26 resultados para D. N. P. S. F.-Correspondencia


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直接流是研究重离子碰撞动力学演变和压缩形成的高密核物质性质很好的探针,本论文系统地研究了0.4、0.8和1.16A GeV的Ni+NiPb+Pb碰撞中的直接流。实验是在德国重离子研究中心(GSI)的FOPI探测装置上完成的。论文中,简单总结了中高能区重离子碰撞的现状和描述集体流的主要理论模型,介绍了FOPI探测系统,给出了详细的实验数据分析过程,对所得到的物理结果进行了讨论。本论文工作的重点如下:基于FOPI系统的实验数据,发展了一套质量相关(Z=1离子)的直接流的提取方法。提取了各碰撞系统出射PDT粒子在不同碰撞中心度下的微分直接流和积分直接流。研究了PDT的直接流对碰撞中心度、系统尺寸和碰撞能量的依赖性,以及对核物质状态方程的敏感性。结果表明:直接流敏感地依赖于碰撞中心度,近中心碰撞具有更强直接流信号;对于轻重两种系统,用常用的AP1/3+AT1/3系数对积分直接流进行了标度,观察到一定的标度性,但不能完全标度;通过研究直接流对碰撞能量的依赖性发现,在0.4-1.2A GeV能区内,随能量升高,直接流在已经达到了饱和,并开始下降,并且PDT的变化趋势相同。实验数据与输运模型IQMD算比较发现,直接流的变化趋势和最大密度变化趋势相同,说明直接流是核物质压缩程度的一个良好探针。计算得到的PDT微分和积分的V1值表明,与质量相关的直接流,无论是微分值还是积分值都敏感依赖于模型中EoS数。比较发现,不同碰撞能量下,重的Pb+Pb系统的数据和软的EoS合很好,说明核物质不可压缩系数在210 MeV附近,这与文献中的结果相吻合,说明与质量相关的直接流是EoS敏感探针。对于轻NiNi系统,目前的IQMD不能重现数据,但其趋向于硬的EoS需要发展描述碰撞过程更为精细的理论模型。数据整体趋势表明,随者系统变重,中子比例的增加,EoS软,难以给出同一组IQMD数来同时解释全部的实验数据。对于所研究的碰撞系统,比较中心快度区斜率行为时发现,PDT的直接流与出射粒子质量数呈线性关系,并且出射粒子的积分直接流可以很好的用常数(A+1)/2进行标度。如果出射粒子的直接流用IQMD算的核阻止进行归一,归一后的直接流与碰撞能量成正比。这证明核阻止与直接流有线性关联,反映了核阻止对于碰撞中核物质达到的最高密度起决定性的作用。论文工作的另一部分是完成了FOPI探测装置中飞行时间探测器的升级工作。研制了新型的玻璃MMRPC,完成了性能的批量测试,并研究了该探测器的高计数率行为。测量结果显示,在实验计数率(0.1 kHz/cm2)条件下,MMRPC时间分辨达到75 ps,探测效率达到98%。当计数率达到3-5 kHz/cm2时,时间分辨和探测效率降至约110 ps和75%。高计数率探测效率变差的幅度可以用DC模型进行解释,然而时间分辨的变化幅度用DC模型难以解释

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ANSWERS-2000是一个以分布式参数、物理学基础、连续模拟农田或流域为尺度的山地规划模型,目的是评价农业和城市最优化经营管理措施(BMPs)对减少沉积物和养分进入地表径流及减少养分从根区流失的影响。该模型是专门为缺乏实测数据,无法对模型所需数据进行校正的流域规划者使用的。模型将整个研究区域模拟划分为面积相同的栅格(1 hm2或更小),假定同一栅格内所有特性(表层和下层土壤特性、植被、地表条件、农作物管理和气象条件)都相同。模型利用不连续的降雨数据,模拟水文过程,在径流事件内以30 s步长,在径流事件间则以1 d步长。模型能够预测截流、地面保水力/滞留力、渗透、浸透、沉积物分离和混合粒径等级粒子的运输、农作物生长、植物吸收营养物质、土壤中NP动态变化、硝酸盐淋滤及受土壤条件、养分条件、植被和水文条件影响的硝酸盐、铵态氮、凯氏法测定的总氮、磷的流失量。模型采用基于ArcInfo的用户界面,便于数据文件的建立和处理。

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In this article, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of different concentrations of brilliant green (13G) on Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been investigated. The results indicate that only 10(-12) M BG can be detected on AgNPs while as low as 10(-11) M BG can be detected upon the activation of AgNPs by chloride ions. The additional improvement of the detection of BG mainly derives from the increase of the electromagnetic field around AgNPs and partially from the reorientation of BG on AgNPs induced by chloride ions, which was proved by the different spectra feature in the two systems. Adsorption of BG on AgNPs has also been demonstrated in applications of living cells as optical probes based on SERS, indicating that dye-AgNPs can probe the local environment in the living cells. The related cytotoxicity measurements demonstrated that BG-AgNPs produced little cytotoxicity to the cells, which shows great potential in biornedical applications of BG labeled-AgNPs for SERS nanosensors in cells as optical probes. Meanwhile, SERS spectra of BG on AgNPs in the presence chloride ions are expected to be used in living cells as more sensitive optical probes.

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Nucleic acid was found to induce the aggregation of the positively charged pyrene probe (compound 1); as a result, strong pyrene excimer emission was observed. The intensity of the excimer emission was dependent on the concentration of the pyrene probe and the oligonucleotide length, sequence, and concentration. These results suggest a new strategy for label-free nucleic acid-based biosensing applications.

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We investigate the cohesive energy, heat of formation, elastic constant and electronic band structure of transition metal diborides TMB2 (TM = Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os and Ir, Pt) in the Pmmn space group using the ab initio pseudopotential total energy method. Our calculations indicate that there is a relationship between elastic constant and valence electron concentration (VEC): the bulk modulus and shear modulus achieve their maximum when the VEC is in the range of 6.8-7.2. In addition, trends in the elastic constant are well explained in terms of electronic band structure analysis, e.g., occupation of valence electrons in states near the Fermi level, which determines the cohesive energy and elastic properties. The maximum in bulk modulus and shear modulus is attributed to the nearly complete filling of TM d-B p bonding states without filling the antibonding states. On the basis of the observed relationship, we predict that alloying W and Re in the orthorhombic structure OsB2 might be harder than alloying the Ir element. Indeed, the further calculations confirmed this expectation.

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Gas transport properties of home- and copolyimides prepared from 3,3',4,4'- and 2,2',3,3'-thiaphthalic dianhydride (p-TDPA and m-TDPA, respectively) with 4,4-oxydianiline (ODA) were investigated. The fractional free volume of m-TDPA-ODA is larger than that of p-TDPA-ODA, and the chain segmental mobility of the former is lower than that of the latter. The permeability coefficients of m-TDPA-ODA to H-2, CO2, and O-2 are more increased by 48, 69 and 75%, at 30 degrees C and 10 atm, respectively, than those of p-TDPA-ODA; but the permselectivities of m-TDPA-ODA for H-2, CO2, and O-2 toward N-2 are more decreased by 33, 77, and 26%, respectively, than those of p-TDPA-ODA. The permeability coefficients and the diffusion coefficients of the copolyimides can be described by the following equations: log P = Phi(p) log P-p + Phi(m), log P-m and log D-a = D-a = Phi(p) log(D-alpha)(p) + Phi(m) log(D-a)(m), respectively. The variation of the permselectivity is controlled predominantly by diffusivity selectivity. These observations are interpreted in terms of variations in the fractional free volume of polyimides. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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本文对我国胶州湾养殖的主要滤食性贝类菲律宾蛤仔的生理生态学进行了系统研究,通过资料收集、现场调查、定点连续观测、现场模拟实验等综合性方法探讨了菲律宾蛤仔养殖对胶州湾生态环境的影响。主要系统调查了不同季节胶州湾自然沉积物中C、NP变化;研究了菲律宾蛤仔生物沉积作用的周年变化;同时还研究了不同月份菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率,排泄率的变化。结果如下: 1、综述了滤食性贝类通过滤食、生物沉积和呼吸排泄等作用对海区环境的影响,系统评述了埋栖性贝类生物沉积的测定方法及其生态效应。国际上已有不少研究专门报道了贝类在海区现场的生物沉积作用,而在我国,关于埋栖性贝类生物沉积特征的研究较少。 2、在胶州湾红岛附近养殖海区,从2003年10月到2004年7月以及2005年8月到2005年12月对菲律宾蛤仔生物沉积进行了现场测定。大、中和小规格菲律宾蛤仔生物沉积速率范围分别为121.6~1527.4mg/ind·d49.5~902.1mg/ind·d14.2~653.9mg/ind·d海底自然沉积物OM分别为3.1%和5.7±1.1%。而大、中和小规格菲律宾蛤仔生物沉积物的OM分别为6.2±1.2%、5.9±1.3%和6.1±1.4%。大、中和小菲律宾蛤仔生物沉积物TP量分别为399±26ppm,372±16ppm,345±15ppm。大、中和小规格蛤子生物沉积物中的OP别为80±17ppm,92±12ppm和102±10ppm,明显高于对照沉积物的OP生物沉积物中的OP/TP明显高于对照沉积物,前者为23~25%,而后者仅为20%。菲律宾蛤仔生物沉积速率呈明显季节性变化,其与软体干重呈异速方程关系,a值的变化范围为0.85~4.50(平均为2.32)。菲律宾蛤仔贝肉的OC和ON量分别为40.80±7.59%和的10.26±2.19%。贝壳的OM、TPOPOC和ON量分别为3.28±0.47%、109.2±16.6ppm、64±22.9ppm、12.21±0.30%和0.19±0.05%。 3、不同规格菲律宾蛤仔的代谢率呈明显季节变化。7月份,单位个体菲律宾蛤仔耗氧率最高为1.72 g/ind•h;8月份,排氨率和排磷率达到最高,分别为2.44μmol/ind•h、0.58μmol/ind•h。菲律宾蛤仔的O:N10.7~31.9范围内,O:NN:P有明显的季节变化,8月份最大。 4、研究了本湾底质环境特征,测定了自然沉积物的OM、OC、ONTPOP含量。胶州湾站位沉积物的有机质和C、NP量季节变化不大,有机质含量大约为3.5%,OC和ON量大约为0.7%和0.06%。TP量为285ppm左右,OP量大约为50ppm。养殖海区沉积物有机质和C、NP含量明显高于非养殖海区沉积物含量,其C/NC/OPOP/TP般也比非养殖海区站位高。 夏季,胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔养殖区(平均密度按600ind/m2计算)单位面积(m2)的生物沉积速率平均为176g/m2•d对于整个海湾,将有1.2万吨的悬浮颗粒物通过贝类排粪作用沉积到海底。通过菲律宾蛤仔的呼吸作用,单位面积(m2)的耗氧量为6.67gO2/m2•d同时从海底向水体释放大约为16.7μmolN /m2•d3.3μmolP/m2•d溶解态NP对于整个海湾,菲律宾蛤仔将耗掉水体中的467T/d气,同时向水体中释放16.4T/d氮和7.2T/d机磷。对于半封闭的胶州湾,大规模菲律宾蛤仔的滩涂养殖其产生的生物沉积物聚集于海底可能会对海区底部的物理化学和生物环境产生很大影响;而氧的消耗、氨和无机磷的排泄,会对水层中的物理化学环境和营养盐循环产生很大影响。从而由此推测,菲律宾蛤仔高密度大规模的养殖,在整个胶州湾水层-底栖系统耦合作用中可能起着很重要的作用。

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在典型矮蒿草草甸上,按大小梯度设置温棚(由小到大依次为A、B、C、DE)进行模拟增温效应对黑褐苔草(Carex alrofusca)的分蘖数、叶片数和高度影响的研究.结果表明:温度(地表温度和地温)随温室的减小而升高,其中,温室A内地表温度和地温最高,比对照分别提高了2.35℃和2.13℃.温室D分蘖数增幅最大,温室D温室A间分蘖数变异达到显著水平(P0.05),温室A至D黑褐苔草的分蘖数变异随温度的升高而降低,并与温度呈负相关关系(P表〈0.05;P温〈0.01);叶片数的变化趋势与分蘖数基本一致;黑褐苔草平均高度随温度的增加而升高,温室A与对照间达到极显著水平(P0.01),各处理黑褐苔草高度与温度呈正相关且达到极显著水平(P0.01).

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对高寒草甸地面营巢的小云雀(Alauda gulgula)和灌丛筑巢的黄嘴朱顶雀(Acanthis flavirostris繁殖方式的研究表明:①小云雀孵化异步性较弱(1 d;平均卵重与产卵顺序不显著相关,但最后1枚卵最重;出壳顺序与雏鸟生长率极显著正相关(P < 0.05);出壳顺序对幼鸟的雏期和离巢体重无显著影响(P > 0.05)。②黄嘴朱顶雀孵化异步性较强(2~3);平均卵重与产卵顺序显著正相关(P < 0.05),最后1枚卵最重,第1枚次之;出守则顺序对雏鸟生长率、雏期和离巢体重均无显著影响(P > 0.05)。结果分析表明,2种雀形目鸟类都选择了异步孵化和加强窜雏数对策的繁殖模式。