193 resultados para 12S rRNA


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本研究采用直接测序的方法,研究了铃蟾属(两栖纲:无尾目:铃蟾科)的 分子系统发育关系及系统学问题。我们测定了我国铃蟾属5 个种共22 个样本的 线粒体DNA 部分片段的序列,包括12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, ND4-tRNALEU 以 及细胞色素b 共四个基因片段,欧洲铃蟾、花铃蟾以及B. pachypus 的相应序列 通过GenBank 获得。利用MrBayes 3.0b4 和 PAUP* 4.0b10 软件对系统发育关系 进行了重建(贝叶斯推断法,最大简约法,最大似然法和邻近法),分析结果表 明,铃蟾属可分为两大支系,一支包括利川铃蟾及中国西南部铃蟾(微蹼铃蟾、 强婚刺铃蟾、大蹼铃蟾);另一支包括东方铃蟾,花铃蟾、欧洲铃蟾以及Bombina pachypus,从分子水平上支持了铃蟾属内不同亚属的划分。我们的结果拒绝东方 铃蟾起源于大蹼铃蟾的假设,同时表明:相对于东方铃蟾,欧洲铃蟾与花铃蟾间 的关系更近。利川铃蟾的有效地位得到支持,中国西南部3 种铃蟾 (微蹼铃蟾、 强婚刺铃蟾、大蹼铃蟾)在所有系统树中形成一个单系,利川铃蟾与之形成姐妹 群。根据我国西南部3 种铃蟾间的很小的遗传差异,以及以往的形态学研究和核 型研究的证据,我们认为将微蹼铃蟾、强婚刺铃蟾归入大蹼铃蟾可能更为合适。 分化时间估计表明,铃蟾属两个亚属的分化发生在3.08–9.16 MYA,我们推测秦 岭的抬升以及同时期青藏高原的上升是铃蟾属内产生亚属分化的主要原因。

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对隆肛蛙属的物种构成进行了订正,建立新属肛刺蛙属Yerana gen. nov.;订正后的隆肛蛙属现仅隶2种, 即隆肛蛙F. quadrana和太行隆肛蛙F. taihangnicus。运用形态学分析探讨了隆肛蛙属物种及种群的形态差异和分类关系,通过分子系统学研究探讨了隆肛蛙属物种及种群的分类和系统发育关系,运用动物地理学方法结合系统发育关系探讨了隆肛蛙属种群的地理分布格局成因与历史过程。主要结果和推论如下: 1.隆肛蛙属物种构成的订正及一新属建立 建立新属肛刺蛙属,将隆肛蛙属中的原叶氏隆肛蛙F. yei归隶新属肛刺蛙属并更名为叶氏肛刺蛙Y. yei,,新属建立的主要依据为:(1)雄性肛部隆起,肛孔下方有两个布满黑刺的大的白色球形隆起,具单咽下内声囊, 第一指具婚刺;(2)形态量度分析表明叶氏肛刺蛙与隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙的形态差异远大于后两者之间的差异;(3)叶氏肛刺蛙的分布区与隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙的分布区距离较远且呈隔离状态;(4)分子系统学研究资料(Jiang et al.,2005)证明叶氏肛刺蛙与隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙非单系发生;叶氏肛刺蛙在第二支中位于基部。因此,隆肛蛙属现仅隶2种,即隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙。 2.隆肛蛙属种群形态学研究 对隆肛蛙属中隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙的15个地理种群565只标本的28项形态性状进行了测量,运用典型判别分析法对其分析的结果表明:(1)太行隆肛蛙与隆肛蛙形态差异明显,支持其为不同的物种;(2)原隆肛蛙河南伏牛山种群和山西中条山种群应为太行隆肛蛙的地理种群;(3)隆肛蛙不同地理种群之间形态差异明显,其中四川安县种群、陕西周至种群和湖北利川种群与模式产地重庆巫山种群的差异可能达到了亚种或亚种以上分化水平。对隆肛蛙属量度分析的15个种群进行定性形态分析表明其分为三种形态型,对应隆肛蛙、过渡型和太行隆肛蛙,其变异特征主要为内跗褶、雄性肛部隆起及疣粒分布、第五趾外侧缘膜等,这与量度分析结果相似。 3.隆肛蛙属种群分子系统学研究 测定隆肛蛙属Feirana的2种19种群的线粒体12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因片段、ND2基因的DNA序列,比对后共计1953bps。(1)遗传多样性与距离分析:结果表明,隆肛蛙属种群具很高的遗传多样性,19个种群样品表现出19种单倍型(遗传多样性指数Hd=1.0); ND2基因的进化信息含量远高于12SrRNA和16SrRNA。隆肛蛙属2种群组内的种群间的遗传距离远小于两种群组间的距离,种群在不同基因上的遗传距离表现的关系与对应的系统树一致。(2)系统发育关系分析:结果表明,不同基因片断基于不同方法构建的隆肛蛙属种群系统发育树结构基本一致,基本表明隆肛蛙属种群为单系发生;它们在系统树中分为两大支,分别对应于隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙;支持中条山种群(沁水、历山和济源种群)和伏牛山种群(栾川和内乡种群)为太行隆肛蛙的地理种群,而原隆肛蛙秦岭中东段的部分种群(柞水、宁陕、长安大坝沟种群)也应为太行隆肛蛙的地理种群。(3)亚种分化分析:根据遗传距离分析和系统发育关系分析结果,并考虑形态上的差异情况以及地理分布信息,隆肛蛙所隶种群组可分为2亚种,即隆肛蛙指名亚种F. quadrana quadrana包括四川盆地东缘大巴山东段-巫山-武陵山北麓种群和秦岭中段(周至板房子和长安广货街)种群,他们在系统关系树上聚为一支;安县亚种F. quadrana anxianensis包括四川盆地西缘岷山东麓-龙门山-大巴山和秦岭西段的种群(安县、青川、文县、南江和凤县种群),他们在系统关系树上聚为一支。太行隆肛蛙所隶种群组也可分为2亚种,即太行隆肛蛙指名亚种F. taihangnicus taihangnicus包括中条山的种群(沁水、历山和济源种群)和中东秦岭的部分种群(柞水、长安大坝沟和宁陕种群),他们在系统关系树上聚为一支;太行隆肛蛙伏牛亚种F. taihangnicus funiuensis,为伏牛山地区的种群(栾川和内乡种群),他们在系统关系树上聚为一支。 4.隆肛蛙属种群动物地理学研究 隆肛蛙属19种群的分歧年代分析: 以长江巫山段和黄河三门峡段的形成历史时期为参考点,根据已测隆肛蛙属19种群及其外群包括N. pleski、P. yunnanesis、P. robertingeri、F. limnocharis的1953bps DNA序列构建分子钟,获得各支系的分歧年代。结果表明:①棘蛙族在70Ma左右开始其独立演化历程,这与Roelants et al.(2004)的分析结果~60±15Ma左右开始分化基本一致,后者印证了本文的分子钟。②隆肛蛙属的起始分化年代较早,隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙两种群组的最近祖先种群大概在46Ma~50Ma左右;隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙种群组内的种群分化年代相对两种群组间晚得多, 隆肛蛙种群组内两亚种分化起始年代约为10Ma左右,而太行隆肛蛙种群组内两亚种分化起始年代约为6Ma。 隆肛蛙属种群分布格局形成过程分析: ①隆肛蛙属的系统关系与地理分布格局密切相关,大部分系统分支分级与地理距离成正比;②隆肛蛙属最近祖先种群的分化中心可能位于秦岭中部地区, 隆肛蛙属的种群分布格局的形成表现为隔离分化与扩散相结合的机制,由隔离分化产生的隆肛蛙祖先种群主要从秦岭中部向西南方向扩散,后隔离分化为两亚种;太行隆肛蛙祖先种群向东北方向扩散也分化为两亚种。 隆肛蛙属种群分布区域地质历史的探讨:本文所建分子钟和种群分化方式印证了该区域的几次主要地质事件,包括岷山-龙门山-西秦岭等地区的快速差异隆起、第四纪冰期等。 The specific composition of the genus Feirana should be revised. A new genus Yerana gen. nov.(Ranidae:Dicroglossinae)was established based on morphological data-set and molecular phylogeny, as a result, only two species F. quadrana and F. taihangnicus are classified into Feirana now. Morphological differences and taxonomy of populations of Feirana were investigated based on morphological and morphometric data; phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of populations of Feirana were elucidated using molecular data, and then the proceeding of the distribution pattern of populations of Feirana were discussed. The main results and conclusions and proposals were presented as following: 1. Revising of the specific composition of the genus Feirana and establishment of a new genus The new genus Yerana, only containing the type species Y. yei, was established based on the following evidences: (1) In adult male, distinct up-heaved circular vesicle presents around the anal, and under anal there are two white balls on which black spines exist, black horny spines scatter on the upper side of first finger, and internal single subgular vocal sac presents; (2) there is obvious morphometric differences between Yerana and Feirana; (3) Yerana is distributed far from Feirana; (4) evidences of molecular phylogeny(Jiang et al.,2005)suggested that Yerana take a special phylogenetic clade which is different from other genus included in the tribe Paini. As a result, there are only two species in Feirana, i.e., F. quadrana and F. taihangnicus. 2. Morphological research of populations of Feirana Twenty-eight characters of 565 individuals of 15 populations of the genus Feirana were measured, the results of Canonical Discriminant analysis of the morphometric data-set indicated that: (1) there are very prominent differences between the two species F. quadrana and F. taihangnicus. The validity of species F. taihangnicus was approved here; (2) Mt. Funiu population and Mt. Zhongtiao population should belong to the species F. taihangnicus; (3) Obvious differences exist among 12 populations of F. quadrana, the differentiation among Zhouzhi population, Anxian population, Lichuan population, and Wushan population together with the others probably reach sub-specific or specific level. Result of morphological comparison between 15 different populations show that 3 morphological types are recogenized in according with F. quadrana, F. taihangnicus and intergradation, this result conform to the result of morphometric analysis. 3. Molecular phylogenetic study on populaions of Feirana Fragment of 12SrRNA and 16SrRNA genes, and ND2 gene of 19 populations of two species of Feirana were sequenced and aligned, from which 1953 bps were received. (1) analyses of genetic distance and hereditary diversity indicated that: genetic distance between populations in each group were less than distance between two groups of Feirana, 19 haplotypes were recognized from 19 samples of 19 populations, so the hereditary diversity of populations of Feirana was very high (Hd=1.0), phylogenetic information in ND2 gene is more than fragment sequence of 12SrRNA and 16SrRNA genes. (2) Result of molecular phylogeny indicate that the phylogenetic trees constructed using different methods based on different sequence data sets showed the revised genus Feirana is monophyletic since the 19 populations of Feirana were firstly clustered together as one large clade, which was further clustered into two major clades, corresponding to F. quadrana(GroupⅠ) and F. taihangnicus(GroupⅡ), respectively. So populations of Qinshui and Lishan in Mt. Zhongtiao, populations of Luanchuan and Neixiang in Mt. Funiu, and populations of Zhashui, Dabagou of Chang’an and Ningshan in eastern Mt. Qinling should belong to the species F. taihangnicus; (3) Subspecific differentiation. on the basis of genetic distance, phylogenetic trees and geographical distribution, F. quadrana should have two subspecies, i.e., F. quadrana qudadrana, consisting of the populations Guanghuojie of Chang’an and Zhouzhi in Mid-Mt. Qinling, populations in Wushan area and northern Mt. Wuling (Lichuan), and F. qudadrana anxianensis, consisting of the populations in eastern Mt. Ming shan-Mt. Longmen-western Mt. Daba-western Mt. Qinling (Anxian, Qingchuan, Wenxian, Nanjiang and Fengxian); F. taihangnicus should also has two subspecies, i.e., F. taihangnicus taihangnicus, consisting of the populations in Mt. Zhongtiao and eastern Mt. Qinling, and F. taihangnicus funiuensis, consisting of the populations in Mt. Funiu. 4. Zoogeography of populaions of Feirana Analysis for divergent time of 19 populations of Feirana: Using the dates of run-through of Wushan segment of Changjiang River as the time when the population of Lichuan started differentiated from the populations of Wushan and Shennongjia, and the dates of Sanmenxia segment of Yellow River as the time when the populations in Mt. Zhongtiao started differentiated from the population of Dabagou in Chang’an, molecular clock was established using sequences with 1953 bps of 19 populations of Feirana and outgroup including N. pleski, P. yunnanesis, P. robertingeri, F. limnocharis in order to estimate divergent time of all clades. Result of that indicated that: ① the tribe Paini started to evolve independently at about 70Ma when is in consistent with that estimated by Roelants et al.(2004)with result of about ~60±15Ma, they were corroborated by each other, this confirms the validity of this molecular clock; ② divergent time for speciation of Feriana is early, ancestral populations of F. quadrana and F. taihangnicus were found about 46Ma~50Ma; differentiation of populations within species is greatly late to the divergence of the two species, divergent time for F. quadrana is 10Ma and divergent time for F. taihangnicus is 6Ma. Proceeding of distribution pattern of Feirana. Phylogenetic relationships of populations of Feirana matched quite with distribution pattern of them, the relationships among clades showed in phylogenetic trees is direct ratio to geographical distance of them; the estimated date of speciation between two species of Feirana was as early as speciation of Paa yunnanesis and Nanara pleski; middle part of Mt. Qinling is the center of speciation of Feirana, combination of mult-events of dispersal and vicariance are probably the mechanism of speciation of Feirana, F. quadrana colonized the mid-Mt. Qinling and then differentiated into two subspecies in southwest direction, ancestral population of F. taihangnicus colonized the mid-Mt. Qinling and then differentiated into two subspecies in northeast direction. On geological history of the distribution of Feirana. According to molecular clock and speciation model of populations of Feirana, some geological events are confirmed, including special rise of Mt. Minshan- Mt. Longmen-western Mt. Qinling, glacial age.

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角蟾科(Megophryidae)是以角蟾属(Megophrys Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1822)为模式属而建立的,隶于无尾目(Anura),变凹型亚目(Anomocoela)。角蟾科包括2 亚科11 属142 种,分布于东洋界,从巴基斯坦、中国西部向东直到菲律宾和苏达群岛;中国有9 属75 种分布于华中和华南地区。角蟾科被认为是原始的两栖动物之一,其分类学、系统学、生态学、动物地理学的研究均深受中外科学家的瞩目。近年来,通过形态学、古生物学、细胞学、生态学、支序系统学的研究,角蟾科的分类与系统学研究取得了较大进展。与成体形态和分子系统学研究结果相比较,蝌蚪的研究存在更多的问题和挑战,尚需深入研究:(1)角蟾科蝌蚪的形态多样性分析;(2)角蟾科的系统发育关系与蝌蚪的演化,以及口漏斗的起源;(3)角蟾科蝌蚪表型分化与栖息环境和觅食行为的适应演化。针对上述问题,本文对角蟾科9 属30 种蝌蚪的形态特征,包括外部宏观形态和口器外部结构特征、口器内部显微结构、唇齿和角质颌的亚显微结构作了深入细致、多层次的比较研究;通过12s rRNA 和cytochrome b 基因构建最大简约树,采用贝叶斯系统发育进行分析,蝌蚪型的演化采用祖先性状的重建方法分析;得到如下结论:1)初步将角蟾科蝌蚪分为4 种类型;并且建立了2 种新的角蟾科蝌蚪类型。A 型:拟髭蟾型蝌蚪,该型蝌蚪包括拟髭蟾属、髭蟾属、齿蟾属和齿突蟾属的物种;B 型:新类型,掌突蟾型蝌蚪,该型蝌蚪在本文中包括掌突蟾属、小臂蟾属的物种;C 型:新类型,短腿蟾型蝌蚪,一种特化类型,该型蝌蚪在本文中仅包括短腿蟾属的物种;D 型:角蟾型蝌蚪,该型蝌蚪在本文中包括无耳蟾属、小口拟角蟾属和异角蟾属的物种。2)对角蟾科的分类进行了修订:(1)支持角蟾科两个亚科的分类系统;(2)角蟾亚科包括拟角蟾属、异角蟾属、无耳蟾属和短腿蟾属;该亚科形态差异小,系统学关系比较复杂,暂不作族级分类的再划分;(3)拟髭蟾亚科分为2 个族:拟髭蟾族,该族物种具有类型A 的蝌蚪,包括4 个属:拟髭蟾属、髭蟾属、齿蟾属、齿突蟾属;掌突蟾族,该族物种具有类型B 的蝌蚪,包括2 个属:掌突蟾属和小臂蟾属。3)结合分子系统进化关系探讨了4 种蝌蚪类型的演化。(1)角蟾科蝌蚪的最近共同祖先来自于一类具有拟髭蟾型蝌蚪性状的蝌蚪;(2)掌突蟾型蝌蚪和角蟾亚科的蝌蚪是由具有拟髭蟾型蝌蚪性状的祖先蝌蚪分别演化而来;(3)短腿蟾型蝌蚪是角蟾型蝌蚪的一种特化类型;(4)外群蝌蚪具有与拟髭蟾型蝌蚪相似的性状,进一步印证了类拟髭蟾型蝌蚪是角蟾科蝌蚪的最近共同祖先的假说;(5)具有口漏斗的蝌蚪类型是由不具口漏斗的蝌蚪类型演化而来,在角蟾科中口漏斗是一种衍生性状。4)分析了角蟾科四种蝌蚪类型与栖息环境的适应演化。(1)角蟾科蝌蚪的口部和体形的变化反映了该科蝌蚪由缓流向类似静水生境的回水凼的渐变式适应,角蟾科蝌蚪的形态显示了多方面的适应变化;(2)随着蝌蚪类型由A 向D的演化,当水速较大时,拟髭蟾型的蝌蚪营流水攀吸型生活方式;当水速递减时,掌突蟾型蝌蚪营流水附着型生活方式;当水速进一步递减时,具有较小口漏斗的短腿蟾型蝌蚪和具有大漏斗的角蟾型蝌蚪营流水浮泳型生活。角蟾科蝌蚪对于水流递减的适应演化说明蝌蚪的生态学适应是具有进化意义的;(3)蝌蚪口器内部结构的分化揭示了蝌蚪和食性的适应关系,蝌蚪以口部的唇齿与角质颌刮取或吞吸水中的物质,然后,通过口乳突有选择地过滤进入口腔中食物。拟髭蟾亚科蝌蚪的唇齿多而窄,唇齿间距宽,颌鞘粗而稀,反映了其植食性为主的特点;它们的舌前乳突一般为指状,在口腔入口处所占面积小,其机械过滤的作用很多被唇齿和角质颌分担了;而角蟾亚科的蝌蚪,其角质颌弱,其舌前乳突一般为匙状,几乎填满了口腔入口处,因此舌前乳突起了主要的机械过滤作用。The family Megophryidae is the largest and most diverse families inArchaeobatrachia, and most of its species occur in India, Pakistan, and eastward intoChina, Southeast Asia, Borneo and the Philippines to the Sunda Islands. Currently thefamily includes 142 species have been grouped into two subfamilies, Megophryinaeand Leptobrachiinae. The mountains of central and southern China are rich in speciesof Megophryidae, 75 species belong to 9 genera and two subfamilies.The family was supposed to be ideal materials of studies in many fields of biology,such as taxonomy, evolution, systematics, ecology, and biogeography. Recently, therehave a great development in taxonomy and systematics of megophryids throughstudied by morphology, paleontology, cytology, ecology, and cladistics. However,larvae of megophryids were generally unknown, although the tadpoles might be veryimportant for above studies.In this paper, we examined the evolutionary scenario of the tadpoles’ morphologyin the context of a phylogenetic framework. Our objectives are (1) to evaluate thedivergence of larval body shape and oral discs in the family Megophryidae, (2) toexplore the evolutionary trends of the larvae in megophryidae, and test if thefunnel-shaped oral disc is apomorphic, and (3) to explore the relationship of the larvalstructure, diet and microhabitat.We examined larval morphology of 30 megophryid species, the larval body shape,oral discs, the buccopharyngeal cavity, and jaw sheaths and denticles of the Chinesemegophryid frogs were re-examined. We constructed a phylogeny of the species on thebasis of published mitochondrial cytochrome b and 16S rRNA gene segments usingpartitioned Bayesian analyses. Furthermore, hypothetical changes of larval morphologywere inferred using parsimony principle on the phylogeny. The results showed that:1) Four tadpole types in Megophryidae. The larval morphological charactersseries in Chinese megophryids fall into four general categories according to the bodyshape and oral discs: (A) Leptobrachiini type, species from genera Leptobrachium,Oreolalax, Scutiger and, Vibrissaphora share this type of tadpoles. (B) Leptolalax type,species of genus Leptolalax have this type of tadpoles. (C) Brachytarsophrys type,species of the genus Brachytarsophrys have this type of tadpoles. (D) Megophryinitype, species of the genera Atympanophrys, Ophryophryne, and Xenophrys share this type of tadpoles. Of which B and C are two novel types.2)Taxonomic implications. The present study leads us to reconsider the generalclassification of tribes attributed to members of Megophryidae. More specifically,concerning the phylogenetic relationships and the two novel tadpole types describedherein, we propose a provisional taxonomy for the family but suggest that further taxasampling of other megophryids be performed to confirm this taxonomic change. TheMegophryidae is composed of two subfamilies (Leptobrachiinae and Megophryinae).The Leptobrachiinae was recogonized the two tribes: (1) tribe Leptobrachiini sensuDubois, corresponding to the tadpole of type A, including four genera, i.e.,Leptobrachium, Oreolalax, Scutiger and, Vibrissaphora; (2) tribe Leptolalaxini,corresponding to the tadpole of novel type B, including two genera, i.e., Leptolalaxand Leptobrachella. However, the relationships among the genera of Megophryinaewere largely unresolved, they recognized no monophyletic groups above the generalevel. A more thorough sampling will likely foster a better taxonomic solution.3) The larval evolutionary scenario in Megophryidae.Type A is characteristicof normal-mouthed with multiple tooth rows, representing the tadpole type of theMRCA of Chinese megophryids. Type B is characteristic of normal-mouthed withreduced tooth rows, prolonging labium, and integumetary glands. Type C ischaracteristic of no labial teeth and smaller umbeliform oral disc. Type D ischaracteristic of no labial teeth, enlarged umbeliform oral disc, representing the tadpoleof the MRCA of subfamily Megophryinae. A previous hypothesis, referring tofunnel-shaped oral discs as an apomorphy, is supported.4) The larval adaptation to habitats in Megophryidae. Tadpoles generallyadhere to substrates using their mouths, and the microhabitat that the tadpoles occupyreflects the degree of adhesion and oral complexity. The morphological changes inmegophryid tadpoles virtually allow a progressive adaptation to a changing habitatfrom faster water to slower water. Within the tadpoles of Type A to type D, the TOTbecomes smaller and smaller, and the oral disc orientates from anteroventral toumbelliform upturned, and eye position orientates from dorsal to lateral, and the trunkis more and more depressed and tail becomes relatively longer and slender. Within therunning water, the normal-mouthed with multiple tooth rows of Leptobrachiini tadpoles are correlated with lotic-suctorial, benthic feeders with anteroventral oraldisc and the largest body. With the water’s velocity decreasing, the lotic-adherentfeeders of Leptolalax tadpoles have tube-shaped labium with reduced tooth rows andintegumetary glands. And then, the smaller umbeliform in Brachytarsophrys tadpolesand the enlarged umbeliform oral disc in the Megophryini tadpoles are inhabitmicrohabitats of non-flowing backwaters of rivers, indicative of adaptive traits oflotic-neustonic surface feeders. The scheme of megophryid tadpoles andmicrohabitats provided the first clear evidence which congruent with the hypothesis ofAltig and Johnston (1989). The ecological divergence plays a general role in thedivergence and evolution of megophrid larvae. There is a definite correlation amongthe buccopharyngeal cavity, diet and feeding mechanisms, the tadpole graze orswallow the food particles, then through papillae which like a sieve and sort out foodparticles to the oesophagus. The tadpole of Leptobrachiinae possess multiple toothrows, wide intertooth distance as well as thick and sparse jaw sheath, these tadpolesinhabit bottom of the streams and graze on epiphyton or major detritus of organicmatter on the substrates, their prelingual papillae like single finger, the mechanicalpurpose of papillae served share in by tooth and jaw. The tadpoles of Megophryinaeoccur near the water surface of small streams and are the filter feeder, their dietincludes plankton and organic debris floating on the water surface, those tadpolepossess weak jaw, their prelingual papillae like spoon, the mechanical purpose ofpapillae served mostly for sieve.

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为了进一步研究青蟹属系统进化的科学问题,并揭示我国东南沿海青蟹群体遗传结构和群体进化细节信息,本论文主要开展了以下两个方面的研究:(1)基于线粒体12S rRNA、16S rRNA和COI三种基因序列探讨中国东南沿海青蟹的种类归属与青蟹属的系统进化;(2)利用线粒体COI基因标记分析中国东南沿海拟穴青蟹的群体遗传结构。序列特征、遗传距离和系统进化分析结果都表明本文研究的青蟹均为S. paramamosain。NJ、BAYES和ML系统进化树显示S. paramamosain与S. tranquebarica互为姐妹种,S. olivecea应该是4种青蟹中最早分化出来的种类。10个地理群体130只拟穴青蟹的线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)细胞色素氧化酶亚基I(COI)基因序列Mantel检验结果显示群体间的遗传分化程度与地理距离没有显著的相关性。分子进化中性检验结果表明自然选择在分子进化过程中起了重要作用,并暗示该物种在最近经历了一个快速的群体爆发及扩张事件。

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Based on partial sequences of the 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes, we estimated phylogenetic relationships among brown frogs of the Rana temporaria group from China. From the phylogenetic trees obtained, we propose to include Rana zhengi in the brown frog

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The generic allocation of Indian and Sri Lankan Philautus needs further examination. In this study, a comprehensive understanding of the phylogeny of Indian and Sri Lankan Philautus is obtained based on 125 and 16S rRNA genes. All phylogenetic analyses indicate that Indian-Sri Lankan Philautus, Philautus menglaensis, Philautus longchuanensis, and Philautus gryllus form a well supported clade, separate from Philautus of Sunda Islands that form another well supported clade representing true Philautus. This result supports the designation of the genus Pseudophilautus to accommodate the Indian and Sri Lankan species. Pseudophilautus consists of two major lineages, one comprises the majority of Indian species, Chinese species, and Southeast Asian species, and one comprises all Sri Lankan species and a few Indian species. Pseudophilautus may have originated in South Asia and dispersed into Southeast Asia and China. Based on the results, we further suggest that Philautus cf. gryllus (MNHN1997.5460) belongs to the genus Kurixalus. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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木根麦冬(Ophiopogon xylorrhizus Wang et Dai)属于铃兰科(Convallariaceae)或广义百合科(Liliaceae s.l.)沿阶草族(Ophiopogoneae)沿阶草属(Ophiopogon Ker-Gawl.),属于典型的濒危植物。前人已从细胞学、种群生态学、生殖生物学和遗传结构与多样性等方面对木根麦冬进行了研究,但在分子进化和分子细胞遗传学水平上的研究近为空白。本文运用染色体的荧光原位杂交(FISH)、PCR扩增和克隆、DNA测序、系统发育重建等方法,对18S rDNA作了染色体原位定位,研究了木根麦冬的Ss rRNA基因结构特点,并重建了该基因的系统发育树,探讨了5S rRNA多基因家族的分子进化模式和木根麦冬的濒危机制。主要结果如下: 1.对木根麦冬三个居群七个个体、及其最近姐妹种林生麦冬(Ophiopogon svlvicola Wang et Tang)一个个体的5S rRNA基因进行了PCR扩增和TA克隆,在两个种中共得到1085个具有插入片段的阳性克隆。 2.对木根麦冬三个居群六个个体的294个SS rRNA基因克隆,及林生麦冬一个个体的45个克隆,总计339个克隆进行了DNA序列测定,这是目前已完成的最大的单个物种的5S rRNA数据。结果表明:两个种的序列高度多样化,在339个拷贝中仅仅有13对(3.8%)是相同的,序列长度变化在307bp-548bp之间,长度变异主要发生在间隔区,单个碱基的插入和缺失(indel)频率很高,5bp以上片段的插入,缺失有11个,插入的序列通常是其两侧序列的重复和倒位。术根麦冬序列的分化指数(sequence differentiation index,SDI)是0.078,林生麦冬是0.032,两个物种间是0.149,木根麦冬的序列之间的分化明显大于林生麦冬。 3.以PAUP程序对339个5S rRNA基因拷贝的DNA序列(包括编码区和间隔区)作了系统发育分析,结果如下:在得到一个唯一的最俭约树中,所有木根麦冬的拷贝被聚成一支,而林生麦冬的则被聚到另一支,统计支持率(bootstrap)达到lOO%,表明这两个物种所有的的5S rRNA基因拷贝分别来自各自的一个祖先拷贝(建立者拷贝),而其共同祖先的其它拷贝则在物种形成中或之后丢失:在多基因家族中如此长期而单一的拷贝偏选( sorting)过程尚未有前人报道;由此基因系统发育树可以看出,在这两个物种形成之后,“建立者拷贝”经历了多次扩增过程而形成了一个直系的(orthologous)多基因家族。 4.在木根麦冬分支中,很少有亚分支是全部由一个居群或一个个体的拷贝组成的,不同居群、不同个体的拷贝混合在同一个亚分支中;对基因系统发育树、序列多样性和序列分化指数分析表明,5S rRNA基因家族内一致化(homogeruzation)过程很弱,不同拷贝是独立进化的,这在串联.重复的多拷贝基因家族中是不寻常的;由上述分析我们推测,在术根麦冬的进化历史上,居群间的基因交流远远比今天频繁,可能是某些外在因素在近期发生变化,导致自交和自交衰退,并进而导致濒危。 5.利用荧光原位杂交技术,成功地将18S rRNA基因定位在木根麦冬减数分裂期的染色体上,两对强信号和一对弱信号分别位于三对二价体染色体上。

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被子植物的rRNA基因已经得到深入研究。二倍体被子植物一般拥有1-4对18S-5.8S-26S rDNA位点和1-2对5S rDNA位点。作为特殊的多基因家族成员,rDNA会受均一化力 (homogenizing forces) 的作用,通过基因转换、不等交换等机制,形成基因的致同进化 (concerted evolution)。长期以来,我们一直认为动植物rDNA致同进化水平很高,各种拷贝的序列几乎完全一致,因此可以直接应用PCR测序的方法进行分子系统学研究。但是在裸子植物中由于研究资料的匮乏,使我们对裸子植物rDNA的变异模式了解甚少。松属植物作为裸子植物的最大类群,它的rDNA变异和进化有何特点、与被子植物是否相同,是这个重要类群的进化研究中目前尚未解决的问题。本文的研究内容从三个方面进行: (1)rDNA的染色体定位 目前,松属的18S-5.8S-26S rDNA的染色体定位研究只包括5种植物,其中的3种同时涉及到5S rDNA定位。这些研究结果表明,不同种存在相异的rDNA位点数目,甚至不同的个体的rDNA位点均有变化。其共同点是,18S-5.8S-26S rDNA位点数平均较被子植物多,5S rDNA除Pinus radiata外,在其它种里则与被子植物相似。这种现象是松属或裸子植物的共同特征,亦或是特例呢?有限的研究限制了对裸子植物rDNA的了解。本研究的目的之一就是研究松属植物rDNA的染色体空间分布特征,希望借此了解松属植物间的关系,比较裸子植物和被子植物rDNA在染色体组水平的差异。 (2)5S rDNA的分子进化 5S rDNA的序列水平的进化研究在松属中尚属空白。5S rDNA在染色体数目上没有显示裸子植物与被子植物的差异,是否意味着松属乃至裸子植物的5S rDNA也同被子植物一样——致同进化完全,序列高度一致呢?利用克隆测序方法对松属植物5S rDNA的研究无疑是有开创性的工作,可以探讨裸子植物的5S rDNA的进化机制和种间关系。 (3)杂种基因组研究 杂交物种的起源演化是当前生物学研究的热点,通过杂种基因组的研究,可以了解杂种的的基因组构成,组织方式和进化历史,探讨杂交事件对成种过程的影响及意义。这项研究涉及到高山松、云南松和油松。之所以采用这三种植物,因为等位酶、cpDNA和mtDNA证据证明高山松为油松和云南松的自然杂交种。但这些证据不足以反映杂种核基因组的重组特征和构成及其进化规律。我们利用rDNA-FISH、5S rDNA和基因组原位杂交分析三种松树间的基因组关系,为揭示高山松的进化机制和历史提供新的依据。 本项研究得到以下结果: 一. rDNA荧光原位杂交 (FISH) 通过对华山松和白皮松两种单维管束亚属植物及油松、云南松、高山松、马尾松和南亚松等五种双维管束亚属植物的18S rDNA与5S rDNA的荧光原位杂交,结果表明: ⑴ 裸子植物的18S rDNA位点数目明显多于二倍体被子植物。其中主要位点数目,油松有7对,高山松5对,云南松8对,马尾松10对,南亚松6对,白皮松3对,华山松10对,平均在7对;另外,部分松树还存在弱位点。无论强弱位点都有部分存在于染色体的着丝粒区,除了赤松 (Pinus densiflora),在其它松科植物中并没有发现这种现象。究竟是基因转移的结果或该位点是18S rDNA的原始起源位置还有待确证。 ⑵ 5S rDNA位点相对变异较小,与被子植物相当。除了华山松5S rDNA有4对位点,马尾松只有1对位点外,其它松树的5S rDNA位点数目均为2对,并且在双维管束亚属植物中有一对属于弱位点。 ⑶ 两种rDNA存在不同连锁模式。双维管束亚属植物中,5S与18S rDNA连锁在同一染色体的同一臂或两条臂上。在同一染色体臂时,18S rDNA在臂的远端。单维管束亚属植物的5S与18S rDNA或连锁于同一染色体的同一臂上,或分别处于不同染色体。前一情况,5S rDNA位于臂的远端。据此可以说明两个亚属的rDNA结构在染色体组水平的很大分化。 ⑷ 松属植物的关系及高山松核型特征。由于5S与18S rDNA连锁关系的不同,可以将单维管束亚属和双维管束亚属分开。各亚属的不同物种可以依据杂交位点的多少、位置、信号强弱构成的核型图加以区分,并且构成一定的系统关系。杂交起源的高山松在染色体组上,表现出对油松和云南松两亲本不同染色体特征的分别继承与重组,并产生独有的特征。其II同源染色体之一18S rDNA位点的缺失,可能是染色体重组的痕迹。 二. 5S rDNA的序列变异与分子进化 利用分子克隆和DNA测序分析了油松、云南松、马尾松、白皮松和不同遗传背景的高山松居群的5S rRNA基因序列变异及基因进化规律,得到以下主要结果: ⑴ 5S rDNA的结构特征。双维管束亚属植物长度在658-728 bp,白皮松则为499-521 bp。长度差异体现在基因间隔区,而基因区极端保守,基本为120 bp。基因转录区内部存在着转录控制区,决定了5S rRNA的转录起始与转录效率。5S rRNA基因能够折叠成正常的二级结构,其中,相对于干区来说,环区要保守,但环E却表现出异乎寻常的变异,转换/颠换比值高达7.1,这种突变可能是假基因的产物。基因间隔区存在一定的保守单元,其中一些与转录的起始和终止调控相关,有些是裸子植物未知功能的特异保守区。 ⑵ 松属植物5S rDNA存在着基因组内与种间的异质性。基因组内的各个克隆中有超过80%的特异的,彼此不相同。整个5S rDNA分化距离为0.042 - 0.051,其中,间隔区的分化比基因区高,其速度约是基因区的3-7倍。比较种间5S rDNA序列发现:在122个克隆中,基因区只有50个特异的序列。基因组间的序列变异度与基因组内 (个体内) 没有明显差别。白皮松的间隔区与双维管束亚属松树的5S rDNA间隔区差异极大,几乎不能排序,而四种双维管束亚属植物的5S rDNA间隔区种间种内差异不大。 ⑶ 松属植物5S rDNA进化。PAUP分析建立的5S rRNA基因树显示,5S rRNA基因在基因组内是多系的 (polyphyletic),表明成种事件以前,祖先种就已经存在序列的分化。观测到的5S rRNA基因序列变异状况,并非完全是致同进化或独立进化的单一因素造成的,而是二者的相互作用的结果。致同进化确实存在,只是速度较慢而已。 ⑷ 高山松5S rDNA 组成。高山松拥有最高的基因组内的序列多样性,高山松的5S rDNA拷贝既有亲本类型,又有重组类型,并且不同地理及遗传来源的高山松显示一定的分化趋势,有更多的拷贝来自母系亲本。 三. 基因组原位杂交 以油松和云南松总DNA作为探针,相互进行基因组原位杂交,结果显示云南松和油松的染色体组可以完全被对方探针标记,在现有基因组原位杂交的分辨率下不能将两个基因组区分开。说明云南松和油松基因组之间存在高比例的同源序列,两种松树的基因组组成十分相似。利用油松和云南松总DNA作为探针,对高山松的染色体组进行双探针基因组原位杂交。结果表明,高山松全部基因组都能与两亲本探针完全杂交,说明三者间有着异乎寻常的亲缘关系。但在PH失调影响下,高山松只有部分基因组被杂交,并且两种探针的杂交信号有轻微差异。这可能是高度重复序列优先杂交的结果。这些情况表明,高山松虽然在基因组构成上与两个亲本基本一致,但基因在染色体组的空间排布上是存在差异的,这一点可以从rDNA-FISH中证明。

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 对大银鱼和小齿日本银鱼的线粒体细胞色素b 和16S rRNA 基因片段进行了扩增和序列测定,分析比较了2 种 间的序列差异。大银鱼2 个个体间细胞色素b 基因序列无差异,小齿日本银鱼3 个个体的序列出现了2 种单倍型;大银鱼 同小齿日本银鱼细胞色素b 序列(单倍型SB21) 之间存在86 个碱基差异(差异率21 %) ,变异较大。大银鱼、小齿日本银鱼 的16S rRNA 基因片段种内个体间无序列差异,两种间存在21 个碱基的差异(差异率5 %) ,有1 个碱基的插入/ 缺失。由 此可见,2 种银鱼间线粒体细胞色素b 基因的进化速率较快,约为16S rRNA 基因片段的4 倍。根据细胞色素b 序列数据, 推算出2 种银鱼大概在中新世晚期发生分化。

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对自然感染的水牛源的人肉孢子虫以及黄牛源人肉孢子虫DNA的18S rRNA基因的PCR扩增产物进行了测序。对所获的863 bp的18S rRNA基因分析比较表明,二者有较高的同源性,因此认为二者可能同是一种肉孢子虫——人肉孢子虫(Sarcocystis hominis Railliet and Lucet,1891)。由此推断,不仅黄牛可作为人肉孢子虫的中间宿主,水牛也可作为人肉孢子虫的中间宿主。

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DNA templates were extracted from isolates of Sarcocystis hominis-like cysts collected from cattle and water buffalo, as well as from Sarcocystis fusiformis cysts and Sarcocystis suihominis cysts. The 18S rRNA genes were amplified using DNA from a single