39 resultados para Morris, Jamie


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Previous Studies have demonstrated that in the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model, recurrent seizures either impair or have no effect on learning and memory. However, the effects of brief seizures on learning and memory remain unknown. Here, we found

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Chronic exposure to opiates impairs hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial memory, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Given the well known effects of adenosine, an important neuromodulator, on hippocampal neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity, we investigated the potential effect of changes in adenosine concentrations on chronic morphine treatment-induced impairment of hippocampal CA1 LTP and spatial memory. We found that chronic treatment in mice with either increasing doses (20-100 mg/kg) of morphine for 7 d or equal daily dose (20 mg/kg) of morphine for 12 d led to a significant increase of hippocampal extracellular adenosine concentrations. Importantly, we found that accumulated adenosine contributed to the inhibition of the hippocampal CA1 LTP and impairment of spatial memory retrieval measured in the Morris water maze. Adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine significantly reversed chronic morphine-induced impairment of hippocampal CA1 LTP and spatial memory. Likewise, adenosine deaminase, which converts adenosine into the inactive metabolite inosine, restored impaired hippocampal CA1 LTP. We further found that adenosine accumulation was attributable to the alteration of adenosine uptake but not adenosine metabolisms. Bidirectional nucleoside transporters (ENT2) appeared to play a key role in the reduction of adenosine uptake. Changes in PKC-alpha/beta activity were correlated with the attenuation of the ENT2 function in the short-term (2 h) but not in the long-term (7 d) period after the termination of morphine treatment. This study reveals a potential mechanism by which chronic exposure to morphine leads to impairment of both hippocampal LTP and spatial memory.

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慢性应激对学习记忆功能的影响是神经科学的热点问题,在脑内,海马和前额叶是与学习记忆功能密切相关的重要脑区,也是应激易累及损伤的主要靶区。膜流动性的改变在神经细胞功能活动中起重要作用。为探讨慢性应激对大鼠空间学习记忆功能的影响及前脑皮层和海马突触体膜流动性的作用。采用多因素慢性应激动物模型,通过开场试验和Morris水迷宫测试大鼠行为及空间学习记忆能力;并且测定大鼠前脑皮层和海马突触体膜流动性和突触体内游离Ca2+浓度的变化。研究结果显示,与对照组相比,应激组大鼠在应激后即刻,在新异环境中的自发活动和探究行为显著降低(p<0.05,p<0.01),空间学习记忆能力明显下降(p<0.05,p<0.01);并且应激组大鼠前脑皮层和海马突触体膜流动性显著降低(p<0.05,p<0.01);而突触体内游离Ca2+浓度的显著增加(p<0.05,p<0.01)。停止应激后一周,应激大鼠的各项指标有所恢复,但仍未达到正常水平。研究结果提示,慢性应激引起大鼠明显的开场行为改变和空间学习记忆功能障碍,这些变化可能与突触体膜流动性和突触体内游离Ca2+浓度的变化密切相关。

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1 It has not been uniform to date that the Ginkgo biloba extracts enhance cognitive function in aged animals, and the mechanisms of action remain difficult to elucidate. In this study, the Morris water maze task and electrophysiological methods were used

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Wistar rats, treated with the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol, were used to investigate the role of the hippocampal-prelimbic cortical (Hip-PLC) circuit in spatial learning in the Morris water maze task, and in passive avoidance learning in the step-thr

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1、KMBZ-009 改善高台应激所致认知障碍和应激相关的抑郁样行为及其相关机理 研究。 虽然适当的应激会提高动物的学习记忆功能,但过量的应激特别是无法逃避 的应激,往往导致依赖海马或前额叶的学习记忆功能受损,这与应激改变脑内应 激激素(皮质酮,皮质醇等)和神经递质的释放,影响突触传递和可塑性(包括 长时程增强和长时程抑制,LTP 和LTD)有关。一些疾病的发生、发展和恶化, 比如抑郁症(Depression)、创伤后应激障碍(PTSD),往往也和应激相关联,其 神经化学基础被证实与内分泌系统和单胺类(如五羟色,去甲肾上腺素,多巴胺) 神经递质系统的功能密切相关。遗憾的是,到目前为止还没有发现能治疗应激的 药物。本实验室过去的研究证实:KMBZ-009(申报新药时的名称为芬克罗酮,英 文名Phenchlobenpyrrone)——一种新的取代吡咯烷酮类化合物,通过调节细胞 内钙,改变脑内神经递质的释放,从而影响脑高级功能。KMBZ-009 对神经递质 释放影响是否能减轻应激导致的认知障碍及应激相关疾病的发生还没有进行研 究。本研究采用Morris 水迷宫、行为操作箱、绝望游泳、膜片钳和活体电生理 技术研究了KMBZ-009 对高台应激所致认知障碍和应激相关的抑郁样行为的影响 及其相关机理。 研究结果发现,高台应激或皮质酮注射造成大鼠空间记忆提取障碍,这与其 导致的海马CA1 区突触可塑性改变有关,而KMBZ-009 能成剂量依赖性地逆转应 激对空间记忆提取的损伤作用,这与它阻断应激或皮质酮异化的LTD 和恢复应激 或皮质酮损伤的LTP 密切相关。KMBZ-009 能部分地降低因应激而升高的血清皮 质酮含量,此外,KMBZ-009 对大鼠海马CA1 区锥体神经元的兴奋和抑制电流的 影响可能也参与了其对应激的调节作用。KMBZ-009 能显著增加海马CA1 区锥体 神经元上AMPA 受体介导的兴奋性突触后电流(EPSC)的幅度,但不影响其动力 学特性。NMDA 受体介导的EPSC 不受KMBZ-009 的影响;GABA 受体介导的抑制突 触后电流(IPSC)的幅度几乎不受KMBZ-009 的影响,而其受体动力学特性明显 被KMBZ-009 改变,表现为IPSC 恢复的时间显著延长。KMBZ-009 对CA1 区兴奋 抑制电流的调节作用,使大鼠海马细胞具有更强的维持细胞稳态的能力,从而避免应激导致神经元功能的损害。KMBZ-009 对抗应激对认知得损伤作用提示其可 能会减少动物的抑郁样行为,本实验结果发现,KMBZ-009 确实能明显减少小鼠 在强迫游泳(FST)中的不动时间,增加大鼠在72 秒低频差式强化(DRL-72s) 模型中的强化率,并降低其反应率。其机制是KMBZ-009 增加正常动物中枢神经 系统胞外NE 水平,激活alpha 和beta 肾上腺素受体,从而使得实验动物的抑郁 样行为明显减少。 2、KMBZ-009 减轻氧化应激对细胞活力、线粒体电位及海马LTP 的损伤作用。 前人的研究表明,氧自由基过多是导致老年痴呆患者和老年人神经细胞凋亡 与认知障碍的因素之一。KMBZ-009 和阿尼西坦是吡咯烷酮类化合物,研究显示 均具有促智作用。有报道指出阿尼西坦能减少神经胶质细胞在缺血缺氧时氧自由 基的生成,从而避免细胞受到氧应激损伤。本研究采用神经元原代培养和离体电 生理学方法,观察了KMBZ-009 和阿尼西坦对氧应激神经元的保护作用。结果发 现,KMBZ-009 和阿尼西坦均能保护氧应激神经元的线粒体的功能,对抗氧自由 基对神经元细胞活力的损伤,从而有效逆转了氧化应激对海马脑片CA1 区LTP 的 损伤作用。KMBZ-009 的作用效果比阿尼西坦的效果强10 倍。 3、银杏叶提取物及复方制剂改善老年大鼠空间学习记忆的突触可塑性机理。 有研究表明,银杏叶和三七叶提取物能调节神经系统的功能。本研究采用 Morris 水迷宫和活体电生理技术研究了银杏三七复方制剂及银杏叶提取物(以 标准银杏叶提取物——金纳多作为阳性对照药)改善老年大鼠空间学习记忆障碍 的突触可塑性机理研究。结果发现:老年大鼠空间学习记忆能力较差,高频诱导 不能在其海马CA1 区引发LTP,当长期服用金纳多或复方制剂一个月后,老年动 物的空间学习记忆功能得到明显改善,这可能与药物增强海马LTP 有密切关系。 复方制剂的作用效果与金纳多的效果相当。 4、悬尾应激损伤避暗作业学习行为的多巴胺D1 受体机制。 近年来的研究表明,DA 系统对应激非常敏感,应激改变PFC 内DA 的含量, 从而导致依赖于PFC 的工作记忆受损。但目前尚不知道应激对DA 系统的影响是 否涉及依赖杏仁核和海马的情绪学习记忆功能。因此,我们采用被动回避作业和 行为药理学的方法,初步探讨了此问题。结果发现:和对照组动物相比,随着悬 尾应激持续时间的增加(5min、10min、20min),动物在避暗作业作业重测试中的步入潜伏期明显缩短,当动物被悬尾应激后回到鼠笼中休息20min,其步入潜 伏期无明显变化;腹腔注射DA D1 受体拮抗剂SCH23390 呈剂量依赖性地缩短动 物的步入潜伏期,但SCH23390 腹腔注射和悬尾应激共同处理实验动物时,此种 D1 受体拮抗剂能有效逆转应激对步入潜伏期的影响;进一步的研究发现,应激 或D1 受体拮抗剂对痛觉感受的影响不是其改变动物步入潜伏期的主要因素。本 研究结果表明悬尾应激导致脑内多巴胺释放过度增加,杏仁核(可能还有海马及 相关神经回路)内的D1 受体被过度激活,从而导致小鼠在操作被动回避任务时 的记忆获得障碍。

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突触可塑性参与学习记忆,是学习记忆过程中必不可少的重要环节。应激能损伤或提高学习记忆、抑制长时程增强(Long一termPotentiation,LTP)、易化长时程抑制(Long一termdePressfon,LTD)。然而,应激经历依赖的长时程抑制(StressexperiencedePendentLTD,SLTD)在学习记忆中有什么意义还不清楚,这正是本文首先要探讨问题。其次,尽管我们在不同年龄时期的学习记忆能力不同,但是对所经历的重大应激事件仍然能产生牢固的记忆,这就有必要进一步通过阐明应激对突触可塑性的影响是否有年龄差异来解释SLTD的意义。再者,我们甚至不清楚为什么有的时候应激损伤学习记忆而有的时候又提高学习记忆。为了阐明这个问题,本文在最后一部分研究了哪些因素决定应激损伤还是提高学习记忆。为了探讨SLTD与学习记忆的关系,我们在第一部分实验中研究急性或亚急性的高台(ElevatedPlatform,EP)或足部电击(Footshock,Fs)对4周龄诚star大鼠海马CAI区LTD诱导的影响,以及这些应激条件对大鼠空间学习记忆的影响。结果显示:(l)急性EP易化LTD,亚急性EP不易化LTD;急性和亚急性FS都易化了LTD。(2)急性EP损伤空间记忆,亚急性EP对空间记忆没有影响;急性FS不影响空间记忆,亚急性FS却提高了空间记忆。这部分的实验结果表明:sLTD存在与否与应激对空间记忆的影响不是一一对应的关系,提示sLTD可能参与了应激记忆(对应激经历产生的记忆)。如果SLTD参与应激记忆,那么,研究应激对突触可塑性的影响是否有年龄依赖性将有助于解释不同年龄时期的学习记忆能力不同但是都能牢固记忆应激事件这一现象。为此,我们在第二部分实验中进一步研究EP对幼年、中年和老年动物(4,10和74周龄的Wistar大鼠)海马CAI区LTP/LTD诱导的影响。结果表明:(1)没有应激的情况下,LTP的大小随动物年龄的增加呈明显的倒U型关系,而低频刺激都不能诱导出LTD。(2)EP易化了这些年龄段大鼠的LTD,并完全阻断它们的LTP。值得注意的是,在三个年龄段大鼠中,EP易化的LTD大小一样。该部分实验结果提示:SLTD没有年龄依赖性,这与人和动物在不同年龄时期对所受到的重大应激事件都能产生牢固记忆这一现象相一致。所以,该部分结果进一步加强了第一部分结果的推测:SLTD参与应激记忆。应激有的时候提高动物的空间记忆能力,有的时候又损伤其空间记忆。为了阐明是什么因素决定应激损伤还是提高学习记忆,我们在第三部分实验中研究EP、FS和水迷宫游泳应激经历对六个年龄段动物(4,10,13,20,67,76周龄)在水迷宫任务中的影响。结果显示:(l)EP应激损伤无水迷宫游泳应激经历大鼠的空间记忆。(2)EP应激提高有游泳应激经历幼年大鼠的空间记忆;训练前外源性补充皮质酮或FS都抑制皮质酮或FS导致的空间记忆受损。(3)糖皮质激素受体的拮抗剂RU38486阻断上述的空间记忆成绩提高。所以,不同的应激经历和动物年龄两个因素共同决定了应激损伤还是提高学习记忆。

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一、大鼠海马-前额叶回路在学习记忆中的作用 解剖学研究证实大鼠和猴的海马结构(hippocampal formation, HF;本文‘海马 (hippocampus, Hip)’一词即指海马结构)和前额叶 (prefrontal cortex, PFC) 之间存在一条单向、同侧和单突触的神经回路,即海马-前额叶回路(Hip-PFC回路)。Hip和PFC均参与学习记忆等多种认知功能,PFC是工作记忆的关键脑区,而Hip是空间参考记忆的关键脑区。虽然人们已经对PFC和Hip进行了广泛深入的研究,但对Hip-PFC回路参与哪些认知功能还知之甚少。本研究的目的就是通过暂时阻断Hip-PFC回路,探讨其在学习和记忆中的作用。 在大鼠,Hip-PFC回路中的纤维主要从Hip腹部 (ventral hippocampus, VH)发出,投射到PFC的前边缘皮质(prelimbic cortex, PLC)、下边缘皮质 (infralimbic cortex, ILC) 和外侧前额叶 (lateral prefrontal cortex) 等亚区,其中PLC是Hip-PFC主要投射的区域。我们通过给动物安装慢性导管向脑内注射GABAA受体激动剂muscimol (MU) 阻断Hip-PFC回路。注射位点包括 ①双侧PLC,②双侧VH,③一侧VH和对侧PLC (VH-PLC)。我们首先观察了在PLC或VH局部注射MU对自由活动大鼠PLC和VH脑电功率的影响,并以此确定在行为实验中所用蝇蕈醇的剂量。然后采用T-迷宫空间交互延缓作业 (spatial delayed alternation task) 测试Hip-PFC回路被阻断的动物的空间工作记忆功能;采用被动回避作业 (passive avoidance task) 测试其情绪相关记忆的能力(训练前给药;24 h后重测试);采用Morris水迷宫作业 (Morris water maze task) 测试其空间参考记忆的能力(每天训练前给药;训练期(3 d)结束24 h后重测试)。结果表明:在大鼠PLC或VH局部注射0.5 μg/0.25μl MU后30 min显著抑制VH 和PLC的脑电功率 (VH, p < 0.01; PLC, p < 0.05 vs. PBS/baseline)。注射MU (0.5 μg/0.25μl) 到 ①双侧PLC、②双侧VH、③VH-PLC均显著降低动物在空间交互延缓作业 (All p < 0.001, vs. PBS) 和空间Morris水迷宫作业中的成绩 (All p < 0.05, vs. PBS),表明Hip-PFC回路在空间工作记忆(空间短时记忆)和在空间参考记忆(空间长时记忆)中均起重要作用。在空间交互延缓作业中,双侧PLC被抑制的大鼠的成绩显著低于双侧VH或VH-PLC被抑制的动物,说明PFC在空间工作记忆功能中占有主导地位。在被动回避作业中,双侧VH被抑制动物的回避反应的潜伏期显著短于对照动物 (p < 0.05 vs. PBS),说明双侧VH被抑制动物的情绪记忆受损;而双侧PLC或VH-PLC被抑制的动物其回避反应的潜伏期与对照动物无显著差异 (PLC, p > 0.9; VH-PLC, p > 0.3 vs. PBS),表明双侧PLC或VH-PLC被抑制的动物情绪记忆正常。被动回避作业的结果说明VH参与情绪记忆的形成,但Hip-PFC回路在情绪记忆形成中不起重要作用。 以上结果表明,大鼠Hip-PFC回路参与空间工作记忆和空间参考记忆而不是情绪记忆功能。情绪记忆的关键脑结构是杏仁复合体 (amygdala complex, AMC),VH与AMC有密切的纤维联系。VH被抑制的大鼠情绪记忆受损,说明情绪记忆可能与AMC-Hip回路有关。情绪记忆与空间记忆(参考记忆和工作记忆)在解剖上的分离说明,对于不同类型的记忆来说,其在脑内的信息加工过程是并行的。神经回路内部的信息加工过程则是串行的,回路上任何一个结构的破坏均可导致回路功能的损伤。本研究的结果为学习记忆的“多重记忆系统”理论和记忆信息加工的串行并行机制提供了新的实验证据。 二、芬克罗酮改善成年恒河猴空间工作记忆的谷氨酸机制 芬克罗酮是中科院昆明植物所郝小江等合成的取代吡咯烷酮类化合物。中科院昆明动物所蔡景霞等发现芬克罗酮能改善东莨菪碱、育亨宾等导致的多种动物的不同类型的学习记忆障碍,提高老年动物的学习记忆能力,尤其是老年猴的空间工作记忆。已证实芬克罗酮为部分钙激动剂,可使脑缺血沙土鼠脑内升高的谷氨酸降低,而使正常的沙土鼠海马胞外谷氨酸释放增加。那么芬克罗酮能否提高正常动物的学习记忆,其对正常动物学习记忆的提高是否与其增加谷氨酸的释放有关?本研究采用空间延缓反应作业和谷氨酸NMDA受体拮抗剂MK-801在正常成年猴恒河猴上探讨了以上问题。 结果表明,口服芬克罗酮可显著提高成年猴的空间工作记忆,其量效曲线呈倒‘U’形,符合许多促智药的量效特点。0.25 mg/kg和0.5 mg/kg为芬克罗酮的最佳有效剂量 (p < 0.05 vs. 安慰剂)。肌注MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) 显著降低成年猴的空间工作记忆 (p < 0.01 vs. 安慰剂),而口服2.0 mg/kg和4.0 mg/kg的芬克罗酮则显著改善MK-801导致的工作记忆障碍 (p < 0.05 vs. MK-801)。芬克罗酮的所有测试剂量不影响猴在作业中的反应时 (p > 0.05 vs. 安慰剂),表明芬克罗酮在该剂量范围不影响动物的运动能力。 本研究结果提示,芬克罗酮可能通钙激动作用促进谷氨酸的释放,在一定剂量范围内提高胞外谷氨酸水平,提高正常动物的空间工作记忆等认知功能。 关键词:芬克罗酮,恒河猴,空间工作记忆,空间延缓反应作业,谷氨酸,MK-801

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BACKGROUND: Hypoxia and ischemia induce neuronal damage, decreased neuronal numbers and synaptophysin levels, and deficits in learning and memory functions. Previous studies have shown that lycium barbarum polysaccharide, the most effective component of barbary wolfberry fruit, has protective effects on neural cells in hypoxia-ischemia. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Naotan Pill on glutamate-treated neural cells and on cognitive function in juvenile rats following hypoxia-ischemia. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The randomized, controlled, in vivo study was performed at the Cell Laboratory of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Gansu Provincial Rehabilitation Center Hospital, China from December 2005 to August 2006. The cellular neurobiology, in vitro experiment was conducted at the Institute of Human Anatomy, Histology, Embryology and Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, and Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Gansu Provincial Rehabilitation Center Hospital, China from March 2007 to January 2008. MATERIALS: Naotan Pill, composed of barbary wolfberry fruit, danshen root, grassleaf sweetflag rhizome, and glossy privet fruit, was prepared by Gansu Provincial Rehabilitation Center, China. Rabbit anti-synaptophysin, choline acetyl transferase polyclonal antibody, streptavidin-biotin complex kit and diaminobenzidine kit (Boster, Wuhan, China), as well as glutamate (Hualian, Shanghai, China) were used in this study. METHODS: Cortical neural cells were isolated from neonatal Wistar rats. Neural cell damage models were induced using glutamate, and administered Naotan Pill prior to and following damage. A total of 54 juvenile Wistar rats were equally and randomly assigned into model, Naotan Pill, and sham operation groups. The left common carotid artery was ligated, and then rat models of hypoxic-ischemic injury were assigned to the model and Naotan Pill groups. At 2 days following model induction, rats in the Naotan Pill group were administered Naotan Pill suspension for 21 days. In the model and sham operation groups, rats received an equal volume of saline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Neural cell morphology was observed using an inverted phase contrast microscope. Survival rate of neural cells was measured by MTT assay. Synaptophysin and choline acetyl transferase expression was observed in the hippocampal CA1 region of juvenile rats using immunohistochemistry. Cognitive function was tested by the Morris water maze. RESULTS: Pathological changes were detected in glutamate-treated neural cells. Neural cell morphology remained normal after Naotan Pill intervention. Absorbance and survival rate of neural cells were significantly greater following Naotan Pill intervention, compared to glutamate-treated neural cells (P < 0.05). Synaptophysin and choline acetyl transferase expression was lowest in the hippocampal CA1 region in the model group and highest in the sham operation group. Significant differences among groups were observed (P < 0.05). Escape latency and swimming distance were significantly longer in the model group compared to the Naotan Pill group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Naotan Pill exhibited protective and repair effects on glutamate-treated neural cells. Naotan Pill upregulated synaptophysin and choline acetyl transferase expression in the hippocampus and improved cognitive function in rats following hypoxia-ischemia.

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Fucoidan fractions from the brown seaweed Chorda filum were studied using solvolytic desulfation.Methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy were applied for native and desulfated polysaccharides.Homefucan sulfate from C.filum was shown to contain poly-a-(1-3)-fucopyranoside backbone with a high degree of branching,mainly of a-(1-2)-linked single units.Some fucopyranose residues are sulfated at O-4(mainly) and O-2 positions.Some a-(1-3)-linked fucose residues were shown by NMR to be 2-O-acetylated.The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of desulfated,deaceylated fucan were complerely assigned.THe spectral data obtained correspond to a quasiregular polysaccharide structure with a branched hexasaccharide repeating unit.Other fucoidan frations from C.filum have more complex carbohydrate composition and give rather complex methvlation patterns.

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Nine cases of standard addition methods in instrumental analysis, including linear instruments, a non-linear response, the electrochemical Nernst equation, and radiochemical techniques.