草原生物区系的重要组成部分，也是我国重要的畜牧业生产基地。土壤氮素作为陆地植物生长和生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子之一，了解其矿化和可利用性对各种人为干扰因素的响应，有助于我们充分认识草地退化机理，维持草场生产力并进一步促进畜牧业的可持续发展，为草地恢复、重建和维护提供理论依据。本实验在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的多年围封退化样地，分别实施了火烧、施肥、刈割及其交互作用的人为干扰处理，利用原状土野外培养的方法，在两年时间中，研究不同的人为干扰因素（火烧、施肥、刈割及其交互处理）对土壤净氮矿化作用的影响。 火烧显著影响草原的氮循环过程，季节和年际的气候变化参与调节氮循环对火烧处理的响应。多年围封后的初次人工火烧处理显著降低了第一个生长季（2006 年生长季）和其后冬季的土壤净氮矿化速率，但是，火烧处理仅在冬季对土壤无机氮含量产生显著降低作用；2007 年生长季，火烧处理对土壤净氮矿化速率和土壤无机氮含量没有显著作用，但是在个别月份，不同的火烧频率对土壤净氮矿化速率和无机氮含量的影响表现出差异。2006 年生长季，未火烧样地和火烧样地净氮矿化积累量分别为3.07±0.26 g N m-2 和2.18±0.21 g N m-2；冬季，未火烧样地和火烧样地净氮矿化积累量分别为1.18±0.25 g N m-2 和0.51±0.08 g N m-2；2007 年生长季，未火烧样地（BC）、每年火烧样地（B1）和两年一烧样地（B2）净氮矿化积累量分别为1.32±0.21 g N m-2、0.54±0.30 g N m-2 和 0.77±0.24 g N m-2。较为湿润的2006 年生长季的净氮矿化积累量显著高于较为干旱的2007 年生长季，冬季也存在相当丰富的净氮矿化积累量。我们推论，长时间围封后的单次火烧处理对土壤净氮矿化作用的影响可能是短效的，但是年际间气候变化对土壤净氮矿化作用影响显著。 施肥显著提高了土壤的无机氮含量，并且与施肥梯度呈显著正相关关系。施肥对土壤无机氮含量的影响具有累加效应，第一次施肥和第二次施肥后的首次取样，+N5.25 、+N17.5 、+N28.0 三个施肥梯度的样地土壤无机氮含量比未施肥样地分别高出56%、219%、1054%和514%、891%、1811%。施肥处理在2006 年和2007 年对土壤净氮矿化作用都没有显著影响，仅在2007 年的个别月份有一定效果。以上结果说明，无机氮肥的添加可以明显提高土壤中无机氮的含量，满足植物生长的需求，但对于土壤氮转化过程的影响可能还要受其它环境和生物因子的制约。 刈割对土壤无机氮含量和净硝化速率没有显著作用，对土壤净氮矿化速率仅在个别月份表现显著效果。2007 年生长季，未刈割样地和刈割样地净氮矿化积累量分别为1.32±0.21 g N m-2 和1.08±0.35 g N m-2，不存在显著差异。我们推论，长期围封后的单次刈割处理在短期内对生长季的土壤氮动态仅有微弱影响，并且这种效果还可能受水分因素的制约。 火烧、施肥、刈割的交互处理在2007 年生长季对土壤无机氮含量产生显著作用，但是，对土壤净氮矿化速率和净硝化速率没有显著效果，然而，在不同的取样时间，火烧、施肥、刈割的交互处理对土壤无机氮含量、净氮矿化速率和净硝化速率的影响存在显著差异，说明火烧、施肥、刈割的交互处理对土壤无机氮和净氮矿化作用的影响可能受各种环境因子的制约，尤其是在水分相对缺乏的半干旱内蒙古草原，非生物因子和生物因子可能共同影响着土壤中的氮平衡。 本研究初步分析了长期围封后火烧、施肥、刈割及其交互处理对土壤净氮矿化的影响，初步探究了人为干扰和环境气候变化对土壤可利用性氮的调节作用，为科学地进行禁牧、割草、人工养份添加等草原管理提供了数据支持。

Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile black seabream, Sparus macrocephalus

A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum requirement of dietary available phosphorus (P) for black seabream (Sparus macrocephalus) in indoor net cages (1.5x1.0x1.0 m). Triplicate groups of black seabream (11.45 +/- 0.02 g) were fed diets containing graded levels (0.18, 0.36, 0.54, 0.72, 0.89 and 1.07%) of available P to satiation for 8 weeks. The basal diet (diet 1), containing 0.18% available P, was supplemented with graded levels of monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4 2H(2)O) to formulate five experimental diets. The fish were fed twice daily (08:00 h and 16:00 h) and reared in seawater (salinity, 26-29 g l(-1)) at a temperature of 28 +/- 1 degrees C. Dissolved oxygen during the experiment was above 5 mg l(-1). The specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were all significantly improved by dietary phosphorus up to 0.54% (P<0.05) and then leveled off beyond this level. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) was inversely correlated with dietary phosphorus levels (P< 0.05). Efficiency of P utilization stabled in fish fed diets containing 0.18%-0.54% available P and then decreased dramatically with further supplementation of dietary phosphorus. Body composition analysis showed that the whole-body lipid, ash, calcium and phosphorus contents were all significantly affected by dietary available P concentration (P<0.05), however, no significance were found in whole-body calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratios among all the treatments (P>0.05). Dietary phosphorus levels also affected the mineralization of vertebrae, skin and scale (P<0.05). Ca/P ratios in vertebrae and scale were not influenced by dietary P supplementation, while skin Ca/P ratio increased statistically with dietary available P levels (quadratic effect, P<0.001). The blood chemistry analysis showed that dietary available P had distinct effects on enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and plasma lysozyme (LSZ), as well as contents of triacyglycerol (TG) and total cholesterol (T-CHO) (P<0.05). Broken-line analysis showed maximum weight gain (WG) was obtained at dietary available P concentrations of 0.55%. Quadratic analysis based on P contents in whole fish, vertebrae or scale indicated that the requirements were 0.81, 0.87 and 0.88%, respectively. Signs of phosphorus deficiency were characterized by poor growth, slightly reduced mineralization and an increase in body lipid content. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Effects of animal-plant protein ratio in extruded and expanded diets on nitrogen and energy budgets of juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis Wiegmann)

In this study, we investigated the effects of animal-plant protein ratio in extruded and expanded diets on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen and energy budgets of juvenile soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). Four extruded and expanded feeds (diets 1-4) were formulated with different animal-plant protein ratios (diet 1, 1.50:1; diet 2, 2.95:1; diet 3, 4.92:1; diet 4, 7.29:1). The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter and crude lipid for diet 1 were significantly lower than those for diets 2-4. There was no significant difference in crude protein digestibility among diets 1-4. The ADC of carbohydrate was significantly increased with the increase in animal-plant protein. Although nitrogen intake rate, faecal nitrogen loss rate and excretory nitrogen loss rate of turtles fed diet 1 were significantly higher than those fed diets 2-4, nitrogen retention rate, net protein utilization and biological value of protein in these turtles were significantly lower than those fed diets 2-4. In addition, energy intake rate, excretory energy loss rate and heat production rate of turtles fed diet 1 were also significantly higher than those fed diets 2-4. Faecal energy loss was significantly reduced with the increase in the animal-plant protein ratio. The ADC of energy and assimilation efficiency of energy significantly increased with a higher animal-plant protein ratio. The growth efficiency of energy in the group fed diet 1 was significantly lower than those in the groups fed diets 2-4. Together, our results suggest that the optimum animal-plant protein ratio in extruded and expanded diets is around 3:1.

Modelling raindrop impact and splash erosion processes within a spatial cell: a stochastic approach

A new approach is proposed to simulate splash erosion on local soil surfaces. Without the effect of wind and other raindrops, the impact of free-falling raindrops was considered as an independent event from the stochastic viewpoint. The erosivity of a single raindrop depending on its kinetic energy was computed by an empirical relationship in which the kinetic energy was expressed as a power function of the equivalent diameter of the raindrop. An empirical linear function combining the kinetic energy and soil shear strength was used to estimate the impacted amount of soil particles by a single raindrop. Considering an ideal local soil surface with size of I m x I m, the expected number of received free-failing raindrops with different diameters per unit time was described by the combination of the raindrop size distribution function and the terminal velocity of raindrops. The total splash amount was seen as the sum of the impact amount by all raindrops in the rainfall event. The total splash amount per unit time was subdivided into three different components, including net splash amount, single impact amount and re-detachment amount. The re-detachment amount was obtained by a spatial geometric probability derived using the Poisson function in which overlapped impacted areas were considered. The net splash amount was defined as the mass of soil particles collected outside the splash dish. It was estimated by another spatial geometric probability in which the average splashed distance related to the median grain size of soil and effects of other impacted soil particles and other free-falling raindrops were considered. Splash experiments in artificial rainfall were carried out to validate the availability and accuracy of the model. Our simulated results suggested that the net splash amount and re-detachment amount were small parts of the total splash amount. Their proportions were 0.15% and 2.6%, respectively. The comparison of simulated data with measured data showed that this model could be applied to simulate the soil-splash process successfully and needed information of the rainfall intensity and original soil properties including initial bulk intensity, water content, median grain size and some empirical constants related to the soil surface shear strength, the raindrop size distribution function and the average splashed distance. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The regional types of China's floating population: Identification methods and spatial patterns

With the rapid increase of the number and influence of floating population in China, it is urgently needed to understand the regional types of China's floating population and their spatial characteristics. After reviewing the current methods for identifying regional types of floating population, this paper puts forward a new composite-index identification method and its modification version which is consisted of two indexes of the net migration rate and gross migration rate. Then, the traditional single-index and the new composite-index identification methods are empirically tested to explore their spatial patterns and characteristics by using China's 2000 census data at county level. The results show: (1) The composite-index identification method is much better than traditional single-index method because it can measure the migration direction and scale of floating simultaneously, and in particular it can identify the unique regional types of floating population with large scale of immigration and emigration. (2) The modified composite-index identification method, by using the share of a region's certain type of floating population to the total in China as weights, can effectively correct the over- or under-estimated errors due to the rather large or small total population of a region. (3) The spatial patterns of different regional types of China's floating population are closely related to the regional differentiation of their natural environment, population density and socio-economic development level. The three active regional types of floating population are mainly located in the eastern part of China with lower elevation, more than 800 mm precipitation, rather higher population densities and economic development levels.

Polymer concentration, shear and stretch field effects on the surface morphology evolution during the spin-coating

Polymer concentration and shear and stretch field effects on the surface morphology evolution of three different kinds of polymers (polystyrene (PS), polybutadiene (PB) and polystyrene-b-polybutadiene-b-polystyrene (SBS)) during the spin-coating were investigated by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). For PS and SBS, continuous film, net-like structure and particle structure were observed at different concentrations. For PB, net-like structures were not observed and continuous films and radial array of droplets emerged. Moreover, we compared surface morphology transitions on different substrate locations from the center to the edge. For PS, net-like structure, broken net-like structure and irregular array of particles were observed. For SBS, net-like structure, periodically orientated string-like structure and broken-line structure appeared. But for PB, flower-like holes in the continuous film, distorted stream-like structure and irregular distributions of droplets emerged. These different transitions of surface morphologies were discussed in terms of individual material property.

Influences of slope gradient on soil erosion

The main factors influencing soil erosion include the net rain excess, the water depth, the velocity, the shear stress of overland flows, and the erosion-resisting capacity of soil. The laws of these factors varying with the slope gradient were investigated by using the kinematic wave theory. Furthermore, the critical slope gradient of erosion was driven. The analysis shows that the critical slope gradient of soil erosion is dependent on grain size, soil bulk density, surface roughness, runoff length, net rain excess, and the friction coefficient of soil, etc. The critical slope gradient has been estimated theoretically with its range between 41.5 degrees similar to 50 degrees.

Microscopic Model Of Nano-Scale Particles Removal In High Pressure Co2-Based Solvents

A physical model is presented to describe the kinds of static forces responsible for adhesion of nano-scale copper metal particles to silicon surface with a fluid layer. To demonstrate the extent of particle cleaning, Received in revised form equilibrium separation distance (ESD) and net adhesion force (NAF) of a regulated metal particle with different radii (10-300 nm) on the silicon surface in CO2-based cleaning systems under different pressures were simulated. Generally, increasing the pressure of the cleaning system decreased the net adhesion force between spherical copper particle and silicon surface entrapped with medium. For CO2 + isopropanol cleaning system, the equilibrium separation distance exhibited a maximum at temperature 313.15 K in the Equilibrium separation distance regions of pressure space (1.84-8.02 MPa). When the dimension of copper particle was given, for example, High pressure 50 nm radius particles, the net adhesion force decreased and equilibrium separation distance increased with increased pressure in the CO2 + H2O cleaning system at temperature 348.15 K under 2.50-12.67 MPa pressure range. However, the net adhesion force and equilibrium separation distance both decreased with an increase in surfactant concentration at given pressure (27.6 or 27.5 MPa) and temperature (318 or 298 K) for CO2 + H2O with surfactant PFPE COO-NH4+ or DiF(8)-PO4-Na+. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

内蒙古温带典型草原土壤净氮 矿化作用

作为陆地植物生长和生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子之一，土壤氮素矿化和可利用性对全球变化的响应决定着未来陆地生态系统的碳储量并对全球碳循环产生长远的深刻影响。众所周知，土壤中大部分氮以有机态存在，有机态氮必须经过转化成为无机态氮才能被植物吸收利用。土壤氮素矿化是将有机态氮转化为无机态氮的生物化学过程，决定着土壤中氮素的可利用性。理解氮素在草原生态系统中的转化（包括矿化，硝化作用）过程，有助于我们充分认识草地退化机理，为草地恢复和重建提供理论依据。在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站的典型羊草草原区，选取了1979年围封（没有割草和放牧利用）、1999年围封（没有割草和放牧利用）和长期自由放牧三种不同土地利用方式的羊草草地，分别代表人为干扰强度从小到大的梯度，利用室内和野外原状土培育实验两种方法，研究了人为干扰强度和环境因子（温度和水分）对土壤无机氮转化的影响。 室内实验：设置不同的温度梯度和水分梯度，在不同的时间段内在室内对原状土柱进行培养，观察这些因子对土壤净氮矿化的影响。结果表明：（1）土壤无机氮库（NH4+-N和NO3−-N）在不同土地利用变化情况下具有显著差异。但是，经过室内培养，净氮矿化速率和硝化速率之间差异不显著，只有铵化速率表现出显著差异。（2）温度对铵化、硝化和矿化速率有显著影响。但是当培养温度低于5℃时，无论培养时间多长净氮矿化的累积和净氮矿化速率之间差异皆不显著。温度高于15℃的三个温度之间净氮矿化的累积和净氮矿化速率差异极显著。（3）土壤湿度对净硝化和净矿化速率有显著影响，但是对铵化速率没有显著影响，表明当土壤水分限制硝化细菌的活性时，硝化速率对于水分的增加显得更加敏感。（4）培养时间对铵化、硝化和矿化量的积累有极显著影响。随着培养时间的延长铵态氮积累的量较少，但是硝态氮的量随着培养时间延长积累的量很多。（5）我们的研究表明温度、湿度和培养时间之间对净氮矿化的影响存在极显著的互作效应。 野外试验：在三种不同土地利用历史的草地，利用顶盖埋管原位培育法测定土壤的无机氮库、净硝化、铵化和净氮矿化的季节动态。2004年5月开始，每隔30天一次，到11月结束。结果表明：（1）三种不同土地利用方式的草地生态系统土壤中的NO3－-N和NH4+-N含量都表现出明显的季节变化趋势，自由放牧样地与围封25年样地季节趋势基本一致，围封5年样地各月间NO3－-N和NH4+-N含量的差异都达到显著水平。（2）三种不同土地利用方式的草地无机氮的季节动态两两比较发现，NO3－-N浓度在6、7和9月差异极显著;而在8月三个样地之间差异不显著;NH4+-N浓度在5月、7月和8月三个样地之间都达到显著水平，在6月、9月和10月情况有所不同，6月自由放牧地与围封25年间差异不显著，而这两个样地与围封5年的样地差异达显著水平，9月围封25年和围封5年两个样地之间差异不显著，而与自由放牧样地之间差异显著;10月情况又有变化，是自由放牧样地与围封5年的样地之间差异不显著，与围封25年样地之间差异达显著水平;（3）土壤无机氮库和氮素的矿化/硝化速率都存在明显且比较一致的季节动态，但是在个别月份也有较大差异，总的趋势是围封25年的样地硝化速率高于围封5年和自由放牧样地。上述结果表明：在温带典型草原，土地利用方式对土壤氮素库和矿化有着重要影响;各样地之间土壤氮素库和矿化速率的差异可能是由于土壤温度、水分、无机氮库和土壤基质的改变而引起的。

浑善达克沙地稀树疏林草地生态系统研究：生物量、生产力与生态恢复途径

荒漠化是困扰我国干旱和半干旱地区的重要环境问题，我国的四大沙地也是荒漠化最为严重的地区，从生态学角度提高对沙地的认识，探明其生物量和生产力对于了解沙地生态系统的结构和功能是非常有意义的。本研究以浑善达克沙地为例，对沙地的植被特点、生物量和生产力以及退化沙地的恢复策略进行了探讨。 通过对浑善达克沙地进行的植被调查发现，浑善达克沙地的稀树疏林草地景观由草本层、灌丛和榆树疏林构成，彼此呈相间排列、交替出现的格局。在丘间低地以地带性的草本层植物占优势，灌丛主要出现在沙丘和丘间低地的过渡地段，地下水位较高的地方。榆树（Ulmus pumila）是沙地的优势树种，占沙地乔木的95％，榆树疏林主要在固定沙地稀疏分布，占沙地榆树总量的84％。胸径10-25 cm的榆树占60％，幼树少见，这和放牧干扰有关。沙地的稀树疏林草地是不同于周围草原地带的隐域植被，带有明显的超地带性，同时因受地带性气候的影响，兼有地带性特征。 在碳循环方面，为了估测沙地植被的碳存储潜力，我们对浑善达克沙地的生物量进行了估测。整个沙地被分为六种生境，分别求算生物量，然后汇总。对于其中的榆树生物量建立了异速生长关系进行估算。结果表明，浑善达克沙地植被的平均生物量为21.30 Mg ha-1，其中丘间低地的贡献为65％。从生活型上看，草本层的贡献占优势，而榆树的贡献很小，仅为10％。平均地下/地上生物量的分配比例为2.9。与草地生态系统相比，浑善达克沙地的生物量要高出90％，表明沙地植被是草原地带内的隐域植被，特殊的土壤水热条件使它具有更高的碳存储潜力。沙地的大范围恢复将使该碳库通过碳获取得以实现。 净初级生产力（NPP）是生态系统功能的重要体现，它可以反映植被碳固定的能力。为了了解稀树疏林草地NPP的特点，我们对浑善达克沙地六种生境的NPP分别进行了求算，然后汇总。浑善达克沙地植被的平均NPP为11.06 Mg ha-1 yr-1，各生境的贡献不同，以丘间低地的贡献最大，达65％。生活型上看，草本层植物占优势，乔木的贡献仅为1.3％。地下/地上NPP为1.7，降水利用效率达10.9。浑善达克沙地稀树疏林草地的NPP比草地生态系统的平均值高59％。NPP的研究结果表明，沙地植被是和周围地带性草原植被存在显著差别的，这种高生产力将伴随沙地的恢复而实现，并有可能对沙地地区的碳循环产生影响。 为了探索荒漠化防治的新途径，在浑善达克沙地巴音胡舒嘎查开展了为期5年的退化草地恢复试验。结果表明，通过“以地养地”的模式可以使退化草地充分利用潜在恢复力进行自然恢复，并取得了明显效果。开辟高效地，种植高产玉米，在草地得到恢复的同时，牲畜仍然有充足的草料供应，牧民生活水平也有所提高。这种适合半干旱地区环境条件的恢复模式比在同样地区造林要有效和经济。据此，文章最后探讨了当前荒漠化防治中存在的误区和今后荒漠化防治应采取的策略。

暖温带地区典型森林群落叶面积指数、生产力和树木年轮特征的分析

以辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)为主的落叶阔叶林、华北落叶松林(Larix principisrupprechtii)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林是我国暖温带地区具有代表性的森林群落类型。本研究：1）应用国内外流行的半球图方法，通过对这三种森林群落叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的测定和综合比较，分析了叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的季节动态，揭示了暖温带地区不同类型森林群落叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的特征;2）基于野外调查的样地资料，利用维量分析法估算了中国科学院北京森林生态系统定位研究站三种森林群落乔木层的生物量和生产力，并揭示生产力和叶面积指数之间的相关关系;3）利用油松森林群落和落叶松森林群落采集树芯作为研究对象，用树木年轮学方法，建立相应的年表，联系气候资料进行相关分析，揭示树木生长的限制因子。 研究结果表明：1）落叶阔叶林(优势种为：辽东栎、棘皮桦(Betula dahurica)、五角枫(Acer mono))和华北落叶松林两种落叶森林群落的叶面积指数值均随生长季的到来而呈现增长的趋势，最大值出现在8月;林冠开阔度值随着生长季的到来而下降，最大值出现在11月。落叶阔叶林的叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的季节动态较之华北落叶松林明显。油松是常绿树种，其群落叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的变化程度均不明显，但林冠开阔度的变化趋势也是与叶面积指数的变化趋势相反。通过计算得出叶面积指数和林冠开阔度相关显著，并且呈现指数回归的关系。2） 油松、落叶松、落叶阔叶林三种森林群落乔木层的生物量和生产力分别为93.59 t•hm-2、119.36 t•hm-2 、169.94 t•hm-2和4.02 t•hm-2•a-1、5.58 t•hm-2•a-1、7.04 t•hm-2•a-1;三种森林群落乔木层生产力和叶面积指数回归曲线分析显示，生产力和叶面积指数呈现线性正相关关系。3）油松和落叶松生长与气候因子相关分析结果显示，两种群落树木的生长受当地降水和气温的影响，油松与5月份的温度显著负相关，落叶松与2月份和5月份的降水显著正相关。 以上研究结果为以遥感途径获取暖温带地区叶面积指数提供了地面校正依据，为研究该地区利用LAI估算生产力以及利用遥感途径得到的NDVI测定生产力、研究气候因子对树木年轮宽度形成的影响，以及进一步对该地区林分、景观和区域尺度上碳、水、通量等方面的模拟提供了基础数据。

内蒙古典型草原地上净初级生产力估测及模型模拟的研究

地上净初级生产力（ANPP）是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分，但由于估测ANPP的方法不同使得对ANPP的估测值存在很大的不确定性。本文采用3种方法（群落中所有种群当年最大地上生物量之和（ANPPC1）、当年群落最大地上生物量（ANPPC2）以及每年固定日期（8月30日）的地上生物量（ANPPC3））在种群、功能群和群落水平上分别对连续19年（1980～1998）的内蒙古羊草和大针茅草原生态系统功能（如ANPP、植物多样性和水分利用效率（WUE））的动态变化进行了比较分析，同时探讨了不同估测方法下气候和放牧对ANPP的影响，在此基础上利用DNDC模型进行了ANPP的模拟和敏感性分析研究，主要结果包括： 在羊草和大针茅草原群落中，不同主要植物种群或功能群多年平均地上最大生物量出现的时间不同，而同一植物种群或功能群的年地上最大生物量出现的时间存在年际间的变化。采用当年最大地上生物量和8月30日固定日期的地上生物量作为群落ANPP的这两种方法高估了建群种或禾草功能群在群落中的作用。 羊草草原群落多年平均ANPPC1、ANPPC2和 ANPPC3分别是257.5、190.1和166.0 g.m-2;相应的大针茅草原多年平均ANPPC1、ANPPC2和 ANPPC3分别是180.4、132.8和122.5 g.m-2。就群落生产力而言，后两种常用的方法二和方法三分别低估了草原群落ANPP 14.2%～40.0%和15.5～59.0%。本文研究表明尽管ANPPC1与ANPPC2和ANPPC3之间存在显著的差异，但二者之间存在极显著的相关性:羊草草原的ANPPC1= 59.587+1.061×ANPPC2（r2＝0.865, p＜0.001），ANPPC1= 92.329+1.017×ANPPC3（r2＝0.569, p＜0.001）;大针茅草原的ANPPC1= 32.918+1.114×ANPPC2（r2＝0.814, p＜0.001），ANPPC1= 76.120+0.875×ANPPC3（r2＝0.499, p＝0.001）。 种群、功能群和群落地上净初级生产力与气候因子间的关系因不同的估测方法而异。羊草草原的建群种羊草种群仅ANPPS3与8月和11月份的平均温度间存在显著相关性，而大针茅草原群落的建群种大针茅种群的ANPPS1和ANPPS2与3月份平均最高气温间呈负相关关系。在羊草草原群落，杂类草功能群ANPPF1和ANPPF2与3月份气温呈负相关关系;而灌木半灌木功能群ANPPF1和ANPPF2与3月份降水呈负相关关系。在大针茅草原群落，禾草功能群ANPPF1与5月份最高平均气温呈显著负相关关系。羊草草原群落ANPPC1和ANPPC3分别与11月份最低温度和平均温度存在显著负相关关系;大针茅草原群落ANPPC1与2和6月份月降水量间相关性显著，ANPP2与5月和11月份月平均最低温度呈显著负相关关系，而4～9月份，1和4月份平均最低温度对群落ANPPC3起决定作用。 在羊草和大针茅草原群落，由方法一得到的群落水分利用效率、Shannon植物多样性指数和均匀度指数与方法二或方法三得到的相应的指数间存在显著的差异，方法二和方法三得到的值间差异不显著。群落地上净初级生产力与相应估测方法的植物Shannon多样性指数和均匀度指数之间相关性不显著。 放牧条件下羊草或大针茅草原群落中的建群种羊草和大针茅在群落中的相对地上生物量较围栏内的相应植物种群的降低，而糙隐子草种群在群落中的比例上升。不同的放牧管理条件下，群落中植物种群地上现存量的季节动态发生变化。群落的植物组成及植物种群地上生物量在群落中总生物量的比例发生了明显的变化。利用遥感来估测地上净初级生产力时，分别低估了羊草和大针茅草原ANPP 52％和27％。 DNDC模型可以很好地模拟内蒙古典型草原生态系统的地上生物量，通过敏感性分析表明降水是草原植物生长的主要限制因子，在降水量增加或降低至日降水的30%时，模拟的地上生物量显著地高于或低于实测地上生物量值。在多年平均降水量为347mm的情况下，随着土壤粘粒含量的增加，地上生物量逐渐降低，与北美草原一致。

氮素添加对内蒙古羊草草原净氮矿化的影响

　　氮素作为陆地生态系统生产力主要的限制因子，对生态系统过程的调控有着重要的意义。净氮矿化是有机氮素到无机氮素的转变过程，该过程决定了土壤氮素的可利用性。准确估计土壤的供氮能力可以为确定最佳施肥量和施肥时间提供理论依据，并将影响着土地的可持续发展和管理政策。氮矿化潜力N0被定义为在最适温度和湿度下，土壤氮素在无限时间内所能矿化的最大量。由于氮矿化潜力是土壤供氮能力很好的指示值，所以对氮矿化潜力的研究能够使我们更好地了解土壤的氮素矿化动态和其供氮潜力。 　　为更好地了解天然草原氮素矿化对全球氮沉降背景以及草原施肥管理模式的响应，我们从2000年起在内蒙古羊草草原开展了长期的氮素添加实验，分别设置对照(N0)、添加5g N•m-2(N1.75)、30g N•m-2(N10.5)和80g N•m-2(N28)四个氮肥添加梯度以及对照(control)、添加100g有机肥•m-2(O100)、添加500g有机肥•m-2(O500)、添加1000g有机肥•m-2(O1000)四个有机肥添加梯度。氮肥添加在相邻并同时进行施肥的两个生态系统类型中展开，即成熟羊草草原（A区，1979年围封）和退化的羊草草原（B区，1999年围封），有机肥添加也同时在与之相邻的C区中展开（C区的土地利用历史与B区一致）。 2002年和2006年，从A、B区中进行氮肥处理后的土壤取样；有机肥处理的土壤样品从2002年C区中获得。土样在最佳温度(25℃)和湿度(60%田间持水量（WHC）)下进行了5周室内培养，并用阶段淋溶方法来测定氮肥添加和有机肥添加对土壤氮矿化动态的影响。 　　氮肥添加显著降低了土壤的pH值，但累积氮矿化量与土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮均没有显著的相关性。在两个区内，氮素添加都显著改变了土壤的累积氮矿化量。最高氮素处理N28相对应于最低的累积氮矿化量，而低氮素处理N1.75却使得累积氮矿化量最高。同时，在N0和N1.75处理中硝态氮的含量高于铵态氮，但在N28处理中却表现出相反趋势。实验还表明大多数氮素添加强度处理在A区比B区有更高的土壤累积氮矿化量。 　　有机肥添加也显著改变了土壤5周内的累积氮矿化量，并且累积氮矿化量随有机肥添加强度的升高而显著增加。培养5周末时土壤的累积铵态氮的含量与有机肥施加强度之间并没有相关性，但是累积硝态氮的含量有随着有机肥施加强度的上升而增加的趋势。 　　基于前5周土壤培养所得到的结果，我们选择了氮肥添加的N0，N1.75， N28处理以及有机肥添加的control、O100、O1000处理继续进行了长达15周的培养。培养数据与描述土壤氮矿化动态的一级动力学模型--first-order kinetics: Nm=N0（1－exp(-kt)）拟合良好( R2=0.893～0.97)。无论是氮肥添加还是有机肥添加都显著增加了土壤的氮矿化潜力N0，并且N0随着氮肥或者机肥添加强度的增加而增加。对于氮肥处理的土壤来说， N0与氮矿化速率常数k之间反向相关，但是在有机氮处理的土壤中N0与k之间却没有相关性。总的结果显示，经有机肥添加的土壤比经氮肥添加的土样有着更大的氮矿化潜力N0值以及氮矿化速率常数k值，较大的k值暗示着土壤氮素较快的周转速率。

生物质气化与废弃物焚烧联合发电的技术经济分析

介绍了生物质气化与废弃物焚烧联合发电技术项目，确定了该项目经济效益的评价指标，定量计算了项目的投资回收期、净现值和内部收益率。同时还对燃料费用、上网电价和固定资产变化引起的敏感性进行分析。结果表明，该联合发电技术的动态投资回收期为9.05a，净现值为2770万元，内部收益率为15.82％，三个经济指标均符合行业标准。从经济角度看是完全可行的。

Low potential detection of glutamate based on the electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH at thionine/single-walled carbon nanotubes composite modified electrode

A glutamate biosensor based on the electrocatalytic oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), which was generated by the enzymatic reaction, was developed via employing a single-walled carbon nanotubes/thionine (Th-SWNTs) nanocomposite as a mediator and an enzyme immobilization matrix. The biosensor, which was fabricated by immobilizing glutamate dehydrogenase (GIDH) on the surface of Th-SWNTs, exhibited a rapid response (ca. 5 s), a low detection limit (0.1 mu M), a wide and useful linear range (0.5-400 mu M), high sensitivity (137.3 +/- 15.7) mu A mM(-1) cm(-2), higher biological affinity, as well as good stability and repeatability. In addition, the common interfering species, such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, and 4-acetamidophenol, did not cause any interference due to the use of a low operating potential (190 mV vs. NHE). The biosensor can be used to quantify the concentration of glutamate in the physiological level. The Th-SWNTs system represents a simple and effective approach to the integration of dehydrogenase and electrodes, which can provide analytical access to a large group of enzymes for wide range of bioelectrochemical applications including biosensors and biofuel cells.