青藏高原东部植物生态特征在季节性雪厚度梯度上的变化

本文以青藏高原东部的高山草甸为研究对象，设置早融、中间及晚融三个融雪部位，采用实验室测量、野外测量、野外样方调查相结合的 方法，从个体、种群和群落的水平上比较研究了高山雪场植物在同一雪场样地中不同融雪梯度上的特征变异及适应，结果表明： 从早融到晚融的梯度上，随着融雪时间的逐渐推迟，表土日温差降低，冻融交替的强度减弱，土壤水份逐渐增加，总N、总P、总K 以及 可溶性的N、P 和pH 变化不明显，土壤有机质及可溶性的K 和Ca 逐渐降低。冻融交替强度上的差异以及土壤水分差异被认为是融雪梯度上 影响植物生长的主要原因。 从早融到晚融的梯度上，伴随着生态因子的改变，几种常见植物的个体特征也发生相应的变化。首先，物候期推迟。植物开始生长的时间 一般要推迟将近二十天，但同一种植物在不同的融雪部位上的衰老期趋于一致，这预示着在晚融部位同一植物的生长期要缩短。其次，个体生 长特性发生改变。黑褐穗苔草（Carex atrofusca subsp. minor (Boott) T.Koyama）和西北黄芪（Astragalus fenzelianus Pet.-Stib.）的个体生长（株高、单株叶数、单叶面积和地上生物量）表现为逐渐增加的趋势；斑唇马先蒿（Pedicularis longiflora Rudolph var. tubiformis (Klotz.) Tsoong）和川西小黄菊（Pyrethrum tatsienense (Bur. et Franch.) Ling ex Shih.）则表现为逐渐降低的趋势；长叶火绒草（Leontopodium longifolium Ling）在融雪梯度上的变化趋势不明显。再次，从繁殖特性来看，大卫马先蒿（Pedicularis davidii var. pentodon Tsoong）的单株花数、单花种子数、种子千粒重及种子萌发率随融雪的推迟呈现为逐渐增加的趋势；圆穗蓼（Polygonum macrophyllum D.Don）的种子（小坚果）千粒重和萌发率也表现为逐渐增加，其余繁殖特征变化不明显。 在种群层次上，几个常见物种的分布格局随着融雪的推迟都发生一定的变化，基本上表现为从早融的集群分布到中间或晚融部位的随机分布。物种间的联结性也发生较大的变化，由早融部位的总体上的正关联逐步过度到晚融部位上的总体上的负关联。特定种对间的联结性也发生较大的变化。恶劣环境条件（如剧烈的冻融交替）的影响以及对恶劣条件适应被认为是分布格局及种间联结性发生变化的主要原因。 在群落层次上，物种多样性的变化表现为单峰曲线的格局，即在中间部位多样性最高。早融部位强烈的冻融交替和晚融部位缩短的生长季是早融及晚融部位物种多样性不高的重要原因。几乎所有的只出现在一个融雪部位（雪深级别）上的物种都发生在中间融雪部位。这说明，中等的雪深更有利于许多高山植物的存活，而过浅过深的积雪都不利于植物的生存。另外，相距较近的融雪梯度之间的物种相似性较大，而相距较远的梯度之间物种的替代率较高，物种的相似性较小。在群落的生物量方面，地上生物量随融雪的推迟而升高，地下生物量随融雪的推迟而下降，地上与地下生物量之总和随着融雪的推迟而下降，地下生物量与地上生物量之比随着融雪的推迟而下降。早融部位的地上生物量主要集中于地上0-10cm 的范围内，表明在早融部位植物地上部分有变矮的趋势；早融部位的地下生物量在土壤各深度分布相对较均一，而晚融部位地下生物量则主要集中于地下0-10cm 的范围内。生物量的变化趋势主要与雪场中各部位的土壤水分含量及地表日温度差异有关，是植物适应特定环境的结果。 To detect the plants’ responses to snow-cover gradients in an alpine meadow of eastern Tibetan plateau, laboratory method and field sample plot method were employed, and three gradeients （early-, medium and late-melting）were established in a natural snowbed. The measurements were carried out for two years and was done on three levels——individual, population and community. The results are shown as follows : From early- to late-melting gradients, daily ground temperature difference between day and night decreased, amplitude of freeze-thaw alternation weakened, soil organic matter contents and soluble K and Ca decreased, while soil water content increased. Total N, total P, total K，pH soluble N and soluble P kept constant from early- to late-melting portions. Among these factors, the changes of intense freeze-thaw alternation and soil water contents were considered as main factors affecting plants’ growth. From early- to late-melting portions, all phenological phases postponed, e.g. phase of plant emergence postponed almost twenty days. However, the same species’ individuals at different portions withered in step, which implied that the individuals at late-melting portion possessed shorter growing season length. Along the same gradient, both Carex atrofusca subsp. minor (Boott) T. Koyama and Astragalus fenzelianus Pet.-Stib. increased their individual growth, whereas Pedicularis longiflora Rudolph var. tubiformis (Klotz.) Tsoong and Pyrethrum tatsienense (Bur. et Franch.) Ling ex Shih. decreased their individual growth. Unlike the four plants mentioned above, Leontopodium longifolium L. did not show any evident change. As to reproductive charateristics, the flowers per individual, the number of seeds per flower, the thousand seed weight and the seed germination rate of Pedicularis davidii var. pentodon showed an increasing trend; and Polygonum macrophyllum D.Don also increased its thousand seed weight and seed germination rate along the same gradient. However, the other reproductive charateristics of Polygonum macrophyllum D.Don did not change significantly. At population level, the distribution pattern of several selected species changed from cluster pattern to random pattern as the snowmelt postponed. Overall association among the species changed from positive to negative along the same gradient. Further, interspecific association also changed evidently. Adverse circumstances such as intense freeze-thaw alternation were considered as primary factors resulting in changes of population distribution pattern and interspecific association. At the level of community, species diversity showed a pattern of a unimodal trend, i.e. the highest diversity occurred at medium snow depth，perhaps because of intense freeze-thaw alternation at early-melting portions and the shortest growing season at late-melting portions. Almost all species that only appeared at one snowmelt portion occurred at medium portion, indicating that medium snow depth was more suitable for many species’ survival. Species replacement from one snowmelt portion to its neighboring portion seldom took place. However, while distance between two portions became farther, species replacement between the two portions occurred more frequently. As for biomass, aboveground biomass increased from early- to late-melting portions, whereas belowground biomass, total biomass and the ratio of belowground to aboveground all decreased along the same snow gradient. A majority of aboveground biomass distributed in a height range of 0-10 cm, suggesting that height of plants inhabiting early-melting portion be shorter compared with other portions. In addition, belowground biomass at early-melting portion was evenly distributed at different soil depth in comparison with aboveground biomass, whereas belowground biomass at late-melting portion concentrated 0-10cm soil layer below ground. The changing trend of biomass was also related to two factors. One was soil water content, and the other topsoil temperature difference between day and night.

Determination and identification of isoflavonoids in Radix astragali by matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection

The isoflavonoids in Radix astragali were determined and identified by HPLC-photodiode array detection-MS after extraction employing matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD). As a new sample preparation method for R. astragali, the MSPD procedure was optimized, validated and compared with conventional methods including ultrasonic and Soxhlet extraction. The amounts of two major components in this herb, formononetin (6) and ononin (2), were determined based on their authentic standards. Four major isoflavonoids, formononetin (6), ononin (2), calycosin (5) and its glycoside (1), and three minor isoflavonoids, (6aR,11aR)-3-hydroxy-9, 10-dimethoxypterocarpan (7), its glycoside (3), and (3R)-7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyisoflavone-7-O-beta-D-glycoside (4), were identified based on their characteristic two-band UV spectra and [M + H](+), [aglycone + H](+) and [A1 + H](+) ions, etc. The combined MSPD and HPLC-DAD-MS method was suitable for quantitative and qualitative determination of the isoflavonoids in R. astragali. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

科尔沁西部碱化草甸草地改良配套技术试验研究

对科尔沁西部典型重度碱化草地进行了改良试验研究,采用的方法包括翻耙补播沙打旺Astragalus adsurgens、施N肥、施土壤改良剂(石膏)。经过3年改良试验,结果表明,这些技术的有机结合可以显著地提高碱化草甸草地牧草的产量和质量,土壤理化性质明显改善:翻耙补播沙打旺增加草地产量2.18-3.52倍;土壤容重、pH值、含盐量下降;土壤水分状况、孔隙度、有机C、全N、速效N、速效P等均明显增加;在翻耙补播的基础上施用(NH4)2SO475-225 kg/hm2和CaSO41 500-4 500 kg/hm2,牧草产量可分别提高4.5%-20.2%和17.4%-49.9%。

黄土丘陵区仁用杏园不宜间作沙打旺

在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区对清耕和问作沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)6年、4年、2年仁用杏园0～500cm土层土壤水分、有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量及树体生长状况进行了测定,结果表明,间作沙打旺,除了在秋季提高了0～100cm土层土壤水分以外,在春季、夏季和秋季均显著降低了0～500cm土层土壤水分,且间作沙打旺年限越长,降低越显著。间作沙打旺提高了0～100cm土层土壤有机质和全氮含量,间作年限越长效果越显著,但对100cm土层以下的土壤有机质和全氮无显著影响。间作沙打旺对土壤全磷含量无显著影响。间作沙打旺显著降低了土壤速效养分含量,其中速效氮降低深度达500cm土层,速效磷、速效钾达300cm土层,且间作年限越长,降低越显著。间作沙打旺显著削弱了树体的长势,降低了坐果率和杏仁产量。间作沙打旺存在着与仁用杏争水争肥的矛盾,黄土丘陵沟壑区仁用杏园不宜间作沙打旺。

施氮和不同栽培模式对半湿润农田生态系统冬小麦根系特征的影响

在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区对清耕和问作沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)6年、4年、2年仁用杏园0～500cm土层土壤水分、有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量及树体生长状况进行了测定,结果表明,间作沙打旺,除了在秋季提高了0～100cm土层土壤水分以外,在春季、夏季和秋季均显著降低了0～500cm土层土壤水分,且间作沙打旺年限越长,降低越显著。间作沙打旺提高了0～100cm土层土壤有机质和全氮含量,间作年限越长效果越显著,但对100cm土层以下的土壤有机质和全氮无显著影响。间作沙打旺对土壤全磷含量无显著影响。间作沙打旺显著降低了土壤速效养分含量,其中速效氮降低深度达500cm土层,速效磷、速效钾达300cm土层,且间作年限越长,降低越显著。间作沙打旺显著削弱了树体的长势,降低了坐果率和杏仁产量。间作沙打旺存在着与仁用杏争水争肥的矛盾,黄土丘陵沟壑区仁用杏园不宜间作沙打旺。

膜荚黄芪氮磷钾优化施肥模式研究

采用氮、磷、钾三因素二次D-饱和最优设计,通过田间试验建立了氮、磷、钾的施肥量编码值与膜荚黄芪根产量、多糖含量的效应函数。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥对膜荚黄芪根产量的增产作用大小依次为氮肥>钾肥>磷肥;氮、磷、钾肥对黄芪多糖含量的作用大小依次为钾肥>磷肥>氮肥,其中钾肥为负效应,氮肥、磷肥为正效应。寻优结果表明,膜荚黄芪目标产量在6000～7000 kg/hm~2之间,95%置信区间的优化施肥量为N 66.85～102.92 kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 64.64～94.95 kg/hm~2、K_2O 119.78～166.48kg/hm~2;膜荚黄芪多糖含量在13%～14%之间,95%置信区间的优化施肥量为N 66.85～102.92kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 64.64～94.95kg/hm~2、K_2O 119.78～166.48 kg/hm~2;膜荚黄芪高产优质高效栽培优化施肥量为N 99.52～102.92kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 94.20～94.95kg/hm~2、K_2O 119.78～166.48kg/hm~2,N、P_2O_5、K_2O的最佳比例为1:0.92～0.95:1.16～1....

黄芪幼苗N,P,K营养缺乏症状和生理特性研究

黄芪是我国重要的传统大宗药材,以豆科紫云英属植物膜荚黄芪Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)或蒙古黄芪A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.Var.mongolicusBge.Hsiao.的干燥根系入药[1],具有补中益气、降压利尿、排脓消痈、脱毒生肌、滋养肌肤等多种功效,现代临床及药理研究证明,黄芪还有增强肌体免疫功能,促进抗体合成等作用,有关黄芪的药理活性及其有效成分已得到了较为深入的研究[2-4],随着黄芪市场需求量的增加,野生黄芪资源已难以满足需求,人工栽培黄芪受到重视,并且初具规模。田间栽培黄芪的营养特性和施肥管理是人工栽培质量和产量的理论基础。有关氮磷钾化肥用量及其比例对黄芪生长及产量的影响已有一些研究[5,6],但由于黄芪生长中的营养元素比例不平衡现象时常发生,至于某一种营养元素缺乏时黄芪的外观特征表现,目前尚未见报道,出现缺素症状时难以判断,限制对黄芪及时进行营养调控,对人工栽培黄芪的质量与产量产生影响。本研究的目的是研究黄芪生长中的营养缺乏时的外观表现特征和生理特性变化。本试验采用溶液培养的方法,在氮、磷、钾营养元素缺乏条件下,对黄芪的生长发育状况、营...

原子吸收光谱法测定膜荚黄芪不同器官矿质元素含量

应用混合酸HNO3-HClO4(4∶1)在常压微沸条件下对膜荚黄芪根系及茎叶样品进行消解,采用原子吸收光谱法测定了膜荚黄芪不同器官即根及茎叶中五种人体必需矿质元素K,Fe,Zn,Mn和Cu含量,并对结果进行了统计分析与比较。该方法标准曲线相关系数为0.997 3~0.999 9,加标回收率为92.88%~109.25%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为0.393 5%~3.175 2%。方法简单,结果可靠。结果显示,膜荚黄芪根及茎叶中5种矿质元素含量顺序均为K>Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu。膜荚黄芪不同器官矿质元素含量不同,根中富含Fe,Zn,Cu元素,根内Fe含量是茎叶的1.54倍。茎叶中也含有丰富的矿质元素,特别是K和Mn元素。茎叶中K含量是根的1.63倍,这与黄芪的药效相符合。试验结果将为研究矿质元素在黄芪植株中的分布以及矿质元素含量与黄芪药效相关性提供理论依据。

黄土塬区3种豆科牧草对土壤水分的消耗利用研究

在田间完全旱作条件下采用3个密度和2种播种方式观察了3种多年生豆科牧草生长第2年对土壤水分的消耗利用情况。结果表明:苜蓿主要耗水深度在2~3 m,最深可达5 m,其中、高密度处理3 m以上土壤水分含量都在稳定田间持水量之下,已经开始形成土壤下伏干层;沙打旺耗水深度在0~2 m,最低含水量(11.61%)处于80~100 cm,在雨季可以恢复到稳定田间持水量之上;达乌里胡枝子主要耗水深度在1 m以上,最低含水量也在稳定田间持水量之上。单播沙打旺、苜蓿和达乌里胡枝子全生长期内对土壤水分的消耗分别为249.9、180.2和136.6 mm,水分利用效率分别是29.39、26.04和8.91 kg.mm-1.hm-2。混播、加大播种密度都会增加3种牧草土壤水分消耗,降低土壤储水量,提高干草产量和水分利用效率,但影响程度因牧草种类、播种方式以及不同的生长时段而异。

青海黄芪属新分类群

青海黄芪属新分类群:贵南黄芪Astragalus guinanicus ; 都兰黄芪Ast ragalusclulanensis ;白花松潘黄芪Astragalus polyclandous ;大花多枝黄芪Ast ragaluspolyclaclus ;长苞东俄洛黄芪Ast ragalus tongolensis ; 少毛格尔木黄芪Astragalus goluensis ;多毛多花黄芪Astragalus floridus ;白花丛生黄芪Astragalus confertus

喀斯特山区先锋植物叶片解剖特征及其生态适应性评价——以贵州花江峡谷区为例

通过研究贵州西南部典型喀斯特植被退化区花江峡谷植被现状，选取具一定经济价值和推广价值的先锋植物，采用生物显微制片技术与数理统计方法相结合，报导了6科10种分属不同生活型的植物叶片的解剖结构特征，并进行了比较和解剖因子分析。结果表明研究区喀斯特先锋植物叶片在不同种类之间具有明显差异，这些差异除受遗传因子控制外，环境因子(主要为光照和水分)也有重要作用；生活型不同对先锋植物叶片特征有一定影响，但未表现出规律性。根据叶片适应特征的差异，10种先锋植物可分为3种类型，即旱生或阳生叶类型的构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)、火棘(pyracantha fortuneana)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)；偏中生叶类型(香椿的Toona sirensis)、顶坛花椒(Zanthaxylum pinum var．dingtanensis)、黔滇木蓝(In-digofera esquirolii)、忍冬(Lomicera japonica)、紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)；偏阴生叶类型的繁缕(Stellaria media)。

湖北恩施地区发现超富集硒植物

重金属元素超富集植物（Hyperaeeumulator）是生物修复生态环境污染的最佳选择材料，在矿山土地复垦，污染土壤和水体修复方面发挥了越来越重要的作用。国内外对超富集植物的调查筛选和研究颇为重视，是当前研究的热点。硒超富集植物，不仅可用于修复生态环境污染，而且可用于提取有效的抗癌药物和开发富硒保健产品，具有重要的研究利用价值。国外早已富硒地区发现了包括豆科黄芪属（Astragalus spp），十字花科鸡冠花属（stanleya spp）、假含羞草属（Neptunia spp）等几十种超富集硒植物。

New method for analysis of Chinese herbal complex prescription and its application

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a great treasure of China, the analysis of which is an arduous task. The viewpoint that all chemical constituents of Chinese herbal complex prescription should be analyzed as a black box is elucidated for the first time. Intelligent multi-mode multi-column chromatographic system (IMMCC) with its hybrids is the basic method and HPLC Unified Method is the breakthrough for the black box analysis. Dang-Gui-Bu-Xue-Tang was selected as a typical TCM and a systematic separation method from non-aqueous mobile phase to pure water mobile phase was put forward in order to convert unknown sample to known sample. The a, c values and UV spectra of 66 components of Astragalus, 78 components of Angelica and 71 components of Dang-Gui-Bu-Xue-Tang were obtained. Intelligent optimization and peak identification method and software for complex samples were developed and the optimum multi-step multi-binary gradient curve of mobile phase for Astragalus was ascertained. The maximum error and minimum error of predicted retention time for all components of Astragalus are 8.62% and 0.05% respectively. All components of Astragalus were compared with those of Angelica and it is found that many components of Astragalus are the same as those of Angelica, while the contents of these components are different. Many components of Dang-Gui-Bu-Xue-Tang are also the same as those of Astragalus and Angelica with different contents.