A fixed arc length direct current plasma torch for reduced pressure deposition of thin films

Because of its high energy density direct current(dc)thermal plasmas are widely accepted as a processing medium which facilitates high processing rates high fluxes of radical species the potential for smaller jnstallations a wide choice of reactants and high quench rates[1].A broad range of industrial processing methods have been developed based on dc plasma technology. However,nonstationary features limited new applications of dc plasma in advanced processing, where reliability£¬reproducibility and precise controllability are required£. These challenges call for better understanding of the arc and jet behavior over a wide range of generating parameters and a comprehensive control of every aspect of lhe plasma processing.

Characteristics of indoor/outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in generic urban；roadside and industrial plant areas of Guangzhou City；China

IEECAS SKLLQG

Advanced superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source SECRAL: Design, construction, and the first test result

Superconducting electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source with advanced design in Lanzhou (SECRAL) is a next generation ECR ion source and aims for developing a very compact superconducting ECR ion source with a structure and high performances for highly charged ion-beam production. The ion source was designed to be operated at 18 GHz at initial operation and finally will be extended to 28 GHz. The superconducting magnet confinement configuration of the ion source consists of three axial solenoid coils and six sextupole coils with a cold iron structure as field booster and clamping. At full excitation, this magnet assembly can produce peak mirror fields on the axis of 3.6 T at injection, 2.2 T at extraction, and a radial sextupole field of 2.0 T at plasma chamber wall. What is different from the traditional design, such as LBNL VENUS and LNS SERSE, is that the three axial solenoid coils are located inside of the sextupole bore in order to reduce the interaction forces between the sextupole coils and the solenoid coils. SECRAL may open the way for building a compact and high-performance 18-28 GHz superconducting ECR ion source. Very preliminary commissioning results are promising. Detailed design, construction issues and very preliminary test results of the ion source at 18 GHz are presented.

New development of advanced superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source SECRAL (invited)

Superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source with advance design in Lanzhou (SECRAL) is an 18-28 GHz fully superconducting electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source dedicated for highly charged heavy ion beam production. SECRAL, with an innovative superconducting magnet structure of solenoid-inside-sextupole and at lower frequency and lower rf power operation, may open a new way for developing compact and reliable high performance superconducting ECR ion source. One of the recent highlights achieved at SECRAL is that some new record beam currents for very high charge states were produced by 18 GHz or 18+14.5 GHz double frequency heating, such as 1 e mu A of Xe-129(43+), 22 e mu A of Bi-209(41+), and 1.5 e mu A of Bi-209(50+). To further enhance the performance of SECRAL, a 24 GHz/7 kW gyrotron microwave generator was installed and SECRAL was tested at 24 GHz. Some promising and exciting results at 24 GHz with new record highly charged ion beam intensities were produced, such as 455 e mu A of Xe-129(27+) and 152 e mu A of Xe-129(30+), although the commissioning time was limited within 3-4 weeks and rf power only 3-4 kW. Bremsstrahlung measurements at 24 GHz show that x-ray is much stronger with higher rf frequency, higher rf power. and higher minimum mirror magnetic field (minimum B). Preliminary emittance measurements indicate that SECRAL emittance at 24 GHz is slightly higher that at 18 GHz. SECRAL has been put into routine operation at 18 GHz for heavy ion research facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) accelerator complex since May 2007. The total operation beam time from SECRAL for HIRFL accelerator has been more than 2000 h, and Xe-129(27+), Kr-78(19+), Bi-209(31+), and Ni-58(19+) beams were delivered. All of these new developments, the latest results, and long-term operation for the accelerator have again demonstrated that SECRAL is one of the best in the performance of ECR ion source for highly charged heavy ion beam production. Finally the future development of SECRAL will be presented.

Dinoflagellate cysts as potential indicators of industrial pollution in a Norwegian Fjord

Variation in dinoflagellate cyst assemblages through the last approximately 300 years was studied in two sediment cores, one from the heavily polluted Frierfjord, and one from the adjoining, relatively unpolluted Brevikfjord, in order to docu1ent possible dinoflagellate responses to pollution. Changes in the cyst-flora were compared with historical information on the development of industry and also with geochemistry of the sediments, reflecting aspects of pollution. In the Frierfjord core, increasing pollution was accompanied by a decrease in cyst concentration, possibly reflecting reduced production, at least of dinoflagellates, and a shift toward more heterotrophic species, possibly reflecting reduced light penetration in the euphotic zone, or increased production of prey for the heterotrophs. These trends seem to have reversed as pollution decreased after about 1975, suggesting that cyst assemblages contain signals that may prove useful for tracing the development of pollution. Cyst assemblages in the Brevikfjord core only showed minor changes.

automated test program generation for an industrial optimizing compiler

Association for Computing Machinery, ACM; IEEE; IEEE Computer Society; SIGSOFT

Industrial development and land use/cover change and their effects on local environment: a case study of Changshu in eastern coastal China

The interactions among industrial development, land use/cover change (LUCC), and environmental effects in Changshu in the eastern coastal China were analyzed using high-resolution Landsat TM data in 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2006, socio-economic data and water environmental quality monitoring data from research institutes and governmental departments. Three phases of industrial development in Changshu were examined (i.e., the three periods of 1990 to 1995, 1995 to 2000, and 2000 to 2006). Besides industrial development and rapid urbanization, land use/cover in Changshu had changed drastically from 1990 to 2006. This change was characterized by major replacements of farmland by urban and rural settlements, artificial ponds, forested and constructed land. Industrialization, urbanization, agricultural structure adjustment, and rural housing construction were the major socio-economic driving forces of LUCC in Changshu. In addition, the annual value of ecosystem services in Changshu decreased slightly during 1990-2000, but increased significantly during 2000-2006. Nevertheless, the local environmental quality in Changshu, especially in rural areas, has not yet been improved significantly. Thus, this paper suggests an increased attention to fully realize the role of land supply in adjustment of environment-friendly industrial structure and urban-rural spatial restructuring, and translating the land management and environmental protection policies into an optimized industrial distribution and land-use pattern.

High proton conductive advanced hybrid membrane based on sulfonated Si-SBA-15

Composite membranes based on Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and sulfonated organically modified Si-SBA-15 (S-SBA-15) were investigated with the purpose of increasing the proton conductivity. The novelty of the composite membranes was attributed to two special structures and different ion exchange capacities (IEC) of S-SBA-15 fillers, which were embedded in membranes. The typical hexagonal channels array of S-SBA-15 was confirmed by XRD and TEM. The regular vermiculate and amorphous structures of the inorganic fillers were proved by SEM. Composite membranes were prepared through common solvent casting method. SEM images indicated that the inorganic filler with regular structure dispersed homogeneously in the composite membranes, but the amorphous filler caused an agglomeration phenomenon at the same loading content.

Raspberry-like Hierarchical Au/Pt Nanoparticle Assembling Hollow Spheres with Nanochannels: An Advanced Nanoelectrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

In this contribution, we for the first time report the synthesis of raspberry-like hierarchical Au/Pt nanoparticle (NP) assembling hollow spheres (RHAHS) with pore structure and complex morphology through one in situ sacrificial template approach without any post-treatment procedure. This method has some clear advantages including simplicity, quickness, high quality, good reproducibility, and no need of a complex post-treatment process (removing templating). Furthermore, the present method could be extended to other metal-based NP assembling hollow spheres. Most importantly, the as-prepared RHAHS exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). For instance, the present RHAHS-modified electrode exhibited more positive potential (the half-wave potential at about 0.6 V), higher specific activity, and higher mass activity for ORR than that of commercial platinum black (CPB). Rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) voltarnmetry demonstrated that the RHAHS-modified electrode could almost catalyze a four-electron reduction of O-2 to H2O in a 0.5 M air-saturated H2SO4 solution.

Electrochemical biosensors based on advanced bioimmobilization matrices

Biosensors have experienced rapid, extensive development. To maintain the bioactivity of biomolecules and to give the electrochemical output signal required, appropriate bioimmobilization matrices for biomolecules are critical.In this review, we describe some advanced membrane materials (including hydrogels, sol-gel-derived organic-inorganic composites and lipid membranes), introduce electrochemical biosensors based on bioimmobilization materials and describe their performance.Biosensors operating in extreme conditions and displaying direct electron transfer with electrodes based on these advanced membrane materials are attractive. Recent developments in nanomaterials include biosensors, so we emphasize the intersection of nanomaterials with advanced membrane materials in biosensors.

Advanced research work on radiation cross-linking of polymers in CIAC

Recent research carried out at the Chinese Institute of Applied Chemistry has contributed significantly to the understanding of the radiation chemistry of polymers. High energy radiation has been successfully used to cross-link fluoropolymers and polyimides. Here chain flexibility has been shown to play an important role, and T-type structures were found to exist in the cross-linked fluoropolymers. A modified Charlesby-Pinner equation, based upon the importance of chain flexibility, was developed to account for the sol-radiation dose relationship in systems of this type. An XPS method has been developed to measure the cross-linking yields in aromatic polymers and fluoropolymers, based upon the dose dependence of the aromatic shake-up peaks and the F/C ratios, respectively. Methods for radiation cross-linking degrading polymers in polymer blends have also been developed, as have methods for improving the radiation resistance of polymers through radiation cross-linking.

ADVANCED ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IN CHINA .1. GENERAL ASPECT AND SOME METHODOLOGIES

The Research on Electroanalytical chemistry in China started mainly from the beginning of new China in 1949. It has already good basis and development nowadays. A review with references to the end of seventies has been published in "Reviews in Analytical Chemistry" 1) and in a book titled "Fifty years of Chinese Chemistry" edited by the Chinese Chemical Society in 1985 2). Since then more than thousand papers have been published, and it is impossible and also not necessary to describe all of them. This review only deals with the main progress of electroanalytical chemistry in China in recent years. Some new developed methodologies will be reviewed by S. Dong in the next article.