Numerical experiments on one-dimensional model of turbulence

The initial-value problem of a forced Burgers equation is numerically solved by the Fourier expansion method. It is found that its solutions finally reach a steady state of 'laminar flow' which has no randomness and is stable to disturbances. Hence, strictly speaking, the so-called Burgers turbulence is not a turbulence. A new one-dimensional model is proposed to simulate the Navier-Stokes turbulence. A series of numerical experiments on this one-dimensional turbulence is made and is successful in obtaining Kolmogorov's (1941) k exp(-5/3) inertial-range spectrum. The (one-dimensional) Kolmogorov constant ranges from 0.5 to 0.65.

Receptivity to free-stream disturbance waves for blunt cone axial symmetry hypersonic boundary layer

Based on high-order compact upwind scheme, a high-order shock-fitting finite difference scheme is studied to simulate the generation of boundary layer disturbance waves due to free-stream waves. Both steady and unsteady flow solutions of the receptivity problem are obtained by resolving the full Navier-Stokes equations. The interactions of bow-shock and free-stream disturbance are researched. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of receptivity to free-stream disturbances for blunt cone hypersonic boundary layers is performed.

Effects of wall temperature on boundary layer stability over a blunt cone at Mach 7.99

Effects of wall temperature on stabilities of hypersonic boundary layer over a 7-degree half-cone-angle blunt cone are studied by using both direct numerical simulation (DNS) and linear stability theory (LST) analysis. Four isothermal wall cases with Tw/T0= 0.5, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9, as well as an adiabatic wall case are considered. Results of both DNS and LST indicate that wall temperature has significant effects on the growth of disturbance waves. Cooling the surface accelerates unstable Mack II mode waves and decelerates the first mode (Tollmien–Schlichting mode) waves. LST results show that growth rate of the most unstable Mack II mode waves for the cases of cold wall Tw/T0=0.5 and 0.7 are about 45% and 25% larger than that for the adiabatic wall, respectively. Numerical results show that surface cooling modifies the profiles of rdut/dyn and temperature in the boundary layers, and thus changes the stability haracteristic of the boundary layers, and then effects on the growth of unstable waves. The results of DNS indicate that the disturbances with the frequency range from about 119.4 to 179.1 kHz, including the most unstable Mack modes, produce strong mode competition in the downstream region from about 11 to 100 nose radii. And adiabatic wall enhances the amplitudes of disturbance according to the results of DNS, although the LST indicates that the growth rate of the disturbance of cold wall is larger. That because the growth of the disturbance does not only depend on the development of the second unstable mode.

Effect of interfacial heat transfer on the onset of oscillatory convection in liquid bridge

In present study, effect of interfacial heat transfer with ambient gas on the onset of oscillatory convection in a liquid bridge of large Prandtl number on the ground is systematically investigated by the method of linear stability analyses. With both the constant and linear ambient air temperature distributions, the numerical results show that the interfacial heat transfer modifies the free-surface temperature distribution directly and then induces a steeper temperature gradient on the middle part of the free surface, which may destabilize the convection. On the other hand, the interfacial heat transfer restrains the temperature disturbances on the free surface, which may stabilize the convection. The two coupling effects result in a complex dependence of the stability property on the Biot number. Effects of melt free-surface deformation on the critical conditions of the oscillatory convection were also investigated. Moreover, to better understand the mechanism of the instabilities, rates of kinetic energy change and "thermal" energy change of the critical disturbances were investigated (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Specklegram in a grapefruit fiber and its response to external mechanical disturbance in a single-multiple-single mode fiber structure

Specklegram in multimode fiber has successfully been used as a sensor for detecting mechanical disturbance. Speckles in a multimode pure silica grapefruit fiber are observed and compared to that of a step-index multimode fiber, showing different features between them. The sensitivities to external disturbance of two kinds of fiber were measured, based on single-multiple-single mode (SMS) fiber structure. Experimental results show that the grapefruit fiber shows higher sensitivity than does the step-index multimode fiber. The transmission spectrum of the grapefruit fiber was measured as well, showing some oscillation features that are significantly different from that of a step-index multimode fiber. The experiments may provide suggestions to understand the mechanisms of light propagation in grapefruit fibers. (D 2008 Optical Society of America.

内蒙古退化草原对不同类型干扰的响应研究

本文结合野外调查、野外实验和模型模拟方法研究了内蒙古退化草原在继续放牧和啮齿类动物活动干扰下，植物多样性、种群空间格局、种间空间关联、小尺度鼠丘和小尺度空斑（Gap）上植被发展动态的生态响应。研究结果如下： （1）经过长期不同强度的放牧干扰后，无牧条件下植被盖度显著低于其它三个放牧（轻牧、中牧、重牧）条件下的植被盖度，而其它三个放牧条件之间的植被盖度差异不显著;无牧条件下羊草成为群落的优势种，轻牧和中牧条件下冷蒿依然是群落的优势种，这三种条件下寸草苔的种群盖度最大;重牧条件下优势种变为星毛委陵菜，并且其种群盖度最大;不同放牧退化阶段指示植物的种群盖度随放牧强度增大的变化趋势是：冷蒿为先增大后减小，而星毛委陵菜为先急剧增大，然后平缓增大，最后再急剧增大;植物多样性和均匀度指数在中牧条件下最大，在无牧条件下最小，说明中牧条件下群落的多样性最高，无牧条件下群落的多样性最小，而优势度指数的变化趋势和它们正相反。 （2）放牧对星毛委陵菜（或糙隐子草）种群空间格局有显著影响，即使在同一放牧强度下其种群在不同尺度上的空间格局存在显著差异。在小尺度上，植物种群主要呈现为集聚分布;同一放牧强度下随着尺度的增大，集聚分布趋向于随机和均匀分布;随着放牧强度的增大，物种的集聚分布消失的空间尺度缩短。 （3）不同放牧强度下，冷蒿和星毛委陵菜之间的空间关联存在显著的差异。在无牧和轻牧条件下，冷蒿和星毛委陵菜在小尺度（0-100cm）上主要呈负关联的空间关系，而在中牧和重牧条件下除了呈负关联的空间关系外，两个物种在空间上还是相互独立的。同时，放牧强度的增大缩小了负关联程度的峰值（最小值）。放牧强度越大，两物种之间的空间关系由负关联转变为相互独立的空间尺度越小（距离越短）。 （4）草原黄鼠鼠丘干扰显著降低了植物物种的丰富度（24种），同样，减少了不同功能组内的物种数，特别是多年生非禾本科草类减少的物种数最多;和周围的未受鼠丘干扰的植被比较，鼠丘上植物多样性减少了1.42，优势度减少了4.21，而均匀度增加了0.06;鼠丘上，多年生植物出现频率(0.37)大约是一年生植物出现频率(0.13)的四倍。具有高抗埋藏性的物种（寸草苔）和抗埋藏性的物种（冷蒿、冰草和糙隐子草）具有相对较高的出现频率。对于功能组来说，多年生非禾本科草类(PF, EF=0.51)具有最大的出现频率，接下来依次是多年生根茎禾草(PR, EF=0.46)、灌木和半灌木(SS, EF=0.32)、多年生丛生禾草(PB, EF=0.25)、一年生和两年生植物(AB, EF=0.13);鼠丘上，寸草苔的密度最大（244.43 个体/米2)。多年生非禾本科草类的密度(130.74个体/米2)远大于其他功能组的密度（PR，34.76个体/米2;PB，16.52个体/米2;AB，14.31个体/米2;SS，12.39个体/米2）;鼠丘上植被地上生物量(35.90克/米2)远远小于外围对照植被地上生物量(211.54克/米2)。冷蒿的地上生物量最大，其次是寸草苔。对于功能组，SS最大 (8.44克/米2) ，其次是PF (7.17克/米2)，这两个功能组的地上生物量远大于其他三个功能组的地上生物量（PR, PB和 AB分别是 3.23克/米2、1.40克/米2和2.49克/米2）。 （5）干扰产生空斑的拓殖受空斑大小和放牧历史的影响，植物拓殖空斑的方式随空斑形成后的时间而变化。空斑直径越大，其被拓殖的机会越大;具有高强度放牧历史群落中的空斑更易被植物拓殖;第一年对空斑的拓殖主要通过种子萌发;第二年，种子萌发方式（特别是一年生植物）拓殖空斑的比例有所降低，而通过地下根茎的克隆繁殖拓殖空斑的比例有所增加。

Effects of addiction-associated and affective stimuli on the attentional blink in a sample of abstinent opiate dependent patients

The attentional blink reveals the limits of the brain's ability in information processing. It has been extensively studied in people with neurological and psychiatric disturbances to explore the temporal characteristics of information processing and exami

Lead exposure through gestation-only caused long-term learning/memory deficits in young adult offspring

Numerous observations in clinical and preclinical studies indicate that the developing brain is particular sensitive to lead (Pb)'s pernicious effects. However, the effect of gestation-only Pb exposure on cognitive functions at maturation has not been studied. We investigated the potential effects of three levels of Pb exposure (low, middle, and high Pb: 0.03%, 0.09%, and 0.27% of lead acetate-containing diets) at the gestational period on the spatial memory of young adult offspring by Morris water maze spatial learning and fixed location/visible platform tasks. Our results revealed that three levels of Pb exposure significantly impaired memory retrieval in male offspring, but only female offspring at low levels of Pb exposure showed impairment of memory retrieval. These impairments were not due to the gross disturbances in motor performance and in vision because these animals performed the fixed location/visible platform task as well as controls, indicating that the specific aspects of spatial learning/memory were impaired. These results suggest that exposure to Pb during the gestational period is sufficient to cause long-term learning/memory deficits in young adult offspring. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Diatom community succession in the recent history of a eutrophic Yunnan Plateau lake, Lake Dianchi, in subtropical China

Fish introduction, eutrophication and disappearance of aquatic vegetation are important disturbances of aquatic ecosystems, especially in plateau lakes, which are generally considered to be very vulnerable. Fish were introduced to Lake Dianchi, a eutrophic plateau lake in southwest China, in the late 1950s and 1970s. After the introduction, invasive fish became the dominant species, and the total fish yield increased. Meanwhile, the trophic level of Lake Dianchi had a tendency to increase in the past decades because of the increases in human activities in the watershed area. In addition, the area of aquatic vegetation decreased from more than 90 to 1.8% of the lake area from the 1950s to 2000. This study investigated the effects of fish introduction, eutrophication and aquatic vegetation on the diatom community of Lake Dianchi by examining the changes of microfossil diatom assemblage and abundance. Results showed that the absolute abundance and diatom assemblages changed after fish were introduced. The endemic species, Cyclotella rohomboideo-elliptica, disappeared with the introduction of fish and increasing trophic levels after 1958. Fragilaria crotonensis entered into the lake with the introduction of fish and gradually thrived in the lake after 1958. Diatom species numbers also decreased gradually from 21 to 9 from the past to present. Epiphytic diatoms disappeared with the decrease of aquatic vegetation after 1985. Our study indicated that eutrophication was the most important process determining diatom abundance, and fish introduction was a secondary process determining diatom abundance, while aquatic vegetation had a more important role in structuring the diatom community in this eutrophic plateau lake.

Toxicological Research on Environmental Endocrine Disruptors

Most evidence in terms of endocrine dsiruptors (EDs) mainly originates from studies on reproductive organs. However, in veterbrates, the ability to attain reproductive and development success relays on the intact organization of a complex endocrine system. Disturbances in the regulation of the key hormones and receptors functioning along this system may cause detrimental effects on reproduction and development. Here we reviewed recent studies of EDs on endocrine system. EDs may act on key hormones and receptors along with the hypothalarnic-pituitary-gonald (HPG) axis and lead to reproductive failure. Thyroid disruption may be caused at different levels, for example, the synthesis, transport, binding and cellular uptake along with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Knowledge of model of action EDs is largely via receptors-mediated pathway and alternatively may affect on steroid hormone synthesis. Aquatic hypoxia can influence fish reproduction and thus it is also an endocrine disruptor. Molecular techniques, such as toxicomics, transgenic fish will be employed as powerful tools for environmental EDs risk assessment, as well as in elucidating mechanisms of model action.

Determination of the interdiffusion coefficients of liquid Zn and Sn using Ta/Zn-Sn/Si trilayers

In this paper we present a new method for measuring diffusion coefficients in liquid metals under convection-less conditions with solid/liquid-liquid/solid trilayer. The advantage of this kind of trilayer is that effects from gravity-induced convection and Marangoni-convection can be omitted, so that the diffusion coefficient is determined more accurately. The Ta/Zn-Sn/Si trilayer were prepared with a multi-target ion-beam sputtering deposition technique and annealed in an electric furnace under an argon atmosphere. The interdiffusion of liquid zinc and tin at 500 degrees degree C was investigated. The diffusion concentration profiles were determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy. The interdiffusion coefficients range from 1.0x10(-6)cm(2)/s to 2.8x10(-6)cm(2)/s, which is less than previous values measured by capillary reservoir technique under 1g-environment where various convection exist. The precise interdiffusion coefficients of liquid zinc and tin result from the removing of disturbances of various kinds of convection.

Principle and analysis of the moving-optical-wedge interferometer

A new type of interferometer, the moving-optical-wedge interferometer, is presented, and its principle and properties are studied. The novel interferometer consists of one beam splitter, two flat fixed mirrors, two fixed compensating plates, one fixed optical wedge, and one moving optical wedge. The optical path difference (OPD) as a function of the displacement of the moving optical wedge from the zero path difference position is accomplished by the straight reciprocating motion of the moving optical wedge. A large physical shift of the moving optical wedge corresponds to a very short OPD value of the new interferometer if the values of the wedge angle and the refractive index of the two optical wedges are given properly. The new interferometer is not so sensitive to the velocity variation of the moving optical wedge and the mechanical disturbances compared with the Michelson interferometer, and it is very applicable to low-spectral-resolution application for any wavenumber region from the far infrared down to the ultraviolet. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.

Determination of the interdiffusion coefficients of liquid Zn and Sn using Ta/Zn-Sn/Si trilayers

In this paper we present a new method for measuring diffusion coefficients in liquid metals under convection-less conditions with solid/liquid-liquid/solid trilayer. The advantage of this kind of trilayer is that effects from gravity-induced convection and Marangoni-convection can be omitted, so that the diffusion coefficient is determined more accurately. The Ta/Zn-Sn/Si trilayer were prepared with a multi-target ion-beam sputtering deposition technique and annealed in an electric furnace under an argon atmosphere. The interdiffusion of liquid zinc and tin at 500 degrees degree C was investigated. The diffusion concentration profiles were determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy. The interdiffusion coefficients range from 1.0x10(-6)cm(2)/s to 2.8x10(-6)cm(2)/s, which is less than previous values measured by capillary reservoir technique under 1g-environment where various convection exist. The precise interdiffusion coefficients of liquid zinc and tin result from the removing of disturbances of various kinds of convection.

Study on the Mechanism of Detonation to Quasi-detonation Transition

In this paper, the mechanism of detonation to quasi-detonation transition was discussed, a new physical model to simulate quasi-detonation was proposed, and one-dimensional theoretical and numerical simulation was conducted. This study firstly demonstrates that the quasi-detonation is of thermal choking. If the conditions of thermal choking are created by some disturbances, the supersonic flow is then unable to accept additional thermal energy, and the CJ detonation becomes the unstable quasi-detonation precipitately. The kinetic energy loss caused by this transition process is firstly considered in this new physical model. The numerical results are in good agreement with previous experimental observations qualitatively, which demonstrates that the quasi-detonation model is physically correct and the study are fundamentally important for detonation and supersonic combustion research.

Instabilities and transient behaviors of a liquid film flowing down a porous inclined plane

The nonmodal linear stability of a falling film over a porous inclined plane has been investigated. The base flow is driven by gravity. We use Darcy's law to describe the flow in the porous medium. A simplified one-sided model is used to describe the fluid flow. In this model, the influence of the porous layer on the flow in the film can be identified by a parameter beta. The instabilities of a falling film have traditionally been investigated by linearizing the governing equations and testing for unstable eigenvalues of the linearized problem. However, the results of eigenvalue analysis agree poorly in many cases with experiments, especially for shear flows. In the present paper, we have studied the linear stability of three-dimensional disturbances using the nonmodal stability theory. Particular attentions are paid to the transient behavior rather than the long time behavior of eigenmodes predicted by traditional normal mode analysis. The transient behaviors of the response to external excitations and the response to initial conditions are studied by examining the pseudospectral structures and the energy growth function G(t) Before we study the nonmodal stability of the system, we extend the results of long-wave analysis in previous works by examining the linear stabilities for streamwise and spanwise disturbances. Results show that the critical conditions of both the surface mode and the shear mode instabilities are dependent on beta for streamwise disturbances. However, the spanwise disturbances have no unstable eigenvalue. 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3455503]