内蒙古典型草原群落和主要植物种对氮素添加和刈割干扰的响应

自然界中资源的异质性是普遍存在的，既有自然因素导致的，也有人类干扰导致的。在内蒙古草原，植物经常处在地上部异质性的干扰生境和地下异质性的养分生境中。植物的生物量生产反映了植物对不同生境的适应能力，而资源的分配策略是链接进化生态学和功能生态学的纽带。在变化的生境中植物可以通过改变资源分配的格局而适应环境的变化，获得较高的生物产量。但是，关于草原植物在生物量生产和资源分配上如何对异质性的生境做出响应迄今研究尚少。为此在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的长期围封样地（1983年围封），设计了氮素添加和刈割处理的小区实验，使植物处于不同的养分和干扰生境中。我们选择羊草（Leymus chinensis ，根茎禾草，群落优势种）、大针茅（Stipa grandis ，丛生禾草，群落优势种）、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa ， C4 植物，群落常见伴生种）、木地肤（Kochia prostrate ，藜科半灌木，群落常见伴生种）、猪毛菜（Salsola collina，藜科一年生植物，群落常见伴生种）为对象对这一问题进行了研究。同时，以1979 年围封的羊草样地为对照，选择了比邻的刈割草场，就草原植物对长期刈割干扰的响应策略进行了研究。结果显示： 1. 氮素添加使植物群落生物量显著提高，而且高氮生境下群落生物量增加的幅度最大。从季节动态看，植物群落生物量对氮素添加的响应存在滞后现象，在植物进入快速生长期后，氮素添加的效应日趋明显。 2. 不同植物种群对氮素添加的响应不同，按照植物种群生物量的变化可以分为三种类型：极其敏感型 、敏感型和不敏感型。极其敏感型代表植物是羊草，氮素添加后其种群生物量显著增加。敏感型代表植物是糙隐子草和猪毛菜，前者种群生物量在中氮生境下显著增加，后者种群生物量在低氮生境下显著增加。不敏感型代表植物是大针茅和木地肤，氮素添加后，二者的种群生物量均无显著变化。 3．从生物量向地上和地下器官的分配来看，添加氮素后，一年生植物猪毛菜向地上器官分配的生物量的比例均显著增加；多年生草本植物羊草、大针茅和糙隐子草向地上器官分配的比例均没有发生变化；多年生灌木木地肤在中氮生境下向地上器官的分配比例增加。从生殖分配来看，多年生的C3植物羊草和大针茅和一年生的C4植物猪毛菜的生殖分配格局相对稳定，均未因氮素的添加而发生显著改变。多年生C4植物糙隐子草和木地肤在低氮生境中生殖分配比例显著增加。 4. 不同时间刈割对草原群落生物量影响不同。在牧草快速生长期刈割，群落生物量显著降低，当季能恢复，但影响翌年群落水平的生物量生产；而在牧草生物量最大期刈割，当季难恢复，但对第二年的植物的生长影响较小。 5. 刈割对不同植物的影响存在显著差异：C4植物＜C3植物，一年生植物＜多年生植物，牧草快速生长期刈割＜牧草生物量最大期刈割。 6. 面对不同时间的刈割干扰，草原植物的响应不同。在生物量向地上器官和地下器官分配方面：C3植物大针茅、羊草面对刈割干扰生物量分配分配格局相对稳定，变异较小；而C4植物的资源分配对刈割干扰响应敏感，因不同刈割时间其生物量分配格局不同。在生物量生殖分配方面：多年生植物（如羊草、大针茅、糙隐子草、木地肤）资源分配格局相对稳定，面对刈割干扰其生物量生殖分配格局无显著变化，而一年生植物猪毛菜对刈割干扰敏感，因刈割时间不同其生殖分配格局将随之发生变化。 7.长期刈割干扰下大针茅的种群生物量维持不变；而糙隐子草的种群生物量表现为显著增长的趋势。由于大针茅的株丛生物量显著降低，糙隐子草无显著变化，长期刈割干扰下两种植物种群生物量的维持或增加都是因为密度的显著提高。因此，密度调节是两种植物实现种群调节的重要机制。 8. 长期刈割干扰下大针茅的丛面积和单株分蘖数均无显著变化，表明大针茅非生殖株丛密度的增加不是以降低单个非生殖株丛的大小为代价的，而是通过减少生殖株丛的密度来实现的。而糙隐子草丛面积降低，但是单株分蘖数无显著变化，说明糙隐子草密度增加的过程中，单个株丛占据的营养面积减少了，但株丛的生长状况没有受到显著影响。 9．面对长期刈割干扰，两种植物对无性繁殖和有性繁殖过程采取了截然相反的调整策略。大针茅显著提高了非生殖株丛的密度和相对密度，显著降低了生殖株丛的相对密度，而且降低了对有性生殖过程的生物量分配的比例。糙隐子草显著增加了生殖株丛的密度和相对密度，而且增加了对有性生殖过程的生物量分配的比例。面对刈割干扰两个植物种在繁殖策略上的逆向调节，可能是它们在刈割干扰梯度上能够相互取代的重要原因。

Phylogeny and biogeography of the Petaurista philippensis complex (Rodentia : Sciuridae), inter- and intraspecific relationships inferred from molecular and morphometric analysis

With modified DNA extraction and Purification protocols, the complete cytochrome b gene sequences (1140 bp) were determined from degraded museum specimens. Molecular analysis and morphological examination of cranial characteristics of the giant flying squirrels of Petaurista philippensis complex (P. grandis, P. hainana, and P. yunanensis) and other Petaurista species yielded new insights into long-standing controversies in the Petaurista systematics. Patterns of genetic variations and morphological differences observed in this study indicate that P. hainana, P. albiventer, and P. yunanensis can be recognized as distinct species, and P. grandis and P. petaurista are conspecific populations. Phylogenetic relationships reconstructed by using parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian methods reveal that, with P. leucogenys as the basal branch, all Petaurista groups formed two distinct clades. Petaurista philippensis, P. hainana, P. yunanensis, and P. albiventer are clustered in the same clade, while P. grandis shows a close relationship to P. petaurista. Deduced divergence times based on Bayesian analysis and the transversional substitution at the third codon suggest that the retreating of glaciers and upheavals or movements of tectonic plates in the Pliocene-Pleistocene were the major factors responsible for the present geographical distributions of Petaurista groups. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

半干旱典型草原区封育草地土壤结构特征研究

以宁夏固原云雾山自然保护区典型草原为研究对象,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,以坡耕地为对照,对封育演替草地百里香(Thymus mongolicus Ronn.)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb.)、大针茅(Stipa grandis P.Smirn.)和本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana Trin.)群落0~10 cm表层土壤水稳性团聚体分布、孔隙度及土壤结构评价指标进行了研究和分析。结果表明:草地实施封育措施能明显改善土壤结构特征,随着草地植被自然演替,土壤的结构稳定性和孔隙状况逐步得到提高;在演替过程中,封育草地土壤的>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(WSAC)、平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)和孔隙分形维数(Dp)逐渐增加,团聚体分形维数(Da)逐渐减少,说明植被演替能促进形成良好的土壤结构;同时,土壤结构影响因素随着草地植被演替过程表现出有机碳含量显著增加,容重显著降低,毛管孔隙度逐渐增大,非毛管孔隙度逐渐降低。本研究还比较了多项土壤结构评价指标,表明与MWD和GMD相比,指标WSAC(>0.25 mm)、Da及Dp能更好地反映出各封育草地群落之间土壤结...

云雾山天然草地植物生长规律

试验以云雾山优势种本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)与伴生种百里香(Thymus mongolicus)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)、厚穗冰草(Agropyron dasystachys)、二裂萎陵菜(Potentilla bifurca)和阿尔泰狗娃花(Heteropappus altaicus)为研究对象,对每一植物选择典型植株进行标记,重点从植物株高和地上单株生物量两个方面对其生长动态,进行一个生长周期(返青期-枯黄期)的观察测量,结果表明:(1)植物生长在株高和地上单株生物量达到最大值之前,均基本符合Logistic生长模型;(2)在植物整个生长过程中,地上单株生物量月变化与株高存在动态分形关系:lnB=D×lnH+lnC。(3)植物生长除受其生物学特性支配外还受外界环境因子的限制,在干旱半干旱地区,降雨量显得尤为重要,在本次试验中,植物株高增长和地上单株生物量月变化均与降雨量累积存在着极显著的对数相关性:y=a×lnx+b。

黄土丘陵区植被恢复中不同粒级土壤团聚体有机碳分布特征

对黄土丘陵区土壤有机碳在不同粒级团聚体中的分布特征及其对植被恢复的响应进行了研究。结果表明:(1)黄土丘陵区不同植被覆盖条件下,土壤有机碳的分布具有一定的表聚性,0~20 cm土层中有机碳的含量均高于20~40 cm中有机碳的含量,不同植被群落下有机碳的含量大小为:大针茅群落>长芒草群落>铁杆蒿群落>百里香群落;(2)同一深度土壤各粒级团聚体中有机碳的分布特征是:0.5~0.25 mm与1~0.5 mm两个粒级中有机碳的含量最高,>1 mm的团聚体中有机碳的含量有随粒级增大而减小的趋势;(3)恢复年限对不同粒级土壤团聚体中有机碳的含量影响很大,有机碳的含量随恢复年限的增加总体呈上升趋势。黄土高原沟壑区土壤有机碳的积累与土壤团聚体的粒级和植被恢复的类型、年限等有明显的关系。

黄土高原半干旱区退化灌草植被的恢复与重建

针对黄土高原半干旱区灌草植被退化严重的关键问题 ,进行了长期的定位研究 ,提出了灌草植被封育、改良、立体配置等快速恢复与重建的技术体系。试验结果表明 :主要草地群落本氏针茅、百里香适宜封育期为 3～ 5a ,产草量可提高 5 1～ 7 5倍。大针茅适宜封育期为 5a ,产草量可提高 1 5～ 5 0倍 ;改良草地最佳组合荒山穴播为本氏针茅 +杂类草、达乌里胡枝子 +本氏针茅群落 ,产草量提高 6 1～ 6 4倍。撂荒地开沟种植为本氏针茅 +冷蒿、本氏针茅 +红豆草、本氏针茅 +达乌里胡枝子群落 ,产草量提高 4 6～ 4 8倍。荒山隔带耕翻种植为芨芨草、本氏针茅 +紫花苜蓿、本氏针茅 +老芒麦、达乌里胡枝子 +本氏针茅群落 ,产草量提高4 5～ 6 5倍 ;灌草立体配置结合工程整地措施 ,建立了以柠条 +芨芨草、沙棘 +草木樨和山桃 +芨芨草为主的集流灌草配置模式 ,现已形成可更新的稳定的灌草群落类型。该体系的组装配套与试验、示范、推广为黄土高原农牧交错区灌草植被的快速恢复提供了重要的科学依据。

营造乡土人工林对印度Singrauli煤矿废弃地土壤养分的影响(英文)

选择4种人工林,包括3个乡土树种(阔叶合欢(Albizia lebbeck)、黄豆树(A.procera)、柚木(Tectona grandis))和一个乡土草种(印度实竹(Dendrocalamus strictus))的高密度人工幼林,研究了人工林发育早期阶段对印度Singrauli煤矿废弃地土壤养分的影响。在4种人工林4年生和5年生阶段,采集0-10、10-20cm层土壤,分析其总有机碳、全氮和全磷含量。结果表明,林龄、树种和土层对土壤总有机碳、全氮和全磷含量的影响存在显著差异;各林分10-20cm土层中的全总有机碳、全氮和全磷含量较低;4个不同林分对土壤养分的改良效果表现为:阔叶合欢>印度实竹>黄豆树>柚木。说明人工林对煤矿废弃地土壤的改良效果因树种而异。

Drivers of soil net nitrogen mineralization in the temperate grasslands in Inner Mongolia, China

Soil net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) of four grasslands across the elevation and precipitation gradients was studied in situ in the upper 0-10 cm soil layer using the resin-core technique in Xilin River basin, Inner Mongolia, China during the growing season of 2006. The primary objectives were to examine variations of NNM among grassland types and the main influencing factors. These grasslands included Stipa baicalensis (SB), Aneulolepidum Chinense (AC), Stipa grandis (SG), and Stipa krylovii (SK) grassland. The results showed that the seasonal variation patterns of NNM were similar among the four grasslands, the rates of NNM and nitrification were highest from June to August, and lowest in September and October during the growing season. The rates of NNM and nitrification were affected significantly by the incubation time, and they were positively correlated with soil organic carbon content, total soil nitrogen (TN) content, soil temperature, and soil water content, but the rates of NNM and nitrification were negatively correlated with available N, and weakly correlated with soil pH and C:N ratio. The sequences of the daily mean rates of NNM and nitrification in the four grasslands during the growing season were AC > SG > SB > SK, and TN content maybe the main affecting factors which can be attributed to the land use type.

The pontoniine shrimps (Crustacea : Decapoda : Palaemonidae) from Anambas and Natuna Islands, Indonesia, collected by Anambas Expedition, 2002

The present paper reports 8 pontoniine shrimp species, from Anambas and Natuna, Indonesia, i. e., Anchistus miersi (De Man, 1888), Conchodytes meleagrinae Peters, 1852, Hamodacotylus boschmai Holthuis, 1952, Jocaste japonica (Ortmann, 1890), Palaemonella pottsi (Borradaile, 1915), Periclimenes andamanensis Kemp, 1922, Periclimenes attenuatus Bruce, 1971, and Periclimenes grandis (Stimpson, 1860).

Two trichodinid ectoparasites from marine molluscs in the Yellow Sea, off China, with the description of Trichodina caecellae n. sp (Protozoa : Ciliophora : Peritrichia)

The morphology and infraciliature of two ectoparasitic ciliates, Trichodina caecellae n. sp. and T. ruditapicis Xu, Song & Warren, 2000, parasitising the gills of marine molluscs from the Shandong coast of the Yellow Sea, China, were investigated following wet silver nitrate and protargol impregnation. T. caecellae was found on the small marine sand clam Caecella chinensis Deshayes and is distinguished mainly by the acute triangle-like blade, the very delicate central part and the needle-shaped ray. T. ruditapicis was studied based on four populations from three clams: two populations from Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams) and one each from Saxidomus purpuratus (Sowerby) and Solen grandis Dunker. All four populations fell within the range of morphometry and agreed closely in the overall appearance of the adhesive disc. However, variability was found in the denticle structure, especially in populations from different host clams. Our observations suggest that denticle morphology may be more or less variable between and within populations, and that such minor differences should not be overestimated. It should be emphasised that, except for the denticle morphology, the bright granules or circles in the centre of the adhesive disc represent another important feature facilitating the identification of this trichodinid species.

Effect of long-term grazing on soil organic carbon content in semiarid steppes in Inner Mongolia

To clarify the response of soil organic carbon (SOC) content to season-long grazing in the semiarid typical steppes of Inner Mongolia, we examined the aboveground biomass and SOC in both grazing (G-site) and no grazing (NG-site) sites in two typical steppes dominated by Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis, as well as one seriously degraded L. chinensis grassland dominated by Artemisia frigida. The NG-sites had been fenced for 20 years in L. chinensis and S. grandis grasslands and for 10 years in A. frigida grassland. Above-ground biomass at G-sites was 21-35% of that at NG-sites in L. chinensis and S. grandis grasslands. The SOC, however, showed no significant difference between G-site and NG-site in both grasslands. In the NG-sites, aboveground biomass was significantly lower in A. frigida grassland than in the other two grasslands. The SOC in A. frigida grassland was about 70% of that in L. chinensis grassland. In A. frigida grassland, aboveground biomass in the G-site was 68-82% of that in the NG-site, whereas SOC was significantly lower in the G-site than in the NG-site. Grazing elevated the surface soil pH in L. chinensis and A. frigida communities. A spatial heterogeneity in SOC and pH in the topsoil was not detected the G-site within the minimal sampling distance of 10 m. The results suggested that compensatory growth may account for the relative stability of SOC in G-sites in typical steppes. The SOC was sensitive to heavy grazing and difficult to recover after a significant decline caused by overgrazing in semiarid steppes.