山东山旺中新世孢粉植物及古气候和古生态研究

本文对山旺中新世孢粉植物群进行了详细的研究。在22，95米厚的山旺硅藻土剖面上系统地采集了130块孢粉样品，样品之间的采样距离为10-30厘米。鉴定出孢粉类型111种。以此为基础，对山旺碰藻土沉积期间的古气候和古生态进行了高分辨率定量的恢复和重建。 根据每种孢粉类型的生物地层信息，山旺中新世孢粉植物群形成的时代为中中新世。这个年龄值也与同位素测年的结果16.78-14.11 Ma，以及根据哺乳动物划分的生物地层带MN4-MN5相一致。 运用共存分析法定量重建了山旺中新世孢粉植物群形成时的各项气候参数的定量值。所包括的10个古气候参数值分别为： 年平均温度(MAT) 15.6-17.2ºC，最冷月平均温度(TCM)5.0-6.6 0 C，最热月平均温度(TWM) 24.6-27.8 ºC，温度的年较差( TD) 20. 0-25.5 0 C，年平均降雨量(MAP) 1162-1308mm，最热月份的平均降雨量( PwarmM)108-lllmm，最湿月份的平均降雨量(PwetM) 148-180mm，最干月份的平均降雨量(PDM) 16-59mm，最干及最 湿月份降雨量的差值(DP) 81-153mm，平均相对湿度(RH) 72-74%，共存分析的结果表明，在整个22.95米厚的研究剖面上，从底部到顶部的古植物群形成期间的古气候有一个轻微的波动，其中年平均温度的波动范围大约在3度左右，最热月平均温度的波动范围在l度左右， 最冷月平均温度的波动范围在4度左右， 年平均降雨量的波动范围在100毫米左右。 山旺中新世时的气候应属于Koppen's的“Cfa”气候类型，与现今武汉与芜湖地区的气候相似。 与现代山旺地区气候上的区别主要在于年平均降雨量、降雨量的分配，以及最冷月份的平均温度。 通过应用多元分析的方法，对山旺中新世时期的植被进行了重建。山旺中新世时期的古植被为“混交中生林”，在研究剖面从底部到顶部的时间轴上，“混交中生林”经历了“湿润环境下的混交中生林”，“干旱环境下的混交中生林”，“湿润湖岸环境下的混交中生林”，“山地、湿润及碱性环境下的混交中生林”，和“碱性环境下的混交中生林”等5个阶段的变化。山旺剖面所代表的山旺湖周围的地形在断裂构造运动的控制下，也经历了一系列的变化。

铁线莲属尾叶铁线莲组的修订－兼论铁线莲属基于花粉形态学证据的系统发育

铁线莲属尾叶铁线莲组是该属中记录种类最多的类群，主要分布在亚洲亚热带至温带地区，少数种类分布至亚洲及非洲的热带地区。由于缺乏野外观察和标本不够丰富等原因，有些种类的分类处理尚不能令人满意，应予修订。尾叶铁线莲组的组下分类系统以及与近缘组之间的系统关系也存在争议，还需深入研究。本文作者经过大量的标本馆工作和全面的文献考证，结合野外观察，对该组植物进行了分类学修订，同时通过基于形态性状的分支系统学和花粉形态研究对尾叶铁线莲组及铁线莲属的系统发育进行了探讨，结果如下： 1.分类修订 通过对国内外近20 个标本馆的5000 余份馆藏标本研究，结合全面的文献考证和广泛的野外观察，发现花丝形态、花药毛被状况、药隔是否凸起、萼片外侧附的属物等性状较为稳定，是分亚组的主要依据。而复叶类型、花序形态及花梗毛被状况、萼片颜色等性状为较好的分种性状。 本文在考证了近140 个种及种下等级的分类学名称后，确认尾叶铁线莲组植物共有37 种20 变种，共分为5 个亚组，另有4 种7 变种暂存疑;2 种、2 变种降为新异名;新组合6 个，其中5 个为改级新组合;发表新亚组1 个;发现中国新纪录变种1 个;纠正了以前研究者工作中对C. aethusifolia var. latisecta 的鉴定错误;初步澄清了C. jingdungensis 及C. jinzhaiensis 的一些名实混乱;指出了前人工作中的一些拼写错误;统一了植物的中文名称，并新拟了15 个分类群的中文名称;给出了各个种的形态描述、地理分布图以及分亚组和分种检索表。 2.分支系统学 在分类修订基础上选取了35 个形态性状，对尾叶铁线莲组的37 个种，和尾叶铁线莲组的近缘组Sect. Bebaeanthera 中的2 个种，以C. alternata 为外类群，利用系统发育分系软件PAUP 4.0 beta 10 对数据矩阵进行分析。共得到182 棵最简约树，树长为182 步，一致性指数（CI）=0.385，保持性指数（RI）=0.685。结果显示：尾叶铁线莲组为一并系类群，Sect. Bebaeanthera 中的两个种：C. pseudopogonandra 和C. barbellata 与Subsect. Otophorae 亲缘关系更为接近，应并入尾叶铁线莲组中;Subsect. Otophorae 与Subsect. Grandiflorae 各自聚为两大支，从分支图基部与其他类群分开，为本组早期分化出的类群;Subsect. Acutangulae 与Subsect. Connatae 中具有红色花的C. lasiandra 和C. dasyandra 近缘;分布于东亚北部地区的Subsect. Aethusifoliae 与分布于我国横断山区的C.rehderiana 和分布于印度的C. roylei 近缘;根据分支系统学分析的结果，对尾叶铁线莲组组下分类系统进行了调整，建立了新亚组Subsect. Otophorae。 3.花粉形态 在扫描电镜下研究了铁线莲属148 种12 变种和锡兰莲属3 个种的花粉形态特征，并在透射电镜下研究了部分种类的花粉外壁结构。 结果表明：铁线莲属花粉粒一般为近球形、球形或扁球形。具三沟的花粉赤道面观为椭圆形或近圆形，极面观为三裂圆形，大小为14.8-32.1 μm ×14.2-28.7 μm;具散沟或散孔的花粉（全为球形）直径大小为14.8-36.6 μm。花粉具三沟、散沟或散孔。在三沟类型中常伴有不同比例的散沟花粉。萌发沟狭长或稍宽，有整齐或不整齐下陷的边缘，沟膜上有颗粒状纹饰或刺状纹饰;萌发孔一般圆形或不规则形，分布不规则。外壁由薄到较厚，厚度为0.8-2.5 μm，外层稍厚于内层。在透射电镜下本属花粉外壁具备被子植物花粉典型的外壁层次，即外壁内层和外壁外层。外壁内层为一层均匀的质密的无结构的层次。外壁外层由3 层组成：覆盖层，柱状层，和基层。覆盖层上均匀分布有小刺状纹饰和小穿孔。 锡兰莲属花粉粒为圆球形，其直径大小为14.9-18.8 μm。具散孔。萌发孔一般圆形，分布不规则，孔膜上有颗粒状纹饰或刺状纹饰。外壁厚度为0.8-1.8 μm，外层稍厚于内层。覆盖层上均匀分布有小刺状纹饰和小穿孔。 根据花粉形态在花粉粒大小、萌发孔的类型和外壁纹饰方面的差异将两个属的花粉分为6 个类型，其中类型1 再分为两个亚型。在这些花粉类型中，类型1 为三沟花粉，类型3 为三沟至散沟花粉，其余类型为散孔花粉。类型1 的亚型 1b 在铁线莲属中分布最广，18 个组中有13 个组具有这种类型的花粉，是铁线莲属中最原始的花粉类型，其他类型和亚型均由此亚型直接或间接演化而来。 推测这两属花粉形态特征的演化趋势为：1. 萌发孔. 三沟→（散沟）→散孔。 2. 花粉粒大小. 小（散孔，直径14.9-18.8 μm）←中等（三沟，24.2 μm ×24.8 μm） →大（散孔，直径28.9-36.5 μm）。3. 表面纹饰. 小刺不明显、分布密集→小刺明显、分布稀疏。 铁线莲属及锡兰莲属花粉形态特征对于这两个属植物的区分以及铁线莲属下组间系统发育关系的探讨具有重要意义。锡兰莲属与铁线莲属中的Sect. Naraveliopsis 亲缘关系紧密;铁线莲属内具有散沟、散孔花粉类型的Sect. Naraveliopsis、Sect. Viticella、Sect. Tubulosa、Sect. Viorna (sensu Tamura 1995)为铁线莲属中的进化类群; Sect. Tubulosa 与Sect. Campanella 亲缘关系较远，而与Sect. Clematis 近缘。

The Anti-HIV Actions of 7-and 10-Substituted Camptothecins

Camptothecin (CPT), a traditional anti-tumor drug, has been shown to possess anti-HIV-1 activity. To increase the antiviral potency, the anti-HIV activities of two CPT derivatives, 10-hydroxy-CPT and 7-hydroxymethyl-CPT, were evaluated in vitro. The therapy index (TI) of CPT, 10-hydroxy-CPT and 7-hydroxymethyl-CPT against HIV-1(IIIB) in C8166 were 24.2, 4.2 and 198.1, and against clinical isolated strain HIV-1(KM018) in PBMC were 10.3, 3.5 and 66.0, respectively. While the TI of CPT, 10-hydroxy-CPT and 7-hydroxymethyl-CPT against HIV-2(CBL-20) were 34.5, 10.7 and 317.0, respectively, and the TI of the three compounds against HIV-2(ROD) showed the similar values. However, when the antiviral mechanisms were considered, we found there was no inhibition of 7-hydroxymethyl-CPT on viral cell-to-cell transmission, and was no inhibition on reverse transcriptase, protease or integrase in cell-free systems. 7-Hydroxymethyl-CPT showed no selective killing of chronically infected cells after 3 days of incubation. In conclusion, 7-hydroxymethyl-CPT showed more potent anti-HIV activity, while 10-hydroxy-CPT had less efficient activity, compared with the parent CPT. Though the antiviral mechanisms remain to be further elucidated; the modification of -OH residues at C-7 of CPT could enhance the antiviral activity, while of -OH residues at C-10 of CPT had decreased the antiviral activity, which provides the preliminary modification strategy for anti-viral activities enhancement of this compound.

Anti-HIV Actions of 7- and 10-Substituted Camptothecins (vol 15, pg 138, 2010)

The authors thank the anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on the early version of the manuscript. This work was financially supported by the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System, the Science Fund for Young Scholars in Sichuan Province (Grant No: ZQ 026-017), and the National 863 Project of China (No. 2008AA101001).

江汉平原47号钻孔中的化石硅藻及其在古环境分析上的意义

江汉平原47号钻孔,位于湖北省江汉平原的江陵县,在其上段的46.6-2.2m层位上,有丰富的化石硅藻,约有26属148种,其中绝大多数是现存的淡水种类,并以附生性、沿岸带和浅水性的种类为主。种类较多的属有:Navicula(28种)、Cymbella(23种)、Achnanthes(15种)、Gomphonema(14种)和Eunotia(13种)。主要种类有Gomphonema tropicale var. nonpunctatum、Cyclotella comta、Cocconeis placemul

Relationships among the contents of total phenolics, soluble carbohydrate, and free amino acids of 15 aquatic macrophytes

In order to examine how carbon and nitrogen status of a macrophyte may affect its total phenolics (TP) production, the contents of free amino acids (FAA), soluble carbohydrate (SC) and TP were examined in leaves of seven submersed, four floating-leaved, and four emergent macrophytes. The floating-leaved and emergent macrophytes had much higher contents of SC and TP than the submersed macrophytes. The contents of FAA were not significantly different among the submersed, floating-leaved, and emergent macrophytes. Correlations among the contents of FAA, SC, and TP indicated that the production of TP was more dependent on the SC content than on the FAA content.

Identification of a gene, ccr-1 (sll1242), required for chill-light tolerance and growth at 15 degrees C in Synechocystis sp PCC 6803

Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 exposed to chill (5 degrees C)-light (100 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)) stress loses its ability to reinitiate growth. From a random insertion mutant library of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a sll1242 mutant showing increased sensitivity to chill plus light was isolated. Mutant reconstruction and complementation with the wild-type gene confirmed the role of sll1242 in maintaining chill-light tolerance. At 15 degrees C, the autotrophic and mixotrophic growth of the mutant were both inhibited, paralleled by decreased photosynthetic activity. The expression of sll1242 was upregulated in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 after transfer from 30 to 15 degrees C at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 30 mu mol photons m(-2) S-1. sll1242, named ccr (cyanobacterial cold resistance gene)- 1, may be required for cold acclimation of cyanobacteria in light.

Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on photosynthesis of the marine red tide alga Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae)

In order to assess the short- and long-term impacts of UV radiation (LTVR, 280-400 nm) on the red tide alga, Heterosigma akashiwo, we exposed the cells to three different solar radiation treatments (PAB: 280-700 rim, PA: 320-700 nm, R 400-700 nm) under both solar and artificial radiation. A significant decrease in the effective quantum yield () during high irradiance periods (i.e., local noon) was observed, but the cells partially recovered during the evening hours. Exposure to high irradiances for 15, 30, and 60 min under a solar simulator followed by the recovery (8 h) under dark, 9 and 100 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) of PAR, highlighted the importance of the irradiance level during the recovery period. Regardless the radiation treatments, the highest recovery (both in rate and total Y) was found at a PAR irradiance of 9 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1), while the lowest was observed at 100 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1). In all experiments, PAR was responsible for most of the observed inhibition; nevertheless, the cells exposed only to PAR had the highest recovery in any condition, as compared to the other radiation treatments. In long-term experiments (10 days) using semi-continuous cultures, there was a significant increase of UV-absorbing compounds (UVabc) per cell from 1.2 to > 4 x 10(-6) mu g UVabc cell(-1) during the first 3-5 days of exposure to solar radiation. The highest concentration of UVabc was found in samples exposed in the PAB as compared to PA and P treatments. Growth rates (mu) mimic the behavior of UV-absorbing compounds, and during the first 5 days mu increased from < 0.2 to ca. 0.8, and stayed relatively constant at this value during the rest of the experiment. The inhibition of the Y decreased with increasing acclimation of cells. All our data indicates that H. akashiwo is a sensitive species, but was able acclimate relatively fast (3-5 days) synthesizing UV-absorbing compounds and thus reducing any impact either on photosystem 11 or on growth. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.

简评美国公布的15个AES候选算法

文章对美国国家标准和技术研究所（ＮＩＳＴ）最近公布的１５个ＡＥＳ候选算法的基本设计思想作了简要介绍，同时也介绍了对这些算法的最新分析结果