146 resultados para Hip Hop, Afroamerican, U.S.A.


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一、大鼠海马-前额叶回路在学习记忆中的作用 解剖学研究证实大鼠和猴的海马结构(hippocampal formation, HF;本文‘海马 (hippocampus, Hip)’一词即指海马结构)和前额叶 (prefrontal cortex, PFC) 之间存在一条单向、同侧和单突触的神经回路,即海马-前额叶回路(Hip-PFC回路)。Hip和PFC均参与学习记忆等多种认知功能,PFC是工作记忆的关键脑区,而Hip是空间参考记忆的关键脑区。虽然人们已经对PFC和Hip进行了广泛深入的研究,但对Hip-PFC回路参与哪些认知功能还知之甚少。本研究的目的就是通过暂时阻断Hip-PFC回路,探讨其在学习和记忆中的作用。 在大鼠,Hip-PFC回路中的纤维主要从Hip腹部 (ventral hippocampus, VH)发出,投射到PFC的前边缘皮质(prelimbic cortex, PLC)、下边缘皮质 (infralimbic cortex, ILC) 和外侧前额叶 (lateral prefrontal cortex) 等亚区,其中PLC是Hip-PFC主要投射的区域。我们通过给动物安装慢性导管向脑内注射GABAA受体激动剂muscimol (MU) 阻断Hip-PFC回路。注射位点包括 ①双侧PLC,②双侧VH,③一侧VH和对侧PLC (VH-PLC)。我们首先观察了在PLC或VH局部注射MU对自由活动大鼠PLC和VH脑电功率的影响,并以此确定在行为实验中所用蝇蕈醇的剂量。然后采用T-迷宫空间交互延缓作业 (spatial delayed alternation task) 测试Hip-PFC回路被阻断的动物的空间工作记忆功能;采用被动回避作业 (passive avoidance task) 测试其情绪相关记忆的能力(训练前给药;24 h后重测试);采用Morris水迷宫作业 (Morris water maze task) 测试其空间参考记忆的能力(每天训练前给药;训练期(3 d)结束24 h后重测试)。结果表明:在大鼠PLC或VH局部注射0.5 μg/0.25μl MU后30 min显著抑制VH 和PLC的脑电功率 (VH, p < 0.01; PLC, p < 0.05 vs. PBS/baseline)。注射MU (0.5 μg/0.25μl) 到 ①双侧PLC、②双侧VH、③VH-PLC均显著降低动物在空间交互延缓作业 (All p < 0.001, vs. PBS) 和空间Morris水迷宫作业中的成绩 (All p < 0.05, vs. PBS),表明Hip-PFC回路在空间工作记忆(空间短时记忆)和在空间参考记忆(空间长时记忆)中均起重要作用。在空间交互延缓作业中,双侧PLC被抑制的大鼠的成绩显著低于双侧VH或VH-PLC被抑制的动物,说明PFC在空间工作记忆功能中占有主导地位。在被动回避作业中,双侧VH被抑制动物的回避反应的潜伏期显著短于对照动物 (p < 0.05 vs. PBS),说明双侧VH被抑制动物的情绪记忆受损;而双侧PLC或VH-PLC被抑制的动物其回避反应的潜伏期与对照动物无显著差异 (PLC, p > 0.9; VH-PLC, p > 0.3 vs. PBS),表明双侧PLC或VH-PLC被抑制的动物情绪记忆正常。被动回避作业的结果说明VH参与情绪记忆的形成,但Hip-PFC回路在情绪记忆形成中不起重要作用。 以上结果表明,大鼠Hip-PFC回路参与空间工作记忆和空间参考记忆而不是情绪记忆功能。情绪记忆的关键脑结构是杏仁复合体 (amygdala complex, AMC),VH与AMC有密切的纤维联系。VH被抑制的大鼠情绪记忆受损,说明情绪记忆可能与AMC-Hip回路有关。情绪记忆与空间记忆(参考记忆和工作记忆)在解剖上的分离说明,对于不同类型的记忆来说,其在脑内的信息加工过程是并行的。神经回路内部的信息加工过程则是串行的,回路上任何一个结构的破坏均可导致回路功能的损伤。本研究的结果为学习记忆的“多重记忆系统”理论和记忆信息加工的串行并行机制提供了新的实验证据。 二、芬克罗酮改善成年恒河猴空间工作记忆的谷氨酸机制 芬克罗酮是中科院昆明植物所郝小江等合成的取代吡咯烷酮类化合物。中科院昆明动物所蔡景霞等发现芬克罗酮能改善东莨菪碱、育亨宾等导致的多种动物的不同类型的学习记忆障碍,提高老年动物的学习记忆能力,尤其是老年猴的空间工作记忆。已证实芬克罗酮为部分钙激动剂,可使脑缺血沙土鼠脑内升高的谷氨酸降低,而使正常的沙土鼠海马胞外谷氨酸释放增加。那么芬克罗酮能否提高正常动物的学习记忆,其对正常动物学习记忆的提高是否与其增加谷氨酸的释放有关?本研究采用空间延缓反应作业和谷氨酸NMDA受体拮抗剂MK-801在正常成年猴恒河猴上探讨了以上问题。 结果表明,口服芬克罗酮可显著提高成年猴的空间工作记忆,其量效曲线呈倒‘U’形,符合许多促智药的量效特点。0.25 mg/kg和0.5 mg/kg为芬克罗酮的最佳有效剂量 (p < 0.05 vs. 安慰剂)。肌注MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) 显著降低成年猴的空间工作记忆 (p < 0.01 vs. 安慰剂),而口服2.0 mg/kg和4.0 mg/kg的芬克罗酮则显著改善MK-801导致的工作记忆障碍 (p < 0.05 vs. MK-801)。芬克罗酮的所有测试剂量不影响猴在作业中的反应时 (p > 0.05 vs. 安慰剂),表明芬克罗酮在该剂量范围不影响动物的运动能力。 本研究结果提示,芬克罗酮可能通钙激动作用促进谷氨酸的释放,在一定剂量范围内提高胞外谷氨酸水平,提高正常动物的空间工作记忆等认知功能。 关键词:芬克罗酮,恒河猴,空间工作记忆,空间延缓反应作业,谷氨酸,MK-801

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为了提高硅MSM结构光电探测器的光电响应度,制备了U型凹槽电极结构的探测器。5 V偏压下,对650 nm波长入射光的绝对光电响应度测试表明,凹槽电极结构的探测器最大光电响应度值为0.486 A/W,比同样尺寸的平版结构光电探测器提高了约6倍。文中也对比了具有抗反射膜和不具有抗反射膜的器件相对响应光谱的差别,并且比较分析了叉指间隙分别为5μm和10μm器件光电响应的不同。

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For an orthotropic laminate, an equivalent system with doubly cyclic periodicity is introduced. Then a 3-dimensional finite element model for the equivalent system is transformed into the unitary space, where the large finite element matrix equation is decoupled into some small matrix equations. Such a decoupling very efficiently reduces the computational effort. For an orthotropic laminate with four clamped edges, no exact elasticity solution is available, and the deflection values predicted by different methods have a considerable difference each other for a small length-to-thickness ratio. The present predictions are the largest because the present method is a full 3-dimensional finite element analysis without superfluous constraints. Illustrative numerical examples are presented to observe the distributions of stresses through the thickness of the laminates. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Abstract A state-of-the-art high energy heavy ion microbeam irradiation system is constructed at the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. This microbeam system operates in both full current intensity mode and single ion mode. It delivers a predefined number of ions to preselected targets for research in biology and material science. The characteristic of this microbeam system is high energy and vertical irradiation. A quadrupole focusing system, in combination with a series of slits, has been designed to optimize the spatial resolution. A symmetrically achromatic system leads the beam downwards and serves simultaneously as an energy analyzer. A high gradient quadrupole triplet finally focuses a C6+ ion beam to 1 µm in the vacuum chamber within the energy range from 10 MeV/u to 100 MeV/u. In this paper, the IMP microbeam system is described in detail. A systematic investigation of the ion beam optics of this microbeam system is presented together with the associated aberrations. Comparison is made between the IMP microbeam system and the other existing systems to further discuss the performance of this microbeam. Then the optimized initial beam parameters are given for high resolution and high hitting efficiency. At last, the experiment platform is briefly introduced.