64 resultados para 748
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直接用戊二醛固定水样中的浮游病毒,通过超速离心使已固定的浮游病毒沉淀到覆有Formvar膜和碳支持膜的铜网上,经醋酸双氧铀染色后,利用透射电镜对湖水中的浮游病毒进行观察.结果可观察到球形、杆状和蝌蚪状等形态各异的浮游病毒颗粒及球形病毒的囊膜子粒、杆状病毒的核衣壳、具有不同尾部的蝌蚪状病毒等的精细超微结构.从而建立了一种简便、快捷和高效研究浮游病毒的电镜方法.
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从广东省中山市的池塘水样、底泥、健康鱼、肠道及稻田土样中用Aeromonas的选择培养基分离到10株气单胞菌。通过生理生化测试、16S rDNA序列测定、与气单胞菌典型菌株的16S rDNA序列进行比对和聚类分析,对它们进行了鉴定,并研究了它们之间的系统发生关系。结果显示该地区环境中气单胞菌的优势种除A.hydrophila(HG1组)外,还有A.caviae(HG4组)、A.jandaei(HG9组)和A.veronii(HG10组),其中后两种是国内新记录。这是国内首次对环境中气单胞菌多样性进行研究。
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羟基多氯联苯是典型持久性有机污染物(POPs)———多氯联苯在生物体内的主要活性代谢产物,已在许多野生动物和人体内被检出。由于其化学结构与天然雌激素、甲状腺激素十分类似,因此羟基多氯联苯的内分泌干扰效应近年来已开始受到国际上的高度关注。本文对多氯联苯的代谢途径、羟基多氯联苯在生物体内的浓度水平、内分泌干扰及其多种毒性作用机制进行了综述。有关对多氯联苯的活性代谢产物———羟基多氯联苯的深入研究,将有助于进一步揭示多氯联苯的毒性机制,为我国早日建立有效的POPs污染危害评价与早期预警系统提供科学依据。
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Hir/Hira (histone regulation) genes were first identified in yeast as negative regulators of histone gene expression. It has been confirmed that HIRA is a conserved family of proteins present in various animals and plants. In this paper, the cDNAs of the Hira homolog named CagHira and CaHira were isolated from gynogenetic gibel carp (gyno-carp) and gonochoristic color crucian carp (gono-carp) respectively. The full-length CagHira is 3,860 bp in length with an open reading frame (ORF) of 3,033 bp that encodes 1,011 amino acids, while the full-length CaHira is 3,748 bp in length and also has an ORF of 3,033 bp. The deduced amino acid sequences of both Hira homologs contain seven WD domains and show high identity with other HIRA family members. RT-PCR analyses revealed strong expression of Hira in the ovaries, whereas no expression was detected in the testes of either of the fishes. Hira transcription was not detected in the liver of gyno-carp, but a high level of Hira mRNA was observed in gono-carp. The temporal expression pattern showed that the Hira mRNA is consistently expressed during all embryonic development stages in gyno-carp. However, the abundance of CaHira mRNA significantly decreased (P < 0.05) shortly after fertilization and then increased again and remained stable from gastrula till hatching. The varying spatiotemporal expression patterns of Hira genes in gyno-carp and gono-carp may be associated with the differing reproductive modes used by these two closely related fishes. Our results suggest that Hira may play a role not only in the decondensation of sperm nucleus and the formation of pronucleus during fertilization, but also in gastrulation and the subsequent development of embryos.
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Eighteen microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized using an enrichment protocol in the Chinese mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky), a commercially important piscivorous fish in China. Out of 48 pairs of primers designed, 18 loci exhibited polymorphism with three to six alleles (mean 4.4 alleles/locus) and average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.633 to 0.833 (mean 0.748) in a test population from Dongting Lake of China. Except for two loci, all other 16 loci were in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These markers would be useful for such studies as population genetics, ecology and selective breeding of the Chinese mandarin fish in future.
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Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs a group of main active metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) which are typical persistent organic pollutants (Pops) I have been identified in wild animals and human. The endocrine disruption of OH-PCBs has been drawn great attention due to the similarity of their chemical structures to the natural estrogens and thyroid hormones. The metabolic pathways of PCBs, the levels of OHPCBs in organism, the endocrine disruption and other adverse effects of OH-PCBs are reviewed. The further investigation of OH-PCBs will not only reveal the toxicological mechanism of PCBs, but also can lay scientific basis for setting up the risk assessment of POPs contamination and early-warning system in China.
Resumo:
本文通过LnCl_3·nTHF和[C_5H_4(SiMe_3)]Na反应得到了两类配合物[C_5H_4(SiMe_3)] LnCl_2·nTHF (Ln = Nd,Sm,Gd;n = 0,1,2)、[C_5H_4(SiMe_3)] LnCl_2·HCl·nTHF (Ln = Nd,Sm,Gd;n = 1,2)。通过元素分析、红外分析、质谱、核磁共振和热重分析确定了配合物的分子组成,特别是带氯化氢的产品在红外光谱中有1250 cm~(-1),835 cm~(-1),748 cm~(-1)自的三甲基硅基特征吸收峰。对氯化稀上进行了结构分析,结果发现LnCl_3·4THF (Ln = Sm,Gd)是与NdCl_3·4THF之间存在着变态关系。GdCl_3·4THF。晶体属单斜晶系,空间群为P21/C,晶胞参数为a = 30.765(7),b = 8.219(3),C = 17.534(3)A~·,β = 93.71(2)°;SmCl_3·4THF。晶体属单斜晶系,空间群为P21/C,晶胞参数为a = 30.921(13),b = 8.287(7),C = 17.665(8),β = 94.17(4)°。LnCl_3·4THF的单位晶胞中存在着八个分子,每对分子互相等同,但每对分子内部两个分子之间互不等同。SmCl_3·2THF·DME晶体属单斜晶系,空间群为P21/a,晶胞参数为a = 13.547(8),b = 8.607(4),C = 16.029(9)A°,β = 90.53(5)°。铲原子与三个氯原子。两个四氢呋喃中的氧原子以及DME中的两个氧原子键合,形成七配位的配合物,但是配位多面体不是理想的五角双锥,而是形成了比五角双锥(D_(5h))对称性更低的多面体(C_(3v))。它能看作是在正八面体的一个面的中心加上第七个原子的结果,而且这八面体主要受到决定上述那个面的三个原子伸展开的畸变。在制备C_5H_5SiMe_3时,如果不用减压蒸馏,而在常压下直接蒸馏,则得到的不是C_5H_5SiMe_3而是它的二聚体(C_5H_5SiMe_3)_2。用红外光谱和核磁共振确定了它的组成和结构,特别是在1650 cm~(-1)处出现(C_5H_5SiMe_3)_2的孤立双键吸收峰。用C_5H_5SiMe_3和Ee(CO)_5回流反应制得了[C_5H_4(SiMe_3) Ee(CO)_2]_2。经过元素分析,红外光谱,质谱,顺磁共振确定了配合物的组成,红外光谱中有桥羰基的吸收峰,质谱图中498的离子峰的出现标志着上述二聚体的存在。用[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2]_2作为制备双金属配合物的原料,用Na/Hg并还原[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2]_2。反应时间为6-7小时得到中间体[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2]_2Na·4THF的深紫红色晶体。反应时间加长,中间体被破坏,反应到15小时时生成了[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2]Na·TMEDA的黄色晶体,特别是中间体的获得及晶体结构的测定对我们解释反应的机理非常重要。[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2]_2Na·4THF为单斜晶系,空间群为P21/n,晶胞参数为a = 10.155(5),b = 17.121(4),C = 18.667(6)A°,β = 97.61(3)°,V = 3216.9A°~3, 2 = 4。铁的配位数为七,钠的配位数为六,钠离子和桥连羰基氧以配位键结合,每个钠离子连结着两个[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2]_2~-,而每个[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2]_2~-又连结着两个钠离子,组成一个无限链状分子,键状分子间以Van de W力结合。[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2]Na·TMEDA正交晶系,空间群为P_(2,2,2,)。晶胞参数为a = 6.001(4),b = 10.644(6),C = 24.214(11)A~·。α = β = r = 90°。z = 4 V = 1546·7A°~3,铁的配位数为五。钠的配位数为四,钠离子和羰基氧以配位键结合,每个钠离子连结着两个[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2]~-,每个[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2]~-又连结着两个钠离子,体系就是以这种连结方式或正负电荷交替的形式无限螺旋分子,每个链节存在着两个[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2]Na·TMEDA分子,链节的长度为a轴的轴长,说明螺旋分子以a轴轴长向上平移。用LnCl_3·nTHF和[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2]Na反应制得了[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2] LnCl_2·nTHF (Ln = Nd, Sm, Gd; n = 1, 2),用[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2] LnCl_2和[C_5H_4(SiMe_3)]Na或用[C_5H-4(SiMe_3)] LnCl_2和[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2]Na得到[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2] [C_5H_4(SiMe_3)] LnCl·nTHF (Ln = Nd, Sm, Gd; n = 0, 1, 3),配合物[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2] LnCl_2·nTHF及[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2] [C_5H_4(SiMe_3)] LnCl·nTHF中存在着2000 cm~(-1)左右的终端羰基吸收峰及1766 cm~(-1)左右的桥连羰基吸收峰。说明稀土和铁之间是以羰基相连的。在TOTOE质谱仪上,配合物[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2]Gd~·Cl·THF出现[C_5H_5Fe(CO)]GdCl_2、[Fe(CO)_2] Gd~+Cl_2的离子峰,配合物[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2]-[C_5H_4(SiMe_3)] GdCl·THF出现[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2] [C_5H_4]Gd~+Cl、[C_5H_5Fe(CO)_2]Gd~+Cl·[C_5H_4C(SiMe_3)] Gd~+Cl等离子峰。所有稀土有机配合物都溶于四氢呋喃、苯,对空气和水敏感。
Resumo:
本工作对聚丁二烯(PBD)进行了光谱微结构分析,主要考察了三个问题。1、PBD分子链构象对PBD红外光谱的影响本工作对高顺式(c)PBD样品进行了室温和低温(25℃和-150℃)红外光谱测定,发现高顺式PBD在低温下整个光谱吸收峰大部分峰宽变窄,峰强增加,特别是738cm~(-1)峰,在低温下位移至748cm~(-1),峰强增加一倍多。另外还观察到低温结晶态出现802和598cm~(-1)两个吸收峰,在以前文献中未曾有过报导,我们将它们归属为顺式结构结晶峰。通过计算分峰,原来738cm~(-1)峰分成两个位于742和727cm~(-1)的子峰,在低温下,两个子峰分别位移至748和735cm~(-1),与室温时比较,两个子峰半宽都明显变小。748cm~(-1)子峰峰强也大大增加。结构分析表明,顺式结构特征振动CH=CH面外变角与分子链的构象有密切联系,而仅式(T)和1.2(v)结构却不存在这种情况,因而967cm~(-1)(T)和911cm~(-1)(v)两特征峰低温下变化都很小。本工作认为顺式结构738cm~(-1)峰这一变化是由于顺式结构不同分子链构象所造成的。低温和室温下分峰所得的左子峰对应于最稳定构象产生的吸收,右子峰则对应于相对不稳定构象产生的吸收。同时本工作肯定了米晋瑁等人提出的红外光谱定量分析方法在高顺式样品中的适用性。2、PBD分子链序列结构对红外光谱的影响由于在非高顺式样品中存在CCC、CCT、CCV、TCV、TCT、VCV等多种序列形式,通过不同组成的PBD红外光谱分析,发现在乙烯基含量中、高的样品中,原来738cm~(-1)峰已不再存在,峰值出现在733cm~(-1)附近,而且受1.2结构部分吸收的严重影响,顺式结构CH=CH面外变角吸收已不再是顺式结构的特征峰。通过对850至650cm~(-1)光谱区的光谱解析,本工作认为朱晋瑁等人的红外光谱定量分析方法在乙烯含量中、高的样品中已不再适用。3、PBD拉曼光谱的微结构分析本工作对PBD拉曼光谱1600-1700cm~(-1)区进行了光谱测定,选择了1666、1652和1639.5cm~(-1)吸收峰作为T、C和V构型的特征峰,借助于景遐斌老师的计算分峰方法,对PBD样品进行微结构分析,结果表明,各吸收带拟合良好,特征峰峰位稳定,分别在1666±1、1652±1.5和1639.5±1 cm~(-1),半峰宽变化不大,峰与峰之间相互影响很小,也就是说,我们选用的特征峰是合理的。用分峰所得的相对面积,结合~1H-NMR测得的