341 resultados para Hengduan Mountains region
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前人对横断山区特有植物的宏生态学研究已有一定的资料积累,对横断山区在全球生物多样性保护中的关键地位和特有现象已有基本共识:(1)横断山区是全球生物多样性关键地区和生物多样性优先重点保护的热点地区之一;(2)横断山区不仅是中国的三大特有植物分布中心之一,而且是新特有中心和物种分化中心,特有现象的生态成因大于历史成因。横断山区种子植物种类丰富,且具有较高的特有现象,其中既有古特有成分也有新特有成分但更多的是新特有成分。但目前,关于横断山区特有现象与生态特征、特有种分布与物种丰富度、特有种丰富度与海拔梯度以及植被的关系等仍缺乏深入的研究。针对上述问题,本论文初步研究了横断山区(1)特有种的生活型、种子散布方式、传粉方式和繁育系统等生态特征,各生态特征之间的相关关系,以及它们的进化地位;(2)特有种的水平分布格局及环境成因;和(3)特有种和生态特征沿海拔梯度的变化规律。主要结论如下: 1.横断山区含特有植物2396个分类群(包括种、亚种和变种),隶属于372属90科。特有类群在372个属中的分布非常不均匀,约一半的特有类群(50.2%)集中分布在较少的属中(占总属数的6%),含特有类群的属大小差异很大,重要的大属是:马先蒿属、乌头属、杜鹃花属、翠雀属、紫堇属、虎耳草属、报春花属、小檗属、黄芪属、凤毛菊属、蚤缀属、橐吾属、龙胆属、景天属、柳属、苔草属、香茶菜属、凤仙花属、紫菀属、鼠尾草属和蝇子草属等,这些属多以横断山为分布和分化中心,为新特有成分。另外,地面芽植物和隐芽植物等占有绝对优势,而矮高位芽植物、高位芽植物、地面芽植物等占有较低的比例,反映了该特有区系的高山、亚高山植物区系特点,但又不乏与热带植物区系的渊源。与世界其它高山地区相比,该特有区系中的地面芽植物、隐芽植物和一年生植物有较高的比例。 2.草本、风力散布种子、昆虫传粉和两性花等为该特有植物区系的优势生态特征。除传粉方式和生活型间无明显的相互作用外,其它生态特征间都存在明显的正相关关系。定量化研究结果表明该特有区系特有种的传粉方式进化可塑性很小,处于保守(或原始)的进化地位。相反,种子散布方式和繁育系统的进化可塑性较大,处于衍生(或进化)的进化地位,是不同种系在历史发育过程中不同阶段的产物。生活型的进化地位在种间有较大的分异,具较小或较大可塑性的各占有一定的比例,因此生活型中既保留处于保守(或原始)的进化地位也有处于衍生(或进化)的进化地位,两种进化状态的生活型在该特有区系中并存,该特征不但是种系在进化早期决定的,同时也是不同种系在进化过程中获得的。 3. 特有种的分布不均匀,较高比例的特有种局限分布在较少的几个地区,北纬28-29°线是特有种丰富度重要的南北分界线。聚类分析结果表明其分布可以划分为3个物种聚集群:(1)北纬28-29°以北、北纬34°以南的藏东川西北物种聚集群;(2)北纬28-29°以南、北纬26°以北的藏东南—滇西北—川西南物种聚集群;和(3)北纬26°以南、北纬25°以北的滇西北物种聚集群。其中,藏东南—滇西北—川西南物种聚集群特有种丰富度最高,是横断山区特有种分布的核心区;滇西北物种聚集群特有种丰富度最低,藏东川西北物种聚集群特有种丰富度居中。藏东南—滇西北—川西南物种聚集群之所以特有种类丰富很有可能与该小区具有高的物种丰富度和落叶阔叶林、常绿/落叶针叶林的分布有密切的联系。在区域尺度上,横断山区总物种的分布中心与特有中心存在分异。尽管两者都处于北纬28-29°以南、北纬26°以北的藏东南—滇西北—川西南小区,但特有中心具有较小的分布范围,而总物种的丰富度中心分布范围较大。因此,我们推测特有分布中心不但与落叶阔叶林和常绿/落叶针叶林有密切的联系,而且也与物种丰富度有关。特有种与植被类型尤其是与常绿阔叶林和落叶阔叶林的关系研究对揭示特有现象的发生、性质和特点有一定的意义,有关研究尚需进一步开展。此外,海拔高差、区系物种丰富度、地理位置和单元面积为特有种丰富度地理分布的总体变异提供了74.7%的解释。 4.研究地区的南缘和东南缘有高比例的木本特有植物,而草本特有植物的比例相对最低,反映出该横断山区南缘的特有植物与热带植物区系的渊源关系,其成分多为一些古老的特有成分;而高比例和较高比例的草本特有植物在研究地区普遍存在,包括研究区域南、北的大部分地区,显然草本特有植物是横断山的优势特有成分。这种以草本特有植物为特征的高山、亚高山特有植物区系有别于我国其它两大特有植物分布中心。该特有中心的成因的最终解释还需要从物种形成(speciation)、灭绝(extinction)和扩散(biogeographic dispersal)——这三个直接影响一个地区物种数量变化的过程来考虑。 5.特有种丰富度沿海拔梯度呈“单峰” 变化曲线,在中海拔段达到峰值。与中国特有种、世界广布种相比,特有种的峰值最高,最适海拔分布范围最窄。特有率随海拔上升而逐渐增高,但在海拔5000-5500 m左右突然上升,在海拔6000 m左右达到最高值。说明(1)物种分布区和丰富度存在着正相关,即特有种具有小的分布区,而广布种的分布区较大;(2)特有率的线性变化规律反映了物种丰富度和特有现象之间的关系,即物种丰富度最大峰值以上海拔段物种数量减少,但特有率增加,说明了该特有区系的高海拔性质。 6.特有种沿海拔梯度表现出大小明显不同的物种聚集群,可能与横断山区的山地垂直气候及相应的植被类型有关。在2600-4600 m海拔段特有种数量最多,这可能与该海拔段分布着落叶阔叶林和常绿/落叶针叶林有密切的联系。特有植物沿海拔梯度可分为四个不同海拔段的物种聚集群:(1)200-1000 m;(2)1000-2600 m; (3)2600-4600 m;和(4)4600-6400 m。在对应海拔段依次分布着干热河谷稀树灌草丛、常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林和常绿/落叶针叶林、高山流石滩稀疏植丛。其中,分布在2600-4600 m海拔段的物种丰富度最高,1000-2600 m海拔段的物种丰富度次之,200-1000 m、4600-6400 m两个海拔段物种丰富度较低。 7.特有区系中占优势的生态特征包括草本、风力散布种子、虫媒传粉、两性花和克隆性等对海拔梯度的适应也呈“单峰” 变化曲线,但该主要特征与次要的生态特征(木本、动物散布种子、风媒传粉、单性花和非克隆性)相比,均具有较高的海拔峰值和较窄的最适分布范围,反映了主要生态特征对中、高海拔的适应特点。主要的生态特征与次要的生态特征并存构成了横断山区特有区系的基本生态特征。
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We conducted phylogenetic analyses to identify the closest related living relatives of the Xizang and Sichuan hot-spring snakes (T baileyi and T. zhaoermii) endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, using mitochondrial DNA sequences (cyt b, ND4) from eight specimen
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六盘山区位于黄河中上游,是黄土高原西部天然生态屏障和水源涵养区,在中国生态环境建设中具有重要战略地位。本区土地资源丰富,生态环境洁净,旱作农业潜力大,草畜业兴旺。六盘山生态经济圈规划了4个功能区和7大特色农业基地产业,以六盘山国家自然保护区为中心,加大退耕造林种草与管护力度,到2015年基本修复六盘山区受损的森林生态系统和灌丛草原植被;以旱作农业技术体系为支撑,建立高效可持续发展的生态农业系统和绿色农牧产品基地,为经济社会发展和新农村建设提供良好的生态环境和农业基础。
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本文应用nifD-nifK IGS及16S-23S rDNAIGSPCR-RFLP方法,系统研究了分布于云南横断山的旱冬瓜以及吉林长白山的西伯利亚赤杨、色赤杨和东北赤杨根瘤内Frankia菌的遗传多样性。该研究可加深对Frankia菌起源与进化的认识,并为保护和利用这一固氮共生资源提供科学依据。从113株赤杨的根瘤样品中共检测到48种基因型的Frankia菌株。首次确切报道了自然条件下不同基因型Frankia菌可与同一宿主植株同时共生,并且这种混乱性在横断山区普遍存在。通过对Frankia菌群体遗传结构的分析,查明云南省横断山旱冬瓜Frankia菌群体内遗传变异水平由高到低的顺序是苍山群体、高黎贡山群体、鸡足山群体、来凤山群体和无量山群体。酶切带型9为云南横断山旱冬瓜Frankia菌群体中最古老的类型;大部分(75.63%)遗传变异发生在Frankia菌的各群体内,同一气候区的Frankia菌群体有较近的亲缘关系。旱冬瓜Fran辰a菌遗传多样性特点与横断山气候特征及冰川运动历史密切相关。宿主赤杨的进化地位不同,其共生Frankia菌的群体遗传多样性水平也不同。古老的旱冬瓜共生Fran舫“菌群体内遗传分化最大,分化最晚的东北赤杨共生Frankia菌群体内遗传变异最小;属同一生活型的西伯利亚赤杨和色赤杨共生Fronkia菌间存在着较近亲缘关系;早冬瓜Fran舫。菌群体可能为其它赤杨共生Fran舫“菌提供祖先,因此认为赤杨与其共生Frankia菌间存在着协同进化。
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横断山区干旱河谷地区的土壤是制约植被恢复的一个关键要素,但干旱条件下土壤质量与动态演变状况并不清楚,本研究以岷江干旱河谷核心地段的土壤为对象,研究了阳坡褐土土壤的物理、化学以及生物学特征在海拔梯度(1800m、2000m、2200m)格局及其时间动态(2005-2007)变化,应用主成分分析综合评价了土壤质量及其时空差异性,明确了土壤质量的变化趋势。主要研究结论如下: 1) 海拔梯度上土壤物理性状的变化,2005 年和2007 年土壤物理性状综合质量随着海拔的升高均得到了优化,即海拔2200 m>海拔2000 m>海拔1800 m。 2) 海拔梯度上土壤化学性质的变化,土壤化学综合性质2005 年随海拔升高而趋于变得更优,而2007 年海拔2000 m 最优,海拔1800 m 则最差。 3) 海拔梯度上土壤生物学性质的变化,2005 年土壤生物学性质随海拔升高表现出趋于更好,2007 年海拔2000 m 最优而海拔1800 m 地段最差。 4) 从土壤物理、化学、生物学三方面出发,应用主成分分析,分别分析得出2005 年和2007 年不同海拔高度的土壤质量综合得分。根据综合得分得出土壤质量综合评价的排列顺序为:2005 海拔2200 m>2007 年海拔2000 m>2005 年海拔2000 m>2007 年海拔1800 m>2007 海拔2200 m>2005 年海拔1800 m。2005年土壤综合质量随海拔升高而趋好,2007 年则以海拔2000 m 最优,海拔1800 m和2200 m 差异不大。 5)排除人为干扰后,干旱河谷土壤物理性状在海拔1800 m 略有恢复,海拔2000 m 变化不明显,而海拔2200 m 仍有退化趋势;土壤化学性质在海拔1800 m和2000 m 地段得到恢复,而海拔2200 m 处仍有退化;土壤生物学性质在海拔2000 m 地段呈恢复趋势,而1800 m 和2200 m 仍处于退化状态。综合质量分析表明,与2005 年相比,2007 年海拔1800 m 和2000 m 地段土壤质量趋于变优而海拔2200 m 地段仍有退化迹象。 Soil is a key factor that affect the restoration of vegetation in the Hengduan Mountains dry valley area. But the dynamics and quality of soil is not knowed in dry area. In this study, soil physiochemical and biological characteristics ranging from 1800~2200m above sea level from a typical south-facing slope at the Minjiang River dry valley area had been studied, and characteristics of changes in soil quality along altitudinal gradients and time scales were also discussed. The principal component analysis was used to assess the soil quality. The main results were as follows: 1) Changes in soil physical properties along altitudes. Soil physical properties obtained the optimization along with the elevation in 2005 and 2007. 2) Changes in soil chemical properties. It was summarized that soil chemical properties increased with elevation in 2005, but the soil of 2000 m was the best in 2007. 3) Changes in soil biological characteristics. Soil biological properties increased with elevation in 2005, but the soil of 2000 m was the best and 1800 m was the worst in 2007. 4) Change tendency of soil quality. With the soil physics, chemistry and biology characteristics, we analysised the change tendency of soil quality in altitudes. The result indicated that soil quality increased with altituded in 2005, and soil quality of 2000 m was the best in 2007. 5) In brief, the soil quality is by physics, chemistry as well as the biology synthesizes the influence the final outcome. And the soil quality's change was manifested by soil physics, chemistry and the biology characteristics. All the results indicated soil quality still degenerated at 2200 m in in the dry valley of Minjiang River. And soil quality of 1800 m and 2000 m resumed slight.
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随着我国南极陨石的大量回收,对陨石的研究也越来越深入。本文主要对我国部分南极陨石和沙漠陨石开展了三方面的工作:(1)我国部分南极陨石的分类;(2)陨石中宇宙成因核素10Be和26Al的化学分离、纯化实验;(3)我国部分南极陨石和沙漠陨石的全岩化学组成分析和宇宙成因核素10Be和26Al的初步研究。 1、我国部分南极陨石的分类研究 通过对我国19次南极科考队回收的4448块陨石中24块南极普通球粒陨石的矿物、岩石分析,将这24块陨石化学-岩石类型进行了划分,分别为1个H3型(GRV 021603)、2个H4型(GRV 020200和GRV 021493)、4个H5型(GRV 020048、GRV 020078、GRV 020129和GRV 020236)、2个H6型(GRV 020075和GRV 020226)、1个L4型(GRV 021563)、8个L5型(GRV 020047、GRV 020283、GRV 020297、GRV 021547、GRV 021547、GRV 021581、GRV 021615和GRV 023771)、5个L6型(GRV 020103、GRV 020155、GRV 021505、GRV 021711和GRV 022171)、1个LL4型(GRV 020029)和1个LL6型(GRV 021496)。在此基础上,将我国的南极陨石和美国的南极陨石进行了类型和质量分布模型的对比。结果表明,我国南极陨石比美国南极陨石具有相对高的L群丰度;我国的南极陨石质量分布模型与美国南极陨石一致。 2、陨石中宇宙成因核素10Be和26Al的化学分离、纯化实验 在前人关于陨石中宇宙成因核素10Be和26Al的分离方法基础上,通过多次模拟样品的分离实验,成功地将陨石中Be和Al进行了分离、纯化。并且进一步改善了前人的分离方法,将Be的淋洗液由原来的120ml减少为90ml。在此基础上,用空白样品和吉林陨石的硅酸盐样品对整个化学分离实验进行了检验,并将所获得的BeO和Al2O3粉末用加速器质谱(AMS)进行了10Be和26Al的测试。根据所测定的10Be和26Al数据,计算得到吉林陨石的暴露年龄为0.52Ma,这一结果与前人所获得的吉林陨石第二阶段的暴露年龄0.4Ma接近。这一结果再次证明了陨石中宇宙成因核素10Be和26Al的分离流程是成功的,同时也说明本次所测的吉林陨石样品为吉林陨石第二阶段暴露辐射的样品。 3、我国部分南极陨石和沙漠陨石的全岩化学组成分析以及宇宙成因核素10Be和26Al的初步研究 对我国13块南极陨石和3块沙漠陨石进行了全岩化学成分的分析,其结果进一步证明了这些陨石由岩石、矿物分析所划分的类型的正确性。在这些陨石类型和全岩分析的基础上,对它们进行了宇宙成因核素10Be和26Al的初步分析。得到其中4块南极陨石和2块沙漠陨石的暴露年龄和居地年龄,这些陨石暴露年龄的范围为2.09-3.05Ma,居地年龄为0-0.23Ma。
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混农季节性放牧(agropastoral transhumance)通过作物种植和畜牧生产相结合的方式对不同海拔高度带上的资源进行相互补充利用,在亚洲兴都库什地区、青藏高原、横断山、东部及南部非洲、南美安第斯地区等具有悠久的历史。这种传统的生计系统几千年以来一直是居住在该地区的人类社会和自然生态系统相互作用的主要形式之一。这种传统的资源利用方式与山地自然植被以及特殊的山地人类文化和社会特征具有密切的协同演变关系。认识和理解这一关系,是山地生态学和人类学的核心科学问题之一。近年来,山地生态系统的多重功能性及动态演变对山区社会经济可持续发展的重要意义受到人们的不断关注。本文通过对云南省德钦县的12个自然村的混农季节性放牧以及对云南德钦、四川壤塘等山地植被格局特别是高海拔地带植被格局的的详细调查,探讨青藏高原东缘地区混农季节性放牧的主要特征、系统构成及相互关系,及其在全球变化、经济全球化和市场化及现代化过程中的变化趋势,分析混农季节性放牧与高山林线格局及生态系统的互动关系,旨在探讨山地地区人类活动与自然生态系统之间的互动关系,从而为山区社会经济可持续发展、环境建设和生物多样性保护等国家战略提供理论依据。 调查结果表明,混农季节性放牧是一种适应青藏高原东部高山峡谷地区环境因子及自然资源呈明显的垂直分布、资源数量稀少而时空分布异质性极高的生存环境的一种传统经济形式。这种传统的畜牧业的主要生产目的仍然是提供当地基本生存所需的产品,饲养牲口的种类和数量取决于农户的当地需求并且受资源的限制,因而维持在比较低的水平的。分布在不同海拔高度的放牧资源在一年中被牲口利用的时间也不同,互为补充,共同构成混农季节性放牧的资源基础。根据各社区永久居住点的位置和该村的土地资源特别是牧草地资源的分布范围,牲口迁移的距离和格局有较大的差异。。天然牧场仍然是最主要的畜牧业生产资源。混农季节性放牧中的农业系统和牧业系统互为补充,共同构成调查地区完整的的生计系统,农耕活动为放牧活动提供精饲料如粮食等和冬季饲料如秸秆, 其数量往往成为家庭畜牧业生产规模的主要决定因子之一。 通过对牲口数量和结构、牲口的时空迁移格局、牧业活动在整个经济活动中的相对重要性以及牧业活动和作物种植的关系方面的研究分析,混农季节性放牧在近几十年发生了深刻的变化。主要表现在牲口数量总体下降,牲口组成发生变化,牲口移动性降低、牧业活动的经济重要性下降以及牧业活动和种植活动之间的相互依存度降低等。上述变化的根本驱动力是发生在当地、地区及全球尺度上的环境、政治、社会经济、技术和文化等的变化,从而造成当地群众畜牧生产目标、土地利用和劳动力的分布等发生了变化。当地生计系统发生的改变可能会带来对方面而深刻的政治、社会经济、文化和生态影响。 混农季节性放牧这种古老的传统生计策略面临着许多挑战,如冬季饲料短缺、草场退化、缺乏市场竞争力、经济重要性降低、对年轻人缺乏吸引力、国家缺乏专门的政策指导等。与此同时,经济全球化、市场经济、新技术的应用、替代生计机会的增加、国家对于山地生态系统的作用的重新定位等也为传统生计系统转型、实现社会与生态共赢创造了机遇。 混农季节性放牧活动对亚高山及树线交错带生态系统系统的互动方式主要体现在以下几个方面:(1)牲口啃食、践踏等影响森林群落更新,改变森林群落的组成和结构,从而影响森林群落的演替进程和植被格局。林线边缘是搭建夏棚的首选地点,因此林线及树线交错地带就成了牲口活动的主要场所之一;(2)利用火烧开辟、维持和改良高山牧场; 3)在亚高山火灾迹地的放牧活动能够阻止火烧迹地的顺向演替; 4)牧民在林线附近获取建材和薪材等活动影响高山林线附近森林的结构和功能。 在调查区域,梅里雪山、白马雪山、甲午雪山的林线海拔高度在4200-4300m之间; 四川雅江、理塘一线,林线位置多在4300-4400m;四川壤塘二林场一带的林线主体在4100-4200m,在个别地区达到4300m; 在贡嘎山的南坡和东坡一带,林线位置在3600-3700m;而在四川松潘一带,林线位置主体在3700-3800米左右。树线高度的分布趋势和林线一致。混农季节性放牧及其有关人类利用活动使研究地区很多地方高山林线降低、树线交错带宽变窄或消失。在研究地区,总体情况是,阳坡和半阳坡(南坡、西南坡等)的林线和树线比阴坡和半阴坡(北坡、东北坡等)低,变化幅度达20-200m。这种差异主要是为了开辟牧场而人为清除了南向坡自然林线及其以上的植被从而使林线位置下降所致。在南坡自然林线保留得比较好的地方,林线和树线依然可以达到甚至超过北坡林线和树线的高度。放牧活动抑制了高山林线带火烧迹地的天然更新,从而使林线位置保持在目前的位置。 放牧活动对高山林线带森林群落更新的影响是显著的。自然林线内的乔木个体密度特别是新生苗和幼苗的密度大大高于非自然林线。没有放牧的自然林线及树线交错带内的I级个体(新生苗)密度达到725-2917株/公顷,而与之相对的处理样地内I级个体的密度只有0-228株/公顷;II级个体(高度10-50cm)也表现出类似的趋势,在没有放牧的自然林线及树线交错带样方内,其密度达到550-5208株/,而在放牧处理样方内只有14-321株/公顷。在非自然林线带样地内,在有正常放牧的样地内,完全缺乏I级个体。 从相对比例来看,没有放牧的样方内的I、II级个体在全部个体中所占的比例显著高于有放牧活动的样方。放牧使林线交错带的乔木幼苗数量显著减少,从而影响林线及树线交错带森林群落的天然更新过程。林线和树线交错带的灌木对乔木幼苗具有重要的保护作用,能够为树线树种如冷杉等幼苗的定居体提供有利的微气候环境,同时保护苗免受牲口的啃食和践踏。火烧以后接着进行放牧能够100%地抑制高山林线带的幼苗更新。 高山牧场放牧强度降低、使用时间缩短而低海拔地带放牧强度增加是研究地区混农季节性放牧系统的一个显著变化。这种变化也必然会引起各海拔带上的生态系统的变化。放牧强度的降低、生产性用火的停止将导致原来通过人工火烧而降低并通过进一步的火烧和放牧活动来维持的林线及其以上地带的灌木盖度和高度的增加,从而为林线森林群落的扩张创造条件。 青藏高原东部高山峡谷地区是我国重要的山地生态系统,在我国的生物多样性保护、生态环境建设、社会经济可持续发展战略中具有举足轻重的作用。正确认识人类特别是当地传统的生计系统与生态环境系统的互动关系是实现上述战略目标的前提。决策者必须以综合、系统的的视角协调促进社会经济可持续发展、保护生物及文化多样性和维持人、牲口和生态系统之间的平衡的多重目标。 Agropastoral transhumance, which makes a complementary exploitation of the natural resources at different altitudinal belts through a combination of migratory animal husbandry and crop cultivation, has a long history in Hindu-Kush Himalaya, Tibet Plateau, Hengduan Ranges, eastern and southern Africa and the Andes region of south America.For millennia, this traditional livelihood strategy has been one of the main forms of interaction between human societies inhabiting in these regions and their natural ecocystems. A close co-evolutionary relationship has been developed between this indigenous resources management systems and the mountain vegetation systems on the one hand and a unique set of cultural values and social features on the other. Understanding this relationship has been one of the core scientific issues in mountain ecology and anthropology. In recent years, the importance of the multiple functions of the mountain ecosystems and their dynamic changes in the sustainable socio-economic development of the mountain regions has gained increasing attention. This paper, which is based on a detailed study on the agropastoral practices of the 12 natural villages in Deqin County of Yunnan, and the mountainnn vegetation patterns in Deqin of Yunnan and Rangtang County of Sichuan, intends to reveal the major characteristics, system composition and the inter-relations of the subsystems of the agropastoral transhumance in Eastern Tibetan Plateau as well as the trends of changes of the system within the context of global changes, economic globalization and modernity process of China and analyze the relations between agropastoral transhumance and alpine ecosystem, ao as to understand the interactions between human activities and natural ecosystems of the mountains and provide theoretical basis for the national strategies in eocioeconomic development, environmental reconstruction and biodiversity conservation in the mountain regions. Results of the survey indicate that agropastoral transhumance in the investigated area is a traditional economic form that is highly adapted to the eastern Tibet Plateau where the topography features high peaks and deep gorges and where the highly variable environmental parameters and scanty natural resources exhibit a distinct vertical spectrum of distribution and great temporal and spatial heterogeneity. The main objective of pastoral management is still aimed at the production of basic goods and services of local people and thus the type and size of animals raised for each household mainly depend on local needs and are limited by the availability of natural resources. The scale of production is relatively low. Pastoral resources at different altidudinal belts are complementarily used at different seasons of a year and thus form the resources basis for agropastoral production of the study area. Migration distances and patterns vary with the location of the permanent settlements, the elevational distribution range of the resources of the villages concerned. Natural pastures (rangelands) are the main fodder resources and sumplement feedings only account for less than 5% of the total fodder consumption. Crop cultivation and pastoral activities support each other to form a complete livelihood system. The ability of the farmig lands (crop cultivation) to provide the pastoral activities with concentrates and sumplements often becomes a main factor limiting the scale of livestock production at household level. Agropastoral transhumance is experiencing drastic changes in recent decades as is reflected in the size and composition of animals, the seasonal migration pattern, the relative importance of pastoralism in the household economy and the interplays of agricultural and pastoral elements of the system. In general, there is a decline in animal population and mobility, a shift in animal composition to meet new needs arising from changed macro-economic situation, a decrease in the relative importance in the household economy and an increasing decoupling of agro&pastoral relations. The fundamental divers of these changes can be traced to environmental, social, economic, technological and cultural changes from local to global levels and such changes have further caused local changes in livestock management objectives, land use and distribution of labor forces. Changes in local livelihood systems could have profound political, socioeconomic, cultural and ecological conseuquences. Agropastoral transhumance, as an age-old traditional livelihood strategy, is facing multifacet challenges, such as winter fodder shortage, rangeland degradation, lack of market competitiveness, decrease in economic importance, lack of appreciation among the young generation and adequate policies from the government. At the same time, economic globalization, market economy, intrdoctution of new technologies, increase of alternative income generating opportunities and the national re-oreitation of policies on mountain ecosystems have all brought about new opportunities for the transformation of the traditional livelihood system and the synchronized development of local society and the environment. Agropastoral transhumance interacts with the ecosystems at the timberline and treeline ecotone mainly through the following aspects: 1)Animal browsing and stamping affect the regeneration process of the forest communities and alters the composition and structure of the forest which in turn affect the succession process and vegetation pattern of the forest communities. Forest edges are the priority locations for summer houses and therefore the timeline and treeline area becomes the major venues of aninal activities; (2)herders create, maintain and improve pastures through burning that remove the forest communities at the timeline and treeline ecotone; 3)immediate grazing on the fire sites can significantly prevent the fire sites from perogressive succession; and 4)herders harvesting of construction timber and firewoods affects the structure and functions of the forest communities at the timberline and treeline zone. Timberline position in the survey region shows geographical variations. It is around 4200-4300m in Meilixueshan, Baimaxueshan and Jiawuxueshan in Northwest of Yunnan and rises to 4300-4400m in Yajiang County and Litang County of Sichuan. In Rangtang of Sichuan, it is between 4100-4200m, though reaching 4300m in localized sites. In the southern and eastern slopes of Gongga Mountain, the timberline is only between 3600m and 3700m and in Songpan County at the upper reach of the Minjiang River the timberline is around 3700-3800m.Treeline pattern follows similar trend. In many places, agropastoral transhumance and related human activities have lowered the timberline and treeline and narrowed or removed the treeline ecotone. In the area of survey, generally speaking, timberlines and treelines are lower on the southern slopes than on the northern slopes, with a difference between 20 and 200m. This is mainly because that the use of fires to crerate pastures has removed the forest vegetation at the previous timberline and above. In fact, in many places, well-preserved forests on the south slopes have even high timberline position that the corresponding northern slopes. At subalpine zone, grazing activities could have prohibited the natural regeneration of many forest fire sites and maintained the forest position at the present level. Grazing has a significant impact on the regernation process of forest communities at the timberline zone. Natural timberline and treeline ecotone has much higher density of treeline species individuals especially the emergents and seedlings than the timberlines that are maintained by human activities. In natural timberline and treelien ecotone without grazing interference, the density of the I Class seedlings (less than 10cm in height) ranges 725-2917 /hm2; while that in the treatment plots (with grazing disturbance) is only 0-228//hm2;II Class seedlings (10-50cm)exhibit similar density trends, reaching 550-5208//hm2 in natural timberline without grazing but only 14-321//hm2 in the plots with grazing treatment. In the man-created timberlines, there is no I Class seedling at all in plots with normal grazing activities. In relative terms, in plots without grazing activities, the propotion of I Class and II Class seedlings is much higher than that in plots with grazing. Grazing activities have significantly reduced the number of seedlings in the timberline ane treeline ecotone, and thus affect the natural regeneration process of the forests. Shrubs at the timberline and treeline ecotone can effectively protect the seedlings from severe climate and animal tramping, thus increasing the survival rate of the seedlings. Grazing following fires can completely inhibit forest regeneration process at timberline. Changes in agropastoral transhumance will have great impact on the timberline and treeline pattern of the studied area. The decrease in grazing intensity on alpine pastrues and the cessation of the use of fires will result an increase in the cover and height of shrubs above the present human-maintained treeline, which will create further condition for the expansion of timberline forest communities. Eastern Tibet Plateau harbors some most important mountain ecosystems of China that are of vital importance to the country’s strategy in biodiversity conservation, environmental construction and sustainable sociaoeconomic development. A proper knowledge of the interactions between traditional livelihood systems and the ecosystems in the region is a precondition to the realization of the above strategic goals. Therefore, the decision-makers must have a holistic and systemic perspective so as to integrate the multiple objectives of promoting sustainable socioeconomic development, conserving biological and cultural diversity and maintaining the balances among people, animal population and the ecosystems.
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The main idea of the Load-Unload Response Ratio (LURR) is that when a system is stable, its response to loading corresponds to its response to unloading, whereas when the system is approaching an unstable state, the response to loading and unloading becomes quite different. High LURR values and observations of Accelerating Moment/Energy Release (AMR/AER) prior to large earthquakes have led different research groups to suggest intermediate-term earthquake prediction is possible and imply that the LURR and AMR/AER observations may have a similar physical origin. To study this possibility, we conducted a retrospective examination of several Australian and Chinese earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 5.0 to 7.9, including Australia's deadly Newcastle earthquake and the devastating Tangshan earthquake. Both LURR values and best-fit power-law time-to-failure functions were computed using data within a range of distances from the epicenter. Like the best-fit power-law fits in AMR/AER, the LURR value was optimal using data within a certain epicentral distance implying a critical region for LURR. Furthermore, LURR critical region size scales with mainshock magnitude and is similar to the AMR/AER critical region size. These results suggest a common physical origin for both the AMR/AER and LURR observations. Further research may provide clues that yield an understanding of this mechanism and help lead to a solid foundation for intermediate-term earthquake prediction.
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To describe the various complex mechanisms of the dissipative dynamical system between waves, currents, and bottoms in the nearshore region that induce typically the wave motion on large-scale variation of ambient currents, a generalized wave action equation for the dissipative dynamical system in the nearshore region is developed by using the mean-flow equations based on the Navier-Stokes equations of viscous fluid, thus raising two new concepts: the vertical velocity wave action and the dissipative wave action, extending the classical concept, wave action, from the ideal averaged flow conservative system into the real averaged flow dissipative system (that is, the generalized conservative system). It will have more applications.
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Based on the sub-region generalized variational principle, a sub-region mixed version of the newly-developed semi-analytical 'finite element method of lines' (FEMOL) is proposed in this paper for accurate and efficient computation of stress intensity factors (SIFs) of two-dimensional notches/cracks. The circular regions surrounding notch/crack tips are taken as the complementary energy region in which a number of leading terms of singular solutions for stresses are used, with the sought SIFs being among the unknown coefficients. The rest of the arbitrary domain is taken as the potential energy region in which FEMOL is applied to obtain approximate displacements. A mixed system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and algebraic equations is derived via the sub-region generalized variational principle. A singularity removal technique that eliminates the stress parameters from the mixed equation system eventually yields a standard FEMOL ODE system, the solution of which is no longer singular and is simply and efficiently obtained using a standard general-purpose ODE solver. A number of numerical examples, including bi-material notches/cracks in anti-plane and plane elasticity, are given to show the generally excellent performance of the proposed method.
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According to the experimental results, there exist large-scale coherent structures in the outer region of a turbulent boundary layer, which have been studied by many authors.As experimental results, Antonia (1990) showed the phase- aver aged streamlines and isovorticity lines of the large-scale coherent structures in a turbulent boundary layer for different Reynolds numbers. Based on the hydrodynamic stability theory, the 2-D theoretical model for the large-scale structures was proposed by Luo and Zhou, in which the eddy viscosity was defined as a complex function of the position in the normal direction. The theoretical results showed in ref. were in agreement with those in ref. However, there were two problems in the results. One is that in the experimental results, there were divergent focuses between two saddle points in the streamlines, but in the theoretical results, there were centers. The other is that the stretched parts of the isovorticity lines appear at the location of centers in the theoretical results, while in the experimental results they located somewhere between the focuses and saddle points. The reason is that the computations were based on a 2-D model.
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The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations for describing the turbulent flow in a straight square duct are formulated with two different turbulence models. The governing equations are then expanded as a multi-deck structure in a plane perpendicular to the streamwise direction, with each deck characterized by its dominant physical forces as commonly carried out in analytical work using triple-deck expansion. The resulting equations are numerically integrated using higher polynomial (H-P) finite element technique for each cross-sectional plane to be followed by finite difference representation in the streamwise direction until a fully developed state is reached. The computed results using the two different turbulence models show fair agreement with each other, and concur with the vast body of available experimental data. There is also general agreement between our results and the recent numerical works anisotropic k-epsilon turbulence model.
Resumo:
Many diseases are believed to be related to abnormal protein folding. In the first step of such pathogenic structural changes, misfolding occurs in regions important for the stability of the native structure. This destabilizes the normal protein conformation, while exposing the previously hidden aggregation-prone regions, leading to subsequent errors in the folding pathway. Sites involved in this first stage can be deemed switch regions of the protein, and can represent perfect binding targets for drugs to block the abnormal folding pathway and prevent pathogenic conformational changes. In this study, a prediction algorithm for the switch regions responsible for the start of pathogenic structural changes is introduced. With an accuracy of 94%, this algorithm can successfully find short segments covering sites significant in triggering conformational diseases (CDs) and is the first that can predict switch regions for various CDs. To illustrate its effectiveness in dealing with urgent public health problems, the reason of the increased pathogenicity of H5N1 influenza virus is analyzed; the mechanisms of the pandemic swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus in overcoming species barriers and in infecting large number of potential patients are also suggested. It is shown that the algorithm is a potential tool useful in the study of the pathology of CDs because: (1) it can identify the origin of pathogenic structural conversion with high sensitivity and specificity, and (2) it provides an ideal target for clinical treatment.