69 resultados para 2 km W Dannenberg


Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

报道了在20 TW皮秒激光器上完成的p偏振激光与等离子体相互作用过程中产生的快电子的角分布和能谱测量结果.实验得到:当激光功率密度小于1017 W/cm^2时,电子发射没有明显定向性,在激光入射面内多峰发射;当激光功率密度大于1017 W/cm^2,小于1018 W/cm^2时,电子主要沿靶面法线方向发射;当激光功率密度达到相对论强度时,电子主要沿激光传播方向发射;激光功率密度未达到相对论强度时,靶后表面法线方向快电子能谱拟合平均温度符合共振吸收温度定标率;激光功率密度达相对论强度以上时,靶后表面法线方向

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The output spectrum of Yb-doped double-clad fiber superfluorescent source (SFS) is tailored by placing a broadband dichroic mirror in the pump end of conventional single-pass forward configuration, which constitutes double-pass forward configuration. The 3 dB bandwidth is increased from I I to 42 nm. A maximum output SFS power of 2.12 W and a slope efficiency of 43.2% are obtained. The double-clad fiber is 25 in and the pump power is adequate to saturate the fiber as far as the feedback-induced lasing appears. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

采用大功率半导体激光器抽运25m掺Yb双包层光纤,在单程装置中,前向(SPF)和后向(SPB)分别获得了1.46w和1.82w最大超荧光功率,斜度效率分别为23.4%0和29.2%,3dB带宽最大为11nm。采用特定范围波长双色镜作为前腔镜,形成双程前向(DPF)装置,获得最大超荧光输出功率2.12W,此时斜度效率为43.2%,中心波长在1070nm,输出光谱平坦性较好,3dB带宽从单程的11nm提高到42nm。

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A new Yb-doped oxyorthosilicate laser crystal, Yb:Gd2SiO5 (Yb:GSO), has been grown by the Czochralski (Cz) method. The crystal structure was determined by means of X-ray diffraction analysis. Room temperature absorption and fluorescence spectra of Yb3+ ions in GSO crystal were measured. Then. spectroscopic parameters of Yb:GSO were calculated and compared with those of another Yb-doped oxyorthosilicate crystal Yb:YSO. Results indicated that Yb:GSO crystal seemed to be a very promising laser gain media in generating ultra-pulses and tunable solid state laser applications. As expected, the output power of 2.72 W at 1089 nm was achieved in Yb:GSO crystal with absorbed power of only 4.22 W at 976 nm, corresponding to the slope efficiency of 71.2% through the preliminary laser experiment. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

We report the continuous-wave and acousto-optical Q-switched operation of a diode-end-pumped Tm:YAP laser. Continuous-wave output power of 3.5 W at 1.99 mu m was obtained under the absorbed pump power of 14 W. Under Q-switched laser operation, the average output power increased from 1.57 W to 2.0 W, with an absorbed pump power of 12.6 W, as the repetition rate increased from 1 kHz to 10 kHz. The maximum Q-switched pulse energy was 1.57 mJ with a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The minimum pulse width was measured to be about 80 ns, corresponding to a peak power of 19.6 kW.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

辉木植物是莲座蕨目在晚古生代最重要的成员,广泛分布于当时处于热带-亚热带气候条件下的晚石炭世-二叠纪欧美植物区和华夏植物区。目前欧美植物区晚石炭世的辉木植物已经研究得非常深入和全面,但相对来说二叠纪的辉木植物的研究,尤其是关于其非茎器官的研究要薄弱得多。中国山西太原西山煤田早二叠世早期太原组7号煤层煤核中产有丰富的辉木植物各种器官化石,这就为深入了解二叠纪辉木植物的形态、解剖以及辉木植物的系统发育与演化提供了重要的化石材料。本论文利用国际上研究煤核时广泛采用的揭膜法,深入研究了山西煤核中2种分散保存的辉木植物器官:羽轴-山西枝蕨(新种)和生殖羽片-山西始莲座蕨(新种)。由于目前尚无有关二叠纪具解剖构造的辉木植物羽轴的详细研究的报道,因此,山西枝蕨(新种)是国内外目前为止第一种研究得最详细的二叠纪具解剖构造的辉木植物羽轴,它与欧美植物区枝蕨属已有的几个种(均为晚石炭世)的主要区别在于:前者为背腹扁状,后者则为两侧扁状;前者具较发育的鳞片,后者一般没有;前者的表皮下方有一条含有较大的单宁质细胞的薄壁组织带,后者没有;前者的内维管束呈“C”形,较大,位于正中央,后者的内维管束一般呈“W”形,较小,位于一侧。山西始莲座蕨(新种)是目前为止国内第一种(世界第二种)详细研究的二叠纪具解剖构造的两侧对称形的辉木植物聚合囊,同时也是目前国内发现的时代最早的华夏植物区两侧对称形的莲座蕨目聚合囊(包括印痕-压型化石和具解剖构造的矿化化石),它与欧美植物区始莲座蕨属已有的2个种(均为晚石炭世)的主要区别在于:前者的聚合囊囊托维管化,后者的囊托中无维管组织存在;前者的孢子囊侧壁细胞在近顶端呈明显的径向伸长状,后者的孢子囊侧壁细胞的形状和大小在孢子囊的上下没有很明显的变化;前者的孢子很小,数量多,纹饰简单,后者的孢子大,数量少,纹饰复杂。总的来说,本文所研究的二个新种与欧美植物区同属其它种之间的区别要大于后者彼此之间的区别,这可能是由于处于不同的植物地理区,经过长期地理隔绝和平行演化的结果。本研究成果不仅丰富了我们对二叠纪辉木植物非茎器官解剖构造的认识,而且对今后开展华夏植物区二叠纪辉木植物的分类、系统发育和演化以及整体植物的研究,都具有重要的作用和意义。

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

通量测量点的能量收支总是表现出不平衡,即使在地势平坦、植被分布均一、稀疏植被下垫面的情况下也有约30%的能量失衡状况。能量平衡闭合 (EBC) 问题在验证涡度相关系统质量方面,得到了广泛的关注。实验在内蒙古草原3个地点,通过涡度相关系统附近移动能量平衡系统的测定手段,采用能量平衡余项法和最小二乘 (OLS) 线性回归法,研究了土壤热通量、净辐射及可供能量空间变异对能量平衡闭合的影响。 结果显示,EBC 在三个研究点的平均余项为8~19 W m-2,OLS 斜率为0.83~0.96。EBC 在土壤湿润情况的站点要高于干旱站点。 土壤热通量的空间变异三站点平均为白天48 W m-2 (占同时间 Rn 的13%),夜间15 W m-2 (34%),平均29 W m-2 (24%)。通过8个工作站的测量,这个变异会造成9% (从0.93到1.01) 的 OLS 斜率差别。夜间的能量平衡不闭合可以由土壤热通量的空间变异解释。如果在本研究的的三个草原站点上忽略了土壤热通量,则会造成较大的余项 (峰值时110 W m-2) 产生,从而使 OLS 斜率增大23%。特别是通量板埋置在地面以下30 mm处时,上层的土壤热储部分占到全部土壤热通量的50%,这不仅影响到 EBC 的大小,更起到调节土壤热通量与“真实的波形” 相一致的作用。如果该部分热储被忽略掉,EBC 余项会增加60 W m-2,OLS 斜率也会变化 (减少) 9%。用大尺度多点测量与涡度塔附近的小尺度测定相比较,后者表现出稍高的闭合率,即 OLS 斜率增加4%。 相对于土壤热通量,净辐射的空间变异较小,三站点平均为白天17 W m-2 (5%),夜间7 W m-2 (13%),平均 12 W m-2 (5%)。可以引起3% (从0.88到0.91) 的 OLS 斜率差异。研究结果还表明,风速校正应该在 Q7.1 净辐射仪中应用,校正后的结果与 CNR1 的结果在白天有吻合较好,但在其它时段仍有较大差异,特别是在夜间,风速校正基本不起作用,使得两种仪器间差异达20 W m-2。比较表明,风速校正可以提高白天 Rn 的6%,仅降低夜间0.3%。因此,无论是用余项法还是用 OLS 线性回归法,在比较使用不同仪器的站点间的闭合状况时 (本研究的结果适用于草地 Q7.1 与 CNR1 间的比较),可以用9:00-15:00 h 时段的数据进行比较,这样可以避免因使用不同仪器的差异所造成的影响。用该时段的数据进行比较,仪器间的差异余项法小于6 W m-2,OLS 法小于3%。 受可供能量空间变异影响,三个站点平均 EBC 的不确定性为白天66 W m-2 (19%),夜间23 W m-2 (50%),平均42 W m-2 (36%);或者改变 OLS 斜率11%。用最大值和最小值来衡量,EBC 最大不确定性,正午时在站点 I、II 和 III 中分别为81,114和91 W m-2。故在探讨能量平衡和能量平衡闭合问题时,必须充分考虑到这种不确定性,否则会产生偏差,或者得出错误结论。 研究还表明,即使考虑到白天所有可供能量的最大不确定性,仍然不能使能量平衡闭合。中午 (12:00 h),站点 I,II 和 III 仍然有14±15,48±12和47±14 W m-2 的失衡不能够归因于可供能量的空间不确定性。因此,其它影响因素也需进行细致的探讨。 在两站点不同测量深度土壤热通量结果的差异性比较实验中,无论在站点 I 还是 III,均表现出一致的结论,即随通量板布置深度加深,其测量结果会越高,与浅层布置的相比,差别可高达150 W m-2。深层土壤热通量的计算仍是个难题,需进一步研究。 在不同植被结构对净辐射测定影响的实验中发现,随刈割强度增加,一天中大部分时间净辐射均减少。正午依次为413,395和388 W m-2。无论正午还是全天合计,重度刈割地点的净辐射均比不刈割对照处理少6%,而且,在整个生长季也少6%,约合40,000 W m-2。测量高度不同,不同处理间对测定结果影响不同:刈割处理中,由于下垫面较均一,结果相差不显著;而对照则表现出较高的差异,用两配对样本T检验表明差异达到极显著 (P<0.000,9:30-15:00 h data)。当使用不同新旧程度的 domes 时,对净辐射结果会产生明显的影响。新 domes 的测量结果白天明显高,晚上明显低,使用了11个月的旧 domes,峰值时,白天低估25 W m-2,晚上高估10 W m-2。说明该差异在进行能量平衡闭合计算时,不能忽略。而全用新的和全用旧的进行比较,晚上仅有2-3 W m-2差异。 考虑生态系统中非生物因子对干扰条件下生物多样性动态和功能的影响,有助于更精确地阐明生物多样性-稳定性功能的关系。为此,设计了一个单因子刈割实验——内蒙古地区一种广泛存在的土地利用方式。主要目的是研究不同强度刈割影响下,微气候变量特别是能量平衡各分量和群落结构的变化及二者的关系。连续4年刈割,占第一位的优势种明显由低矮半灌木冷蒿 (Artemisia frigida) 取代了高大丛生禾草克氏针茅 (Stipa kylovii)。重度刈割下,针茅的盖度、生物量和丛重,群落叶面积、绿色生物量、凋落物量和群落高度一致低于轻度刈割/不刈割处理。微气候由于群落特征的这些变化也呈规律性变化。与对照相比,重度刈割降低了生长季土壤含水量的47.5%,但中午和日均土壤表面温度分别增加了7.4和1.2 °C,并且增加地表下2 cm土壤温度日较差 (日最高与最低温度之差) 4.2 °C。刈割处理由于凋落物少、反射强而表现出较低的净辐射,但土壤热通量显著提高,表现为土层加热和冷却快。因此,重度刈割处理较对照降低了可供能量8%,约合52,000 W m-2 。不同刈割强度间来看,NPP 或 LAI 与土壤热通量和净辐射的比值 (G/Rn) 以及波文比 (H/LE) 间呈负相关。重度刈割处理感热通量显著提高,但潜热通量在处理间差异不显著,表明未刈割处理虽然冠层伸展大,但是并没有导致更大的水分亏缺。未刈割处理增加了抵抗物种改变的能力,而刈割处理在连续一年一割的第四年显著增加了物种数,可能与因刈割影响而导致的群落结构与微气候的改变有关。本研究表明,未刈割处理可以减轻高温干旱季节的高温和干旱胁迫,表现出对环境变化的高抵抗性。未刈割处理的凋落物层和较高的垂直结构所形成的遮荫,可以形成一个阻挡蒸发的篱笆,这是维持其水分的保证。因此,为了恢复退化草原生态系统功能,需要修复能导致微气候变化的植物群落结构,否则难以成功。 本研究立足于原创性的实验研究,在中国特有的自然草原生态系统上开展,结合不同温度梯度的三地区涡度相关系统进行了能量平衡闭合的移动比较实验,以及结合常用土地利用方式的定点能量平衡实验。在翔实的数据基础上,为涡度相关方法的陆地表面能量平衡失衡问题提供了解释。增加了对两个主要能量流——土壤热通量和净辐射空间变异规律的认识,研究对于能量平衡和湍流通量相关研究是有价值的。在三个代表性地区首次利用多个净辐射仪和土壤热通量板的结果与三个标准的涡度相关系统进行了比较,这类量化失衡原因的相关研究应受到高度重视并进一步拓展,以提高对能量失衡的认识,进而推进水热和碳循环研究向更深层次发展。

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本发明公开一种以浒苔为原料制取生物乙醇的方法,包括以下步骤:(1)对浒苔进行漂洗;(2)对浒苔粉碎至粒径为0.5~2mm;(3)将步骤(2)所得的浒苔投入到酸解装置中,料液比为1:20-1:5,加入酸,至酸浓度为0.5%-2.5%(w/w)。反应釜中110℃-150℃水解;(4)将步骤(3)所得的浒苔水解液中加入氢氧化钙中和至中性,室温静置;压滤除去固形物,得富含葡萄糖和木糖的水解液;(5)将步骤(4)所得的水解液,接入5%的休哈塔假丝酵母30℃发酵1~5天;(6)发酵液蒸馏得到生物乙醇。本发明利用浒苔作为乙醇发酵的原料,结合浒苔的特点,不需经过酶解,水解液可直接用于生物乙醇发酵。

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本发明公开一种海带渣糖化产葡萄糖的工艺。包括以下步骤:(1)将海带渣加适量水后投入到酸预处理装置中,料液比为1:30-1:7,加入硫酸,至酸浓度为为0.5%-2.5%(w/w),反应釜中110℃-150℃水解;(2)对步骤(1)所得的海带渣转移至200目过滤布上,用清水冲洗除去残留的硫酸至海带渣pH为中性;(3)将步骤(2)所得的中性海带渣中加入柠檬酸钠缓冲液,pH为4.0-5.8,料液比为1:40-1:8,加入纤维素酶,酶用量为4-20mg/g底物,恒温摇床中40-55℃酶解,酶解时间为24-48小时,摇床转速为120 rpm。本发明工艺简单有效,将海带加工废弃物变废为宝。

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A diode-pumped passively mode-locked YVO4/Nd YVO4 composite crystal green laser with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) and a intracavity frequency-doubling KTP crystal was realized. The maximum average output power of 2.06 W at 532 nm with a repetition rate of 100 MHz was obtained at a pump power of 15 W, corresponding to optical slop efficiency 17.2%. The 532 nm mode-locked pulse width was estimated to be approximately 18-ps.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

We have demonstrated stable self-starting passive mode locking in a diode-end-pumped Nd:Gd-0.8-Y0.5VO4 laser by using an In0.25Ga0.75As absorber grown at low temperature (LT In0.25Ga0.75As absorber). An In0.25Ga0.75As single-quantum-well absorber, which was grown directly on the GaAs buffer by use of the metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition technique, acts simultaneously as a passive mode-locking device and as an output coupler. Continuous-wave mode-locked pulses were obtained at 1063.5 nm. We achieved a pulse duration of 2.6 ps and an average output power of 2.15 W at a repetition rate of 96.4 MHz. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structures were grown on 2 inch sapphire substrates by MOCVD, and 0.8-mu m gate length devices were fabricated and measured. It is shown by resistance mapping that the HEMT structures have an average sheet resistance of approximately 380 Omega/sq with a uniformity of more than 96%. The 1-mm gate width devices using the materials yielded a pulsed drain current of 784 mA/mm at V-gs=0.5 V and V-ds=7 V with an extrinsic transconductance of 200 mS/mm. A 20-GHz unity current gain cutoff frequency (f(T)) and a 28-GHz maximum oscillation frequency (f(max)) were obtained. The device with a 0.6-mm gate width yielded a total output power of 2.0 W/mm (power density of 3.33 W/mm) with 41% power added efficiency (PAE) at 4 GHz.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

We report one top-illumination and one bottom-illumination SiGe/Si multiple quantum-well (MQW) resonant-cavity-enhanced (RCE) photodetector fabricated on a separation-by-implanted-oxygen (SIMOX) wafer operating near 1300 nm. The buried oxygen layer in SIMOX is used as a mirror to form a vertical cavity with the silicon dioxide/silicon Bragg reflector deposited on the top surface. A peak responsivity with a reverse bias of 5 V is measured 10.2 mA/W at 1285 nm, a full width at half maximum of 25 nm for the top-illumination RCE photodetector, 19 mA/W at 1305 nm, and a full width at half maximum of 14 nm for the bottom-illumination one. The external quantum efficiency of the bottom-illumination RCE photodetector is up to 2.9% at 1305 nm, with a reverse bias of 25V. The responsivity of the bottom-illumination RCE photodetector is improved by two-fold compared with that of the top-illumination one. (C) 2001 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A Gunn active layer is used as an X electron probe to detect the X tunnelling current in the GaAs-AlAs heterostructure, from which a new heterostructure intervalley transferred electron (HITE) device is obtained. In the 8 mm band, the highest pulse output power of these diodes is 2.65 W and the highest conversion efficiency is 18%. The dc and rf performance of the HITE devices was simulated by the band mixing resonant tunnelling theory and Monte Carlo transport simulation. The HITE effect has transformed the transit-time dipole-layer mode in the Gunn diode into a relaxation oscillation mode in the HITE device. From the comparison of simulated results to the measured data, the HITE effect is demonstrated straightforwardly.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A novel semiconductor laser structure is put forward to resolve the major difficulties of high power laser diodes. In this structure, several active regions are cascaded by tunnel junctions to form a large optical cavity and to achieve super high efficiency. This structure can solve the problems of catastrophic optical damage of facet, thermal damage and poor light beam quality effectively. Low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition method is adopted to grow the novel semiconductor laser structures, which are composed of Si:GaAs/C:GaAs tunnel junctions, GaAs/InGaAs strain quantum well active regions. External differential quantum efficiency as high as 2.2 and light power output of 2.5 W per facet (under 2A drive current) are achieved from an uncoated novel laser device with three active regions.