水分和氮磷水平对小麦碳同位素分辨率和水分利用效率的影响

依据盆栽试验数据 ,利用植物稳定性碳同位素分辨率的理论模型 ,研究了水分和氮磷营养对小麦叶片碳同位素分辨率 (Carbon- isotope discriminationΔ)的影响。结果表明 :水分差异引起碳同位素分辨率较大变异 ,碳同位素分辨率随土壤相对含水量 (Soil relative water content)的提高而提高 ,在土壤相对含水量为 6 0 %～ 70 %条件下碳同位素分辨率最高。缺水时磷水平提高 ,碳同位素分辨率提高。水分利用效率 (Water use efficiency)与碳同位素分辨率关系受土壤水分和养分水平的影响。缺水条件下水分利用效率与碳同位素分辨率之间为负相关 ,充分供水下为正相关 ;在低氮水平下的关系不明显 ,施氮 15 0 kg· hm- 2时相关性显著。

延安试区土壤干层现状分析

近年来 ,以林草地地力衰退为特征的人工林草地土壤退化日趋严重 ,其中以土壤水分严重亏缺为特征的土壤干化现象愈益引起了人们的重视。土壤干化的直接后果是形成土壤干层 ,导致土壤退化 ,植物生长速率减缓 ,群落衰败以至大片死亡 ,严重地威胁到中国中北方地区特别是黄土高原地区生态环境的建设。因此 ,研究和解决土壤干层问题已成为黄土高原植被建设的迫切任务。根据现有土壤水分资料 ,初步分析了延安试区植被下的土壤干层现状 ,对不同林草植被下的干层状况做了比较 ,并提出了解决土壤干层问题的意义

作物非充分灌溉决策指标研究进展

为了有效地进行非充分灌溉,通过不同方面研究土壤和作物水分亏缺的诊断方法,从而制定科学有效的灌水指标。对目前非充分灌溉的土壤、灌溉、作物等指标的研究现状及存在的问题进行了的阐述,讨论了非充分灌溉决策指标今后研究发展的方向。从目前国内外研究情况来看,应用叶水势、茎直径变化、冠层温度等作物指标来精确诊断作物的水分状况,已逐渐成为非充分灌溉研究领域关注的热点,但其基础理论、监测方法及不同作物的应用效果仍需进一步研究完善。因此,单纯从一种灌溉决策指标出发确定灌溉量是不全面的,如何建立非充分灌溉条件下不同地区、作物的灌溉指标体系将是今后中国重要的研究内容。

延安试区人工刺槐林地的土壤干层分析

8 0年代以来 ,以林草地地力衰退为特征的人工林草地土壤退化日趋严重 ,其中以土壤水分严重亏缺为特征的土壤干化现象愈益引起了人们的重视。土壤干化的直接后果是形成土壤干层 ,导致土壤退化 ,植物生长速率减缓 ,群落衰败以至大片死亡 ,严重地威胁到我国北方地区特别是黄土高原地区生态环境的建设。因此 ,研究和解决土壤干层问题已成为黄土高原植被建设的迫切任务。根据延安试区的土壤水分和植被生长状况调查资料 ,初步分析了不同条件下刺槐人工林地的水分状况。结果表明 :试区刺槐人工林地普遍形成了土壤干层 ,且已相当严重 ;坡向对土壤干层有明显影响 ,阳坡形成的干层较阴坡严重 ;坡度愈大 ,土壤干化愈剧烈 ;林龄对干层严重程度影响不明显。同时 ,研究指出了解决土壤干层问题的意义。

黄土高原森林植被对陆地水循环影响的研究

论文从土壤水文学科视角来研究和分析黄土高原森林水文作用的两个重大问题， 即对总径流量和对地下水转化的影响。联系黄土高原与水循环有关的生态属性， 系统阐述了林地土壤下伏干层的发现、 分布、 水文性质及其生物学成因。重点分析了干层因其巨大水分亏缺量阻隔重力水下渗， 阻止降水垂直入渗补给地下水的作用。指出森林因其显著拦蓄径流作用， 蓄积水分又难以转化为地下水， 因而具有减少林地出境总径流量的作用。

干旱对沙棘休眠、萌芽期内源激素及萌芽特性的影响

以 2a生中国沙棘为试验材料 ,研究了土壤干旱胁迫下沙棘苗木水分生理状况 ,内源GA1 3 及ABA水平与萌芽率的关系 ,结果表明 :土壤干旱胁迫导致苗体含水量、水势、自由水含量下降 ,显著提高冬季休眠与春季萌动期的内源ABA水平而降低内源GA1 3 含量 ,GA1 3 ABA降低 ,较晚达到萌动所需的调控阈值 ,萌芽延迟。重度胁迫下苗木延迟达 2 5d且萌芽后生长缓慢。长期土壤中度干旱条件下沙棘苗萌芽期亦略有延迟 ,萌芽后生长略有抑制

Probabilistic modelling of soil moisture dynamics of irrigated cropland in the North China Plain

A probabilistic soil moisture dynamic model is used to estimate the soil moisture probability distribution and plant water stress of irrigated cropland in the North China Plain. Soil moisture and meteorological data during the period of 1998 to 2003 were obtained from an irrigated cropland ecosystem with winter wheat and maize in the North China Plain to test the probabilistic soil moisture dynamic model. Results showed that the model was able to capture the soil moisture dynamics and estimate long-term water balance reasonably well when little soil water deficit existed. The prediction of mean plant water stress during winter wheat and maize growing season quantified the suitability of the wheat-maize rotation to the soil and climate environmental conditions in North China Plain under the impact of irrigation. Under the impact of precipitation fluctuations, there is no significant bimodality of the average soil moisture probability density function.

Spectral response of winter wheat to crop development and various agronomic limitations

For maximizing the effective applications of remote sensing in crop recognition, crop performance assessment and canopy variables estimation at large areas, it is essential to fully understand the spectral response of canopy to crop development and varying growing conditions. In this paper, the spectral properties of winter wheat canopy under different growth stages and different agronomic conditions were investigated at the field level based on reflectance measurements. It was proved that crop growth and development, nitrogen fertilization rates, nutrient deficit (e.g. lacking any kind of nitrogen, phosphorus and kalium fertilizer or lacking all of them), irrigation frequency and plant density had direct influence on canopy reflectance in 400-900 nm which including the visible/near infrared bands, and resulted in great changes of spectral curves. It was suggested that spectral reflectance of crop canopy can well reflect the growth and development of crop and the impacts from various factors, and was feasible to provide vital information for crop monitoring and assessment. ©2010 IEEE.

Examination of Antioxidative System's Responses in the Different Phases of Drought Stress and During Recovery in Desert Plant Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim

The aim of this study was to test the protective roles of superoxide dismutases (SODs), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) against oxidative damage and their activities in different phases of the dry down process in Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim. leaves. Drought stress was imposed during 100 consecutive days and rewatering after 16, 72, and 100 days. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde, and SODs activities were elevated significantly with progressing drought stress. POD and CAT activities increased markedly in the early phase of drought and decreased significantly with further drought stress continuation, and POD activity was unable to recover after rewatering. Ascorbate, reduced glutathione, APX, and GR activities declined in the initial stages of drought process, elevated significantly with further increasing water deficit progression and recovered after rewatering. These results indicate that: (1) iron SODs-removing superoxide anion is very effective during the whole drought stress; (2) CAT scavenges H2O2 in the early phase of drought and enzymes of ascorbate-glutathione cycle scavenge H2O2 in further increasing drought stress; and (3) POD does not contribute to protect against oxidative damage caused by H2O2 under drought stress.

Annual cycle of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the Bohai Sea: A model study

The annual cycle of nutrient-phytoplankton dynamics in Bohai Sea (BS) is simulated using a coupled physical-biological model in this study. By comparison, the modeled seasonal variations of nutrients and primary productivity agree with observations rather well. Although the annual cycles of chlorophyll a and primary production are both characterized by a double-peak configuration, a structural difference is still apparent: the phytoplankton biomass reaches the highest value in spring while summer is characterized by the most productivity in the BS, which can be ascribed to the combined impact of seawater temperature and zooplankton-grazing pressure on the growth of algae. Based on the validated simulations, the annual budgets of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus are estimated, and are about 0.82 mt C surplus, 39 kt N deficit and 12kt P surplus, respectively, implying that the BS ecosystem is somewhat nitrogen limited. The contribution of two external nutrient sources, namely river discharges and resuspended sediments, to the growth of algae is also examined numerically, and it is found that the influence of river-borne nutrients mainly concentrates in estuaries, whereas the reduction of sediment-borne nutrients may significantly inhibit the onset of algae bloom in the whole BS. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Carbon Dioxide Exchange Between the Atmosphere and an Alpine Shrubland Meadow During the Growing Season on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

In the present study, we used the eddy covariance method to measure CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and an alpine shrubland meadow ecosystem (37°36'N, 101°18'E; 3 250 m a.s.l.) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, during the growing season in 2003, from 20 April to 30 September. This meadow is dominated by formations of Potentilla fruticosa L. The soil is Mol-Cryic Cambisols. During the study period, the meadow was not grazed. The maximum rates of CO2 uptake and release derived from the diurnal course of CO2 flux were -9.38 and 5.02 μmol•m-2•s-1, respectively. The largest daily CO2 uptake was 1.7 g C•m-2•d-1 on 14 July, which is less than half that of an alpine Kobresia meadow ecosystem at similar latitudes. Daily CO2 uptake during the measurement period indicated that the alpine shrubland meadow ecosystem may behave as a sink of atmospheric CO2 during the growing season. The daytime CO2 uptake was correlated exponentially or linearly with the daily photo synthetic photon flux density each month. The daytime average water use efficiency of the ecosystem was 6.47 mg CO2/g H2O. The efficiency of the ecosystem increased with a decrease in vapor pressure deficit.

CO2H2O and energy exchange of an Inner Mongolia steppe ecosystem during a dry and wet year

We used an eddy covariance technique to measure evapotranspiration and carbon flux over two very different growing seasons for a typical steppe on the Inner Mongolia Plateau, China. The rainfall during the 2004 growing season (344.7 mm) was close to the annual average (350.43 mm). In contrast, precipitation during the 2005 growing season was significantly lower than average (only 126 mm). The wet 2004 growing season had a higher peak evapotranspiration (4 mm day(-1)) than did the dry 2005 growing season (3.3 mm day(-1)). In 2004, latent heat flux was mainly a consumption resource for net radiation, accounting for similar to 46% of net radiation. However, sensible heat flux dominated the energy budget over the whole growing season in 2005, accounting for 60% of net radiation. The evaporative rate (LE/R-n) dropped by a factor of four from the non-soil stress to soil water limiting conditions. Maximum half-hourly CO2 uptake was -0.68 mg m(-2) s(-1) and maximum ecosystem exchange was 4.3 g CO2 m(-2) day(-1) in 2004. The 2005 drought growing stage had a maximum CO2 exchange value of only -0.22 mg m(-2) s(-1) and a continuous positive integrated-daily CO2 flux over the entire growing season, i.e. the ecosystem became a net carbon source. Soil respiration was temperature dependent when the soil was under non-limiting soil moisture conditions, but this response declined with soil water stress. Water availability and a high vapor pressure deficit severely limited carbon fixing of this ecosystem; thus, during the growing season, the capacity to fix CO2 was closely related to both timing and frequency of rainfall events. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

Seasonal and interannual variation in water vapor and energy exchange over a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia, China

In this study, we conducted eddy covariance (EC) measurements of water vapor exchange over a typical steppe in a semi-arid area of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, China. Measurement sites were located within a 25-year-old enclosure with a relatively low leaf area index (similar to 1. 5 m(2) m(-2)) and dominated by Leymus chinensis. Energy balance closure was (H + LE) = 17.09 + 0.69 x (Rn - G) (W/m(2); r(2) = 0.95, n = 6596). Precipitation during the two growing seasons of the study period was similar to the long-term average. The peak evapotranspiration in 2004 was 4 mm d(-1), and 3.5 mm d(-1) in 2003. The maximum latent heat flux was higher than the sensible heat flux, and the sensible heat flux dominated the energy budget at midday during the entire growing season in 2003; latent heat flux was the main consumption component for net radiation during the 2004 growing season. During periods of frozen soil in 2003 and 2004, the sensible heat flux was the primary consumption component for net radiation. The soil heat flux component was similar in 2003 and 2004. The decoupling coefficient (between 0.5 and 0.1) indicates that evapotranspiration was strongly controlled by saturation water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in this grassland. The results of this research suggest that energy exchange and evapotranspiration were controlled by the phenology of the vegetation and soil water content. In addition, the amount and frequency of rainfall significantly affect energy exchange and evapotranspiration upon the Inner Mongolia plateau. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Short-term variation of CO2 flux in relation to environmental controls in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

[1] The alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau may play a significant role in the regional carbon cycle. To assess the CO2 flux and its relationship to environmental controls in the ecosystem, eddy covariance of CO2, H2O, and energy fluxes was measured with an open-path system in an alpine meadow on the plateau at an elevation of 3,250 m. Net ecosystem CO2 influx (Fc) averaged 8.8 g m(-2) day(-1) during the period from August 9 to 31, 2001, with a maximum of 15.9 g m(-2) day(-1) and a minimum of 2.3 g m(-2) day(-1). Daytime Fc averaged 16.7 g m(-2) day(-1) and ranged from 10.4 g m(-2) day(-1) to 21.7 g m(-2) day(-1) during the study period. For the same photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), gross CO2 uptake (Gc) was significantly higher on cloudy days than on clear days. However, mean daily Gc was higher on clear days than on cloudy days. With high PPFD, Fc decreased as air temperature increased from 10degreesC to 23degreesC. The greater the difference between daytime and nighttime air temperatures, the more the sink was strengthened. Daytime average water use efficiency of the ecosystem (WUEe) was 8.7 mg (CO2)(g H2O)(-1); WUEe values ranged from 5.8 to 15.3 mg (CO2)(g H2O)(-1). WUEe increased with the decrease in vapor pressure deficit. Daily albedo averaged 0.20, ranging from 0.19 to 0.22 during the study period, and was negatively correlated with daily Fc. Our measurements provided some of the first evidence on CO2 exchange for a temperate alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, which is necessary for assessing the carbon budget and carbon cycle processes for temperate grassland ecosystems.

不同干扰条件下社会认知偏离者两半球协同功能研究

Previous studies have witnessed some psychological or behavioral deviation (such as aggressive behavior) might have an association with cerebral hemisphere cooperative dysfunction, however, it is still unclear whether there is an association between individuals with social cognitive bias and their hemispheric cooperative functions especially while the interhemisphere cooperative processing is under the conditions of emotional interferences. The purpose of this study is to explore the differences between the social cognitive bias group and the normal group’s interhemispheric cooperative functional activity under the conditions of with or without interferences. Methods: According to Dodge’s (1993) model of “social-cognitive mechanisms in the development of conduct disorder and depression”, a 51 items of “social cognitive bias scale” was created and was used to screen the high score group. 20 male subjects was composed of high score group and other 23 matched the control group. Stimulus tachistoscopically presented to the bilateral visual field and compared with the central. Both group’s interhemispheric cooperative functional activity were observed and compared under the conditions of without interference- i.e. base level and with the emotional interferences of white noise level and negative evaluative feedback speech level while finishing: experiment one: Chinese word-figure Stroop analogue task; experiment two: two single Chinese Characters combination task. Heart rate and respiratory rate were simultaneously recorded as index of emotional changes. Results: ① The high score group showed a decrease in processing accuracy compared with the normal group under the condition of white noise interference level in experiment one. ② Still under the condition of white noise interference level, there were more reaction time and more errors were observed in high score group than normal in experiment two. ③ Both groups showed speed up effect and the strategic processing tendency of speed-accuracy trade-off effect under the condition of white noise interference level in both experiments. ④ Between group differences of interhemipheric cooperative function were not observed under the conditions of base level and the negative evaluative feedback speech level within both experiments. Conclusion: The results suggested that interhemispheric cooperative functional differences exists between the two groups, characterized as ① differences existed in interhemispheric cooperative processing strategy between the two groups, with the high score group presented “hierarchic” deficiency strategy. ② the appearance of the differences between the two groups were condition specified , and in this research it was only under the white noise interference condition. ③ the features of the differences between the two groups were the differences on multidimensional performances and with a deficit orientation in high score group. ④ the varieties of the differences were changing with cooperative tasks, as in this research the high score group performed worse in complementary cooperative task. In addition, both group adjusted the processing strategy respectively under the condition of white noise evoked emotional interference implied that the interaction between the interhemisphere cooperative processing and emotion might exist.