176 resultados para CD 34
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采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE),研究重金属Cd2+、Pb2+、Zn2+在不同暴露时间(1—35d)、单一重金属离子不同暴露浓度(0.05mg/L、0.5mg/L、5.0mg/L)或混合重金属离子(Cd2++Pb2+、Cd2++Zn2+、Pb2++Zn2+、Cd2++Pb2++Zn2+)相同浓度(0.5mg/L)条件下对泥鳅肝胰脏细胞核DNA的损伤作用。以带彗尾核DNA百分率和彗尾长度(TL)与核直径(D)比值为指标,探讨DNA损伤级别与处理浓度间的相关性。结果显示,随着处理时间的延长,带彗尾核DNA百
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利用水生微宇宙系统研究了不同浓度的Hg2+、Cd2+单一及复合处理对伊乐藻可溶性蛋白质浓度、叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b比值,以及生产力和呼吸作用的影响.可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量在低浓度胁迫时(Hg2+≤2.5μmol/L,Cd2+≤10μmol/L,Hg2++Cd2+≤1.25μmol/LHg2++5μmol/LCd2+)略有升高,之后随胁迫的增强而持续下降,两者呈负相关;叶绿素a/b比值、净生产力、呼吸强度随离子浓度增加不断下降,除呼吸强度外,两者也呈负相关.Hg2+对伊乐藻的毒性是Cd2+的4倍左右(以
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利用微量热法研究Cd2 + 和Cu2 + 对嗜热四膜虫BF5(TetrahymenathermophilaBF5)生长代谢毒性效应 ,结果表明 :①低浓度的Cd2 + (0~ 0 .4mgL-1)和Cu2 + (0~ 10mgL-1)对四膜虫的生长有促进作用 ,而高浓度的Cd2 + (0 .8~ 3.2mgL-1)和Cu2 + (2 0~ 2 0 0mgL-1)则产生抑制作用 ;②Cd2 + 和Cu2 + 的半抑制浓度IC50 分别为 2 .0 4mg/L和15 5 .5mg/L ;③联合毒性为协同作用
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The concentrations of major anions and cations, nitrogen and phosphorus, dissolved and particulate trace elements, and organic pollutants were determined for the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (Changjiang) from below the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) to the mouth at Shanghai in November 2006. The concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) was constant at a low level of 6-8 mu gP/L, but the concentration of nitrate (NO3-) approximately doubled downstream and was closely correlated with K+. This translated to a daily load of well over 1000 It of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) at Datong. The average concentrations of dissolved Pb (0.078 +/- 0.023 mu g/L), Cd (0.024 +/- 0.009 mu g/L), Cr(0.57 +/- 0.09 mu g/L), Cu (1.9 +/- 0.7 mu g/L), and Ni (0.50 +/- 0.49 mu g/L) were comparable with those in other major world rivers, while As (3.3 +/- 1.3 mu g/L) and Zn (1.5 +/- 0.6 mu g/L) were higher by factors of 5.5 and 2.5, respectively. The trace element contents of suspended particles of As (31 +/- 28 mu g/g), Pb (83 +/- 34 mu g/g), and Ni (52 +/- 16 mu g/g) were close to maximum concentrations recommended for rivers by the European Community (EC). The average concentrations of Cd (2.6 +/- 1.6 mu g/g), Cr (185 +/- 102 mu g/g), Cu (115 +/- 106 mu g/g), and Zn (500 +/- 300 mu g/g) exceeded the EC standards by a factor of two, and Hg (4.4 +/- 4.7 mu g/g) by a factor of 4 to 5. Locally occurring peak concentrations exceed these values up to fourfold, among them the notorious elements As, Hg, and Tl. All dissolved and particulate trace element concentrations were higher than estimates made twenty years ago [Zhang, J., Geochemistry of trace metals from Chinese river/estuary systems: an overview. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 1995; 41: 631-658.]. The enormous loads of anthropogenic pollutants disposed to the river were diluted by the large water discharge of the Yangtze even during the lowest flow resulting in the relatively low concentration levels of trace elements and organic pollutants observed. We estimated loads of e.g. As, Pb and Ni to the East China Sea to be about 4600 kg As d(-1), 3000 kg Pb d(-1), and 2000 kg Ni d(-1). About 6000 t d(-1) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was delivered into the sea at the time of our cruise. We tested for 236 organic pollutants, and only the most infamous were found to be barely above detection limits. We estimated that the load of chlorinated compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, and PAHs were between 500 and 3500 kg d(-1). We also detected eight herbicides entering the estuary with loads of 5-350 kg d(-1). The pollutant load, even when at low concentrations, are considerable and pose an increasing threat to the health of the East China Sea ecosystem. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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A short wavelength (lambda similar or equal to 3.5 mu m) strain-compensated InxGa(1-x)As/InyAl(1-y)As quantum cascade laser is reported. Quasi-continuous wave operation of this device at 34 degrees C with an output power of 11.4mW persisted for more than 30 minutes without obvious degradation. A very low threshold current density of 1.2KA/cm(2) at this temperature was observed.
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聚合物白光电致发光器件可以采用旋涂、喷墨打印等方法成膜,具有工艺简单、成本低等优点,在全色平板显示和照明光源等方面具有广阔的应用前景,吸引了广泛的关注。聚合物白光电致发光器件同小分子发光器件相比发光效率仍然很低,如何提高聚合物白光器件的效率是急需解决的问题。而另一个评价白光器件性能的重要参数就是显色指数(color rendering index , CRI)。目前所报道的有机白光器件的显色指数普遍低于80,如何提高聚合物白光器件的显色指数也是我们研究的重点。本论文在载流子的注入平衡控制、白光聚合物薄膜的聚集态调控改善其光电性能和设计新型器件结构提高白光器件效率等方面进行了系统、深入的研究,在提高聚合物白光电致发光器件的效率和色纯度方面取得了较大的研究进展,为发展高质量的聚合物白光电致发光器件提供了理论基础和实施途径。 1. 首次将醇溶性含磷酸脂基团的聚芴衍生物作为电子注入材料应用到聚合物电致发光器件中,并采用高功函数铝作为阴极获得了高效率的聚合物电致发光。醇溶性含磷酸酯聚芴界面材料不但实现了多层聚合物结构,而且磷酸酯与金属铝的特殊作用有利于高效率电子注入。我们成功地将其应用到红、绿、蓝三基色聚合物发光器件中,与传统的Ca/Al电极聚合物器件相比,这种新型界面材料的使用有效降低了器件的工作电压,发光效率提高了25 %以上。 2. 利用物理掺杂的方法通过选用白光聚合物(由蓝光和橙光组成)作为主体、高效率红光磷光染料作为客体实现了包含红、绿、蓝三基色的高显色指数白光聚合物电致发光,色坐标为 (0.34,0.35),显色指数达到 92。通过在发光层中引入电子传输材料实现了载流子的传输平衡,提高了白光器件的发光效率,发光效率达到5.3 cd/A。 3. 采用含苯并噻二唑基元的聚芴衍生物作为白光发光层(由蓝光和橙光组成),利用热退火及溶剂处理等方式控制白光聚合物薄膜聚集态结构,有效调控了白光聚合物薄膜的载流子传输平衡和白光的色纯度。利用热处理或溶剂处理提高了薄膜的空穴迁移率,平衡了载流子传输,使发光效率由原来的7.3 cd/A提高到10 cd/A以上。同过热处理及溶剂处理后的白光聚合物薄膜中出现了高发光效率的聚芴结晶相,提高了蓝光部分的发光效率和色纯度,进而提高了白光的色纯度。 4. 利用含苯并噻二唑基元的聚芴衍生物白光聚合物和含磷酸酯醇溶性蓝光聚芴构筑了高效率双发光层聚合物白光电致发光器件。通过控制白光聚合物薄膜的聚集态结构提高空穴迁移率和引入醇溶性蓝光聚芴界面层改善电子注入实现了载流子传输平衡,同时将激子复合区域限制在两个发光层之间,避免了由于电极造成的激子淬灭,器件的发光效率达到17 cd/A和11 lm/W,是目前国际上报道的非掺杂型聚合物白光电致发光的最高值。 5. 利用高色纯度的蓝光聚芴、绿光和红光磷光染料实现了包含红绿蓝三基色的高显色指数白光;通过器件结构的设计提高器件中三线态激子的利用效率和抑制磷光染料中三线态激子向聚芴低三线态能级的能量转移,实现了高效率、高显色指数聚合物白光电致发光。 其中红光和绿光发光层由高三线态能级的聚乙烯咔唑掺杂绿光和红光磷光染料组成,蓝光发光层采用含磷酸脂基团聚芴,在两个发光层间引入高三线态能级激子限制层,有效抑制了磷光染料三线态激子被低三线态能级聚芴的淬灭,实现了高发光效率的包含红、绿、蓝三基色的高显色指数聚合物电致白光。器件最高效率可达到10.4 cd/A, 色坐标为 (0.36, 0.39),显色指数达到91。
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本论文以手性联萘酚为手性源,合成一系列联蔡基手性联毗陡及其衍生物,歼探讨了部分手性配体在不对称催化氢转移等反应中的应用。同时,通过部分配体与金属离子配位合成了旋光纯手性金属配合物,并对其溶液性质进行了深入研究。主要工作和结论如下:利用Krohnke方法,从(R)-6-乙酞基-2,2'-二甲氧基-1,1'-联萘简洁地合成了6-[6-((R)-2,2'-二甲氧基-1,1'-联萘基)]-2,2'-联吡啶及其衍生物(R)-1a-e。在相似条件下,合成了6,6'-二[6-(2,2'-联吡啶基)]-1,1'-联萘衍生物(R)-27-b。利用Suztlki偶联反应,对化合物(R)-1e进一步进行修饰得到了高产率的6-芳基-6'-[6-((R)-2,2'-二甲氧基-1,1'-联萘基)〕-2,2'-联吡啶(R)-1f-i。通过(R)3-(4,4,5:5-四甲基-1,3,2-二唑硼烷基)2,2'-乙氧基-1,1'-联萘与6-溴-2,2'-联吡啶及其衍生物的Suzuki偶联合成了四种手性6-[3-((R)-2,2'-乙氧基-1,1'-联萘基)]-2,2'-联吡啶衍生物(R)-3a-d。将(R)-27b与AgSO3CF3进行配位合成Ag(I)配位聚合物35。固态下,35具有M构型的无限单股螺旋结构,且每个Ag(I)中心的手性受到配体,扫联蔡基的控制,其构型为Λ。在用MS、CD、UV及NMR对配合物35的溶液性质进行深入研究时发现,在溶液中配合物35离解为剂聚体,同时齐聚体之间存在快速平衡,且平衡随浓度、温度等条件的不同而发生改变,配体的平衡构象也相应被调整。另外,合成了Ag(I)与(R)-1d的单核配合物34,其洛液表现出与配台物35相似的性质。探讨了1a-i在苯乙酮氢转移还原、苯乙烯环丙烷化等不对称催化反应中的应用。在这些反应中,大部分配体表现出很好的反应活性,但立体选择性比较差。以(S)3,3'-二(4,4,5.5-四甲基-1,3,2-唑硼烷基于-2,2'-二(甲氧亚甲氧基)-1,1'-联萘为原料与2-溴吡啶及其衍生物先进行Stlzuki偶联,再经水解反应较高产率地合成了C2-对称性新型(S)-3,3'-二吡啶丛联茶酚衍生物(S)-38a-d。
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胺类萃取剂具有其独特优点,特别是伯胺,因含有活泼氢,既能作为“阴离子交换剂”,又能与被萃的含氧金属络阴离了形成氢键而溶剂化,同时伯胺为一路易斯碱,可作为配体与某些金属离子形成配位键等,因而已广泛地用于金属离子的提纯与分离工业中。然而,1)为了寻找新的、更有效的萃取及协同萃取体系,以适应分析分离各种金属离子,改善金属离子的分离工艺;2)研究萃取和协同萃取的一般规律,探寻其内在规律性,充实完善萃取化学原理的内容;3)研究多元配合物的组成、结构和机理;4)系统地研究和比较不同结构胺类萃取剂与其它萃取剂对金属离子的萃取及协同萃取的相互作用,探讨多元配合物的形成条件等,因此,研究伯胺N_(1923)与其它萃取剂在不同酸度、不同条件,不同体系中对Zn(II)、Cd(II)、Re(III)的萃取及协同萃取具有一定意义。本文分别研究了伯胺N_(1923)与中性磷试剂对ZnCl_2、CdCl_2、Zn(SCN)_2的协同萃取;伯胺N_(1923)与HPMBP对RE(III)的协同萃取以及伯胺N_(1923)在不同介质中对Sc(III)的萃取机理等,并用得到了一些有意义的结果与结论。一、伯胺N_(1923)与中性磷萃取剂(TBP, DBBP)对Zn(II)、Cd(II)的协同萃取1. 伯胺N_(1923)与TBP、DBBP对ZnCl_2的协萃取 研究了伯胺N_(1923)与TBP、DBBP的正庚烷溶液从盐酸介质中对ZnCl_2的萃取机理,用斜率法、等摩尔系列法确定了协萃配合物组成为:(RNH_3Cl)_3·ZnCl_2·B、(RNH_3Cl)_2·ZnCl_2·B (B = TBP·DBBP)协萃反应为:ZnCl_2 + (RNH_3Cl)_3_((o)) + TBP_((o)) →~(K_(12)(TBP) (RNH_3Cl)_3·ZnCl_3·ZnCl_2·TBP_((o)) ZnCl_2+Z/3(RNH_3Cl)_(3(o)) + DBBP_((o)) → (RNH_3Cl)_2 · ZnCl_2·DBBP_((o))协萃配合物生成反应为:(RNH_3Cl)_3·ZnCl_(2(o)) + TBP_((o))→~(B_(12)(TBP) (RNH_3Cl)_3·ZnCl_2·TBP_((o)) (RNH_3Cl)_3·ZnCl_(2(o)) + DBBP_((o)) →~(B_(12)(DBBP) (RNH_3Cl)_2·ZnCl_2·DBBP_((o)) + RNH_3Cl_((o))同时发现,中性磷试剂对Zn(II)的协萃效应大小影响有下列关系:DBBP>TBP。并求得了协萃反应平衡常数和协萃配合物生成反应平衡常数。在研究溶剂对协同效应影响时发现,对芳香烃及其衍生物,分配比(D)与溶剂介电常数(ε)的关系为D_∝1/ε,而对芳香烃及其衍生物,分配比(D)与介电常数(ε)的关系为D_∝ε。讨论了温度对协萃反应的影响,对协萃配合物的IR、NMR谱也进行了研究。2.伯胺N_(1923)与TBP对Zn_(SCN)_2的协同萃取研究了伯胺N_(1923)与TBP的庚烷溶液从硝酸底液中对Zn(SCN)_2的萃取机理,用等摩尔系列法、斜率法确定了TBP和Zn(SCN)_2以及伯胺N_(1923)与TBP对Zn(SCN)_2的协萃配合物组成分别为:Zn(SCN)_2·3TBP. (RNH_3)_2Zn(SCN)_4·TBP,协谇反应为:Zn(SCN)_4~(2-) + (RNH_3NO_3)_(2(o)) + TBP_((o)) → (RNH_3)_2Zn(SCN)_4·TBP_((o)) + 2NO_3~-协萃配合物三种可能生成反应为(RNH_3)_2Zn(SCN)_(4(o)) + TBP_((o)) → ~(B'12) (RNH_3)_2Zn(SCN)_4·TBP_((o)) (a) (RNH_3NO_3)_(2(o)) + Zn(SCN)_2·3TBP_((o)) + 2SCN~-→~(β"12)→(RNH_3)Zn(SCN)_4βTBP_((o))+2TBP_((o))+2NO_3~- (b) (RNH_3NO_3)_(2(o)) + (RNH_3)_2Zn(SCN)_(4(o)) + 2SCN~- + Zn(SCN)_2.3TBP_((o)) →~(β"12)→R(RNH_3)_2Zn(SCN)_4.TBP_((o)) + 2NO_3~- + TBP_((o)) (c) 求得了协萃反应及生成反应的平衡常数,并由生成反应常数可知:β"'_(12) > β'_(12) > β"_(12),即反应(c)对协萃配合物的生成贡献最大,其次反应(a),最小的是反应(b),同时还发现,不同阴离子对协萃效应影响有下列关系:SCN~- > Cl~_。并对协萃配合物的IR谱进行了研究,讨论了温度对协萃反应的影响。3. 伯胺N_(1923)与TBP、DBBP对Cd(II)的协同萃取研究了伯胺N_(1923)与TBP、DBBP的正庚烷溶液从盐酸介质中对Cd(II)的协同萃取,用等摩尔系列法、斜率法确定了协萃配合物组成为(RNH_3Cl)_2·CdCl_2·B,协萃反应及协萃配合物生成的反应分别为:CdCl_2 + 2/3 (RNH_3Cl)_(3(o)) + B_((o)) →~(K_(12)) → (RNH_3Cl)_2·CdCl_2·B_((o)) (RNH_3Cl_3)·CdCl_2_((o)) + B_((o)) →~(BR)(RNH_3Cl)_2·CdCl_2·B_((o)) + RNH_3Cl_((o))求得了协萃反应及生成反应平衡常数,计算了协萃反应的热力学函数值,结果还发现与Zn(II)协同萃取比较,协同效应大小有下列关系:Zn(II) > Cd(II),由实验结果证实了“萃取效应大,则协萃效应小,反之,萃取效应小,则协同效应大”这一结论。并对协萃配合物的IR、NMR谱进行了研究。二. 伯胺N_(1923)与HPMBP对RE(III)的协同萃取研究了伯胺N_(1923)与HPMBP的二甲苯溶液在盐酸介质中对RE(III)的协萃机理(RE~(3+ = La~(3+), Pr~(3+), Eu~(3+), Gd~(3+), Tb~(3+), Er~(3+), Yb~(3+)和Y~(3+))用斜率法及等摩尔系列法确定了协萃配合物组成为RNH_3Ln(PMBP)_4。求得了关于Pr(III)的协萃反应及生成反应的平衡常数值,协萃反应及生成反应分别为:Ln~(3+) + 4HPMBP_((o)) + RNH_3Cl_((o)) → RNH_3LN(PMBP)_(4(o)) + 4H~+ + Cl~- Ln(PMBP)_(3(o)) + RNH_3Cl_((o)) → RNH_3Ln(PMBP)_(4(o)) + H~+ + Cl~- 结果还发现协萃系数(R)随稀土元素的原子序数(Z)递变而出现“双峰效应”(未见文献报道),而且随RNH_3Cl浓度增加到某一一出现反协同效应。同时研究了关于Pr(III)协萃配合物的IR、NMR谱。三、伯胺N_(1923)在硝酸盐及硫氰酸盐混合介质中对Sc(III)的萃取研究了RNH_3NO_3在硝酸盐和硫氰酸盐混合介质中萃取Sc(III)的机理,结果发现,钪是以Sc(OH)_2~+形式萃入有机相的,且SCN~-, NO_3~-对RNH_3nO_3萃取Sc(III)具有协同效应,并且斜率法、连续变化法及PH值测定确定了萃取反应为:Sc(OH)_2~+ + SCN~- + 2(RNH_3NO_3)_(2((o)) → (RNH_3nO_3)_4.Sc(OH)_2SCN_((o)) Sc(OH)_2~+ + SCN~- + NO_3~- + (RNH_3NO_3)_(2(o)) → (RNH_3NO_3)_2.Sc(OH)(SCN)NO_3 + OH~-求得了反应的平衡常数及热力学函数值。
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自从1956年Blake等研究HDEHP萃取铀时发现协同效应以来,由于协同萃取具有可以显著地提高萃取效率,改变萃取选择性等优点,所以对协同萃取进行了大量研究工作,目前已广泛应用于核燃料稀有金属湿法冶金分离分析。但协同萃取研究领域十分广阔,新协萃体系,协萃机理和协萃配合物结构等许多方面还有待进一步研究。Fe~(3+)、Zn~(2+)和Cd~(2+)等过渡金属离子常与稀土离子在一起,成为高纯稀土产品的重要杂质元素,因此寻找Fe(III)、Zn(II)和Cd(II)与RE(III)的新协同萃取分离体系,不但具有理论意义,也有实际意义。本文研究了萃取分离中广泛使用的四种萑取剂,甲基膦酸二(1-甲基庚基)酯(P_(350), 以B表示)、仲碳伯胺N_(1923)(以RNH_2表示)、1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯甲酰基吡唑酮-5(PMBP,以HL表示)和2-乙基基膦酸单(2-乙基已基)酯(P_(507),以HA表示)对盐酸介质中Fe(III)、Zn(II)、Cd(II)和Nd(III)等金属离子的协同萃取,得到了六个新协萃体系,并且对协萃机理和萃取平稀奇规律等进行了研究,得到了一些有意义的结果。
Resumo:
We report lithium passivation of the shallow acceptors Zn and Cd in p-type GaAs which we attribute to the formation of neutral Li-Zn and Li-Cd complexes. Similar to hydrogen, another group-I element, lithium strongly reduces the concentration of free holes when introduced into p-type GaAs. The passivation is inferred from an increase of both the hole mobility and the resisitivity throughout the bulk of the sample. It is observed most clearly for Li concentrations comparable to the shallow-acceptor concentration. In addition, compensation of shallow acceptors by randomly distributed donors is present in varying degree in the Li-diffused samples. Unlike hydrogenation of n-type GaAs, Li doping shows no evidence of neutralizing shallow donors in GaAs.
Resumo:
Natural surface coatings sampled (NSCSs) from the surface of shingles and surficial sediments (SSs) in the Songhua River, China were employed to investigate the similarities and difference in fractions of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd) between NSCSs and SSs using the modified sequential extraction procedure (MSEP). The results show that the differences between NSCSs and SSs in Fe fractions were insignificant and Fe was dominantly present as residual phase (76.22% for NSCSs and 80.88% for SSs) and Fe-oxides phase (20.33% for NSCSs and 16.15% for SSs). Significant variation of Mn distribution patterns between NSCSs and SSs was observed with Mn in NSCSs mainly present in Mn-oxides phase (48.27%) and that in SSs present as residual phase (45.44%). Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found dominantly in residual fractions (>48%), and next in solid oxides/hydroxides for Zn, Pb and Cd and in easily oxidizable solids/compounds form for Cu, respectively. The heavy metal distribution pattern implied that Fe/Mn oxides both in NSCSs and SSs were more important sinks for binding and adsorption of Zn, Pb and Cd than organic matter (OM), and inversely, higher affinity of Cu to OM than Fe/Mn oxides in NSCSs and SSs was obtained. Meanwhile, it was found that the distributions of heavy metals in NSCSs and SSs were similar to each other and the pseudo-total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in NSCSs were greater than those in SSs, highlighting the more importance for NSCSs than SSs in controlling behaviours of heavy metals in aquatic environments.
Resumo:
于2010-11-23批量导入