42 resultados para 1127
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近年来,由于农村沼气的兴办与推广,开辟了以沼气代替煤为热源烘干蚕茧的新途径。利用沼气烘干蚕茧,经济效果显著,如广东省顺德县新埠大队用沼气代替煤炭烘干蚕茧,每年可节约燃料费用3万余元。同时,缩短了周期,节省了人力,提高了质量。为使沼气烘干蚕茧过程经济合理,恰当选择工艺条件是重要因素。一、干燥温度对干燥速率的影响
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本文用加拿大国立研究院(National Research Council of Canada) Fuhrer等人编制的FORTRAN语言程序(以下简称NRCC程序),对两个冠醚类化合物进行了简正坐标分析,这两个化合物分子是二氧六环(C_4H_8O_2)和12-冠-4(C_8H_(16)O_4)。作者用Synder和Zerbi提出的一般价力场,计算了二氧六环的36个简正振动频率,精化四次后的结果误差为14.04 cm~(-1),得到了二氧六环的精化力场和势能分析矩阵;做了12-冠-4-的中红外光谱(3200-5000cm~(-1))。远红外光谱(500-70cm~(-1))和拉曼光谱(3200-50 cm~(-1),从而归属出12-冠-4的78个简正振动频率实验值;利用二氧六环的精化力场作为初始力场,计算了12-冠-4的简正振动频率,对78个简正振动频率进行了精化计算,精化三次后的结果误差为13.99 cm~(-1),精化后得到12-冠-4的精化力场和势能分布矩阵;将NRCC程序以BASIC语言移至TRS-80微型机上,对二氧六环进行了计算,结果良好,首次给出二氧六环一般价力场的势能分布。一、对二氧六环的处理 二氧六环分子式C_4H_8O_2,合14个原子,有3N-6=36个简正振动频率。分子结构系由二个乙氧基(-CH_2-CH_2-O-)单元组成的含有四个碳,两个氧的六元环,平衡态分子为椅式构象,属于C_(2h)点群,36个简正振动频率分为四个对称类Ag、Au、Bg和Bu,分布是:Ag 10个,Bg 8个,Au 9个,Bu9个。二氧六环的分子结构及坐标示意图见28而图5,定义了14个伸缩内坐标,26个弯曲内坐标,6个扭曲内坐标,共46个,C-C键长1.54A,C-O键长1.41 A,C-H键长1.096A,键角都用109°28'。用CART程序(NRCC程序之一)计算二氧六环14个原子的笛卡尔坐标,用GMAT程序(NRCC程序之二)计算其B矩阵和G矩阵,用FPERT程序(NRCC程序之三)计算其简正振动频率、精化力场,计算用一般价力场,引入V矩阵对称化,将46个坐标化为46个(内)对称坐标,10个多余坐标在FPERT程序计算中除去。二、对12-冠-4的处理 12-冠-4分子式C_8H_(16)O_4,含28个原子,共3N-6=78个简正振动频率,分子结构为四个乙氧基(-CH_2-CH_2-O-)单元组成的含八个碳、四个氧的12元环,自由分子的12-冠-4属于C点群。结构数据引自Groth的X光衍射分数和坐标,自己编制了BASIC语言程度将分数坐标化为笛卡尔坐标,用GMAT程序计算B矩阵和G矩阵,FPERT程序计算78个简正振动频率、精化力场、计算势能分布矩阵,引入U矩阵将92个内坐标化为92个对称坐标,14个多余坐标在FPERT程序中自动除去。三、结果 势能分布矩阵给出分子的振动归属,对这两个冠醚类分子的3N-6个简正振动频率,可以划分为五个振动区域。1.C-H伸缩振动区(3000-2800 cm~(-1)) 在该区中,二氧六环有八个值:2974、2966、2854和2867 cm~(-1)各两个,12-冠-4有16个值:2935、2923、2915和2907 cm~(-1)各两个,2860 cm~(-1)8个,高于2900 cm~(-1)者为反对称伸缩振动,低于2900 cm~(-1)者为对称伸缩振动。2.亚甲基弯曲振动之一(1500-1400 cm~(-1)) 该区的主要振动是亚甲基剪式振动(Scissor),其它振动小于10%二氧六环在该区有四个频率:1443、1461、1451和1457 cm~(-1),12-冠-4有八个频率:1466、1450、1450和1405 cm~(-1)各两个。3.亚甲基弯曲振动区二(1400-1200 cm~(-1))该区的主要振动模式为亚甲基的颤动(wag)、卷曲(twist)和摆动(rock)振动,其它振动小于13%。二氧六环在该区有八个频率:1334、1303、1396、1216、1367、1264、1377和1296 cm~(-1),12-冠-4有十六个频率:1388、1363、……1229 cm~(-1)(其中1288、1307cm~(-1)非简并,其余皆两重简并)。4.环的骨架伸缩振动区(1200-600 cm~(-1))该区振动模式复杂,除环的骨架伸缩振动外,还有亚甲基的wag、twist、rock以及环的骨架弯曲振动,而且这些振动的势能分布值都不小。二氧六环在该区有十一个频率,从1127至610 cm~(-1),12-冠-4有二十个频率,从1135至184 cm~(-1)且大都是二重简并的。5.低频区(600-50cm~(-1))这两个分子在低频区的势能分布略有差别。二氧六环在该区有五个频率:503、486、427、276和224 cm~(-1),主要振动模式为骨架弯曲振动和扭曲振动,C-O、C-C的扭曲振动在三个最低频率中分布占10-30%。12-冠-4在该区有18个频率,除570和547cm~(-1)处,都是二重简并的,六个最低频率的振动模式完全属于C-O、C-C键的扭曲振动,其它振动小于10%,所以200 cm~(-1)以下可称为12-冠-4的扭曲振动区,在600-200cm~(-1)之间的12个频率主要是骨架的弯曲振动,也有一定量的亚甲基wag、twist、rock振动。12-冠-4的简正坐标分析尚未有人做过。二氧六环的计算结果与Snyder和Zerbi的分析相吻合,12-冠-4和二氧六环两分子势能分布的相对一致性证明了对12-冠-4的简正坐标分析基本是正确的。本文比较了二分子的力常数和振动频率,探讨了环的大小对振动光谱的影响。四、NRCC程序简介 NRCC程序由CART、GMAT和FPERT三个程序组成,即可联一起运用,亦可分开独立进行运算。该程序功能强,所占内存大,适于大、中型计算机使用。CART程序之名字取自Cartisian Co-or-dinates的前四个字母,功能系由分子结构参数(键长、键角)计算分子内各原子的笛卡尔坐标。GMAT程序之名字取自G matrix的前四个字母,功能系由分子内各原子的笛卡尔坐标,原子质量和内坐标定义计算分子内各原子的坐标交换矩阵B和Wilson振动动能矩阵G。FPERT程序之名字取自F Perturbation的前五个字母,功能系由分子振动功能矩阵G、势能常数即力常数矩阵F计算分子的简正振动频率和势能分布矩阵,再通过实验频率精化势能矩阵F。NRCC程序可对含30个原子、60个内坐标的分子进行简正坐标分析,扩充后容量增大一倍。该程序可选用一般价力场(General Valence Force Field, 简称GVFF)和UBS力场(Urey-Bradley-Shimanouchi Force Field),简称UBSFF或UBFF)。可选用对称化U矩阵,可自行决定力场精化次数和阻尼常数以限制精化结果的收敛性。五、NRCC程序在TRS-80微型机上移植试尝(该部分曾在第三届长春夏季化学讨论会上宣读)针对NRCC程序占内存空间大、难以在微型机上实现的情况,作者将NRCC程序改编为BASIC语言,改变程序的原来结构,形成一组BASIC语言程序:CART/BAS、GMAT/BAS和VIFR/BAS,改编后的BASIC程序在TRS-80微型机调试通过,TRS-80机字长8位,New Dos系统内存32K。改写后的程序只保持了原程序的基本原理,在内存,语句上改动很大,以适于微型机使用。数据在程序中直接嵌入,利于修改替换,且BASIC语言简单易学,便于操作。CART/BAS程序可计算含30个原子以内的分子的笛卡尔坐标,GMAT/BAS程序可计算含20个原子、45个内坐标的分子的G矩阵,VIFR/BAS程序可计算含15个原子的分子的简正振动频率。利用这组程序,作者以二氧六环分子为例做了一些试尝运算,误差14.4 cm~(-1),相对误差1.8%,结果较理想。
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The high-resolution spectral measurements for new local vibrational modes near 714 cm-1 due to the oxygen defect in semi-insulating GaAs are analyzed on the basis of a model calculation by self-consistent bond orbital approach. Two charge states of oxygen atom with 1 and 2 extra electrons are assigned to be responsible for these local modes. The observed frequencies are explained by the properties of Ga-O-1 and Ga-O-2 bonds and the calculated cohesive energy indicates that the O-2 state is stable. The results are in good agreement with the kinetic analysis.
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The high glass transition temperature polymer polyetherketone doped with disperse red 13 (DR13/PEK-c) has been prepared by the spin-coating method. Through in situ second-harmonic generation, the corona poling temperature was optimized by measuring the temperature dependence of the in situ second-harmonic generation signal intensity under the poling electric field. The linear electro-optic coefficients of the poled polymer films have been determined at 632.8 nm by using a simple interferometric technique. The polymer system was measured after 13 000 h, and found that it remained at 80% of its initial value.
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通过分析长白山国家级自然保护区内不同海拔(A1:1700 m,A2:1800 m,A3:1900 m,A4:2000 m,A5:2050 m)梯度岳桦叶片中各种生理指标含量的变化,探讨了林线树木适应高山环境的生理机制。结果表明:随着海拔的升高,比叶面积(SLA)显著减小,A5与A1相比下降了35.90%,差异达到显著水平;叶绿素含量随海拔梯度升高而降低,但叶绿素a/b比值(Chla/Chlb)和Car的相对含量(Car/Chl)随海拔梯度升高而增加;在海拔1900 m左右,MDA含量和MP均处于最低水平,各种酶的活性均为最低;当海拔超过2000 m,接近森林分布的界限时,MDA含量和MP升高,并达到最大值,各种酶的活性都出现了一定程度的下降。综合本次研究表明,在海拔1900 m比较适合岳桦的生长;海拔超过2000 m,岳桦体内生理抗性下降,不利于岳桦的生长发育,因此高海拔限制了岳桦的分布。
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在大田不同供肥条件下 ,于小麦灌浆后期对小麦旗叶光合特性参数进行了连续测定。结果表明 ,小麦叶片气体交换参数均有明显的日变化趋势 ,肥力条件对其日变化进程具有明显的调控作用。不施肥处理小麦叶片 Pn有明显午休现象 ,而低肥处理第一高峰不明显 ,没有明显午休现象 ;高肥处理的 Pn呈单峰曲线 ,峰值来得也较晚。养分条件可改善小麦叶片水分利用效率
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In difference to compact objects of a similar size, toroidal structures have some distinguishing properties that originate from their open inner cavity and closed circuit. Here, a general facile methodology is developed to prepare composite rings with varied compositions on a large scale by using core-shell toroids assembled from tri-block copolymers of poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (PVP)/polystyrene (PS)/PVP. Taking advantage of the complexation ability of the PVP shell, varied components that range from polymers, inorganic materials, metals and their compounds, as well as pre-formed nanoparticles are introduced to the toroidal structures to form composite nanostructures. Metal ions can be adsorbed by PVP through complexation. After in situ reduction, a large number of metal-based functional materials can be prepared. PVP is alkaline, and thus capable of catalyzing the sol-gel process to generate an inorganic shell. Furthermore, pre-formed nanoparticles can also be absorbed by the shell through specific interactions. The PS core is not infiltrative during synthesis, and hollow rings can be derived after the polymer templates are removed.
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Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) were prepared by mixing aqueous solutions of chitosan (CS) and poly(L-glutamic acid) (PLGA) at various pH. It was found that the stoichiometry of the PECs depends on pH.An investigation of the PECs using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy proved that the formation of the complexes is due to electrostatic interaction between –NH3 + groups of CS and –COO− groups of PLGA. The solid PECs were characterized using wide-angle X-ray diffraction, which suggested that a strong interaction occurs between the two polymers at pH = 4 or 5 and relatively weak interaction at pH = 3. These results were further confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the complexes have a spherical shape. The effect of ionic strength on the size of the PECs was also studied using dynamic light scattering. It was found that the size of the PECs is dependent on pH.
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扫描探针显微镜不仅能对材料表面形貌进行原子级观测 ,还能够对单个的分子、原子及纳米粒子进行操纵。本文综述了扫描探针显微镜在纳米加工中对自组装单层膜的扫描探针刻蚀以及“蘸写笔”两方面的应用情况