217 resultados para Nylon-1010


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本文选取麻痹性贝毒产毒藻塔玛亚历山大(Alexandrium tamarense)以及双壳类为研究对象,进行了塔玛亚历山大藻对双壳类生命活动的影响,麻痹性贝毒在紫贻贝体内累积、转化与排出动力学过程的初步研究。实验证实,塔玛亚历山大藻能对栉孔扇贝受精卵至早期D型幼虫的整个发育阶段产生不利影响,抑制受精卵的孵化。经多方验证,我们推测这一抑制作用主要是由塔玛亚历山大藻藻细胞表面物质引起的。通过塔玛亚历大藻对栉孔扇贝和墨西哥湾贝早期发育的影响研究发现:产毒藻对其受精卵、早期D形幼虫、眼点幼虫、仔贝都有明显的影响。(1)两株塔玛亚历山大藻(ATHK、ATCI02)都能抑制栉孔扇贝受精卵的孵化,EC50分别是(1010、1580cells/mL)。指数生长期的藻作用最强,并发现毒性作用可能来源于细胞表面一种不同于PSP的毒性物质。(2)ATHK对D形幼虫有致死作用,死亡率随作用时间的延长和藻密度的增加而增加。栉孔扇贝的早期D形幼虫暴露于细胞密度为10,000/cells/mL的ATHK中14天,死亡就率达100%;在实验密度10,000cells/mL的48小时急性致毒实验中,墨西哥湾扇贝的早期D形幼虫的游泳能力受到了一定程度的抑制。(3)实验条件下未发现ATHK对墨西哥湾扇贝眼点幼虫的变态、存活产生明显影响,但变态后稚贝的个体大小与对照组相比有明显差异,表明有毒藻对变态过程幼体的生长有影响。(4)在1小时、5小时的急性致毒实验中ATHK对墨西哥湾扇贝仔贝(壳高:5mm)的爬升能力产生了明显的抑制(1hEC50 = 1,000cells/mL)。作用5小时后仔贝的附着率与对照组相比显著降低。两次48小时急性实验的结果都显示高密度的塔玛亚历山大藻(ATHK)能抑制紫贻贝成体的滤水率,平均EC50为6000cells/mL。以(产麻痹性贝毒)的塔玛亚历山大藻(ATHK)投喂紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis),研究了麻痹性贝毒在紫贻贝体内的累积、转化与排出规律。结果表明,在八天的累积实验阶段,紫贻贝消化腺和肌肉组织中的毒素含量均随实验时间的延长而逐渐增加;累积实验结束时,平均每只贝体内的毒素量为13.40nmol,累积率为12.45%(以每只贝的总染毒量为107.67nmol计),毒性水平为12.24μgSTXeq/100g,还未达到国际上公认的贝类食用卫生标准(80μgSTXeq/100g);贻贝消化腺的累积能力远远高于肌肉组织,累积实验结束时,消化腺中的毒素含量为13.07nmol,累积率为12.14%,而肌肉组织中的毒素量只有0.33nmol,累积率只有0.31%。消化腺中累积的毒素占贝体内毒素总量的97.5%。在八天的排出实验阶段贝体内的毒素总量有下降的趋势,只有进一步延长自净的时间,才能得到更明了的排出规律。

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综述了UV-B辐射增强对植物光合作用的影响、植物对光破坏的响应与适应性方面的国内外研究进展,许多研究表明UV-B辐射增强对植物具有破坏作用且能引起植物光抑制、光氧化和光损伤,植物依靠自身修复系统而对其破坏又具有一定的适应性。

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通过室内试验选定致高原鼠兔雌性和雄性不育或抗生育作用且对环境低污染或无污染的不育剂各一种。雌性不育剂的半致死剂量LD50为8.68mg/kg,半不膏剂量ED50为2.11mg/kg。雄性不育剂的半致死剂量LD50为121.42mg/kg,半不育剂量ED50为43.70mg/kg。前者的主要作用特点是导致子宫内膜出血,体重下降,从而引起胚胎流产或吸收,而后者的作用部分是睾丸,对曲细植小管内精子、精子细胞、精母细胞以及管壁都有不同程度的损坏。高原鼠兔对两种不育剂配置的复合不育剂毒饵的摄食系数为0.33。采用复合不育剂毒饵在野外建立不育种群,结果表明,实验区不育种群密度由原来的56只/hm2降至8只/hm2,而对照区种群密度则由原来的54只/hm2增至138 hm2。实验区不育种群因胚胎流产和吸收,产仔率明显低于对照区。

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Seismic Numerical Modeling is one of bases of the Exploratory Seismology and Academic Seismology, also is a research field in great demand. Essence of seismic numerical modeling is to assume that structure and parameters of the underground media model are known, simulate the wave-field and calculate the numerical seismic record that should be observed. Seismic numerical modeling is not only a means to know the seismic wave-field in complex inhomogeneous media, but also a test to the application effect by all kinds of methods. There are many seismic numerical modeling methods, each method has its own merits and drawbacks. During the forward modeling, the computation precision and the efficiency are two pivotal questions to evaluate the validity and superiority of the method. The target of my dissertation is to find a new method to possibly improve the computation precision and efficiency, and apply the new forward method to modeling the wave-field in the complex inhomogeneous media. Convolutional Forsyte polynomial differentiator (CFPD) approach developed in this dissertation is robust and efficient, it shares some of the advantages of the high precision of generalized orthogonal polynomial and the high speed of the short operator finite-difference. By adjusting the operator length and optimizing the operator coefficient, the method can involve whole and local information of the wave-field. One of main tasks of the dissertation is to develop a creative, generalized and high precision method. The author introduce convolutional Forsyte polynomial differentiator to calculate the spatial derivative of seismic wave equation, and apply the time staggered grid finite-difference which can better meet the high precision of the convolutional differentiator to substitute the conventional finite-difference to calculate the time derivative of seismic wave equation, then creating a new forward method to modeling the wave-field in complex inhomogeneous media. Comparing with Fourier pseudo-spectral method, Chebyshev pseudo-spectral method, staggered- grid finite difference method and finite element method, convolutional Forsyte polynomial differentiator (CFPD) method has many advantages: 1. Comparing with Fourier pseudo-spectral method. Fourier pseudo-spectral method (FPS) is a local operator, its results have Gibbs effects when the media parameters change, then arose great errors. Therefore, Fourier pseudo-spectral method can not deal with special complex and random heterogeneous media. But convolutional Forsyte polynomial differentiator method can cover global and local information. So for complex inhomogeneous media, CFPD is more efficient. 2. Comparing with staggered-grid high-order finite-difference method, CFPD takes less dots than FD at single wave length, and the number does not increase with the widening of the studying area. 3. Comparing with Chebyshev pseudo-spectral method (CPS). The calculation region of Chebyshev pseudo-spectral method is fixed in , under the condition of unchangeable precision, the augmentation of calculation is unacceptable. Thus Chebyshev pseudo-spectral method is inapplicable to large area. CFPD method is more applicable to large area. 4. Comparing with finite element method (FE), CFPD can use lager grids. The other task of this dissertation is to study 2.5 dimension (2.5D) seismic wave-field. The author reviews the development and present situation of 2.5D problem, expatiates the essentiality of studying the 2.5D problem, apply CFPD method to simulate the seismic wave-field in 2.5D inhomogeneous media. The results indicate that 2.5D numerical modeling is efficient to simulate one of the sections of 3D media, 2.5D calculation is much less time-consuming than 3D calculation, and the wave dispersion of 2.5D modeling is obviously less than that of 3D modeling. Question on applying time staggered-grid convolutional differentiator based on CFPD to modeling 2.5D complex inhomogeneous media was not studied by any geophysicists before, it is a fire-new creation absolutely. The theory and practices prove that the new method can efficiently model the seismic wave-field in complex media. Proposing and developing this new method can provide more choices to study the seismic wave-field modeling, seismic wave migration, seismic inversion, and seismic wave imaging.

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文章研究了我国一些铁锰矿床、铜矿床及铅锌硫化物矿床矿石及矿物中铟的含量变化特点,发现In在不同类型的铅、锌、铜、铁、锰等矿床中并不大量富集,在这些矿床中矿石平均ωIn大都低于10×10^-6;在锡石硫化物矿床和富含锡的铅锌多金属矿床中,矿石中ωIn平均可达80×10^-6以上,这类矿床中铟的工业储量可达数百吨甚至数千吨,80%以上的铟都富集在闪锌矿中。研究结果表明,铟的富集成矿具有矿床类型和矿物专属性,这种专属性对铟资源的寻找与利用具有重要意义.

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华南下寒武统保存着国际著名的生物群(如澄江生物群),同时蕴藏着磷块岩、重晶石、稀土及Ni-Mo-PGE等丰富的矿产资源,因此,它一直为地质科学家们持续关注的热点之一。关于华南下寒武统的研究,前人在古生物学方面已经取得了卓著的成就,主要表现在国际权威期刊上(如期刊《Science》和《Nature》)已发表大量的关于澄江生物群的研究成果,对早期生命演化研究具有重要而广泛的影响。然而,华南下寒武统年代学及国际对比研究方面已明显滞后,公开发表的华南下寒武统的高精度、可靠的锆石U-Pb年龄数据至本研究论文截稿时止仍然仅有唯一的一个,即Jenkins et al. (2002)报道的国际前寒武系-寒武系界线层型候选剖面―云南晋宁梅树村剖面的朱家菁组中谊村段中部(第5层)钾质斑脱岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄(538.2 ± 1.5 Ma)。因而,华南下寒武统中的重要生物群、矿床及具全球对比意义的C同位素漂移事件缺乏地层精确年龄的约束,进而制约了早期生命演化理论、矿床成因解释及地层国际对比等方面研究的发展。 近来,发现华南下寒武统赋存独特的钾质斑脱岩层,它们在横向上广泛分布于云南东部、四川峨眉麦地坪、贵州西部(如织金和金沙岩孔)及北部(如遵义松林)、湖北宜昌泰山庙和湖南张家界等地区,在地层序列垂向上主要产出于朱家菁组中谊村段中部、石岩头组底部以及它们的相当层位。这些钾质斑脱岩既是建立地层框架等时层潜在的物质基础,亦是获取地层精确锆石U-Pb年龄的具重要意义的研究对象之一。因此,对它们进行系统研究可望改观华南下寒武统年代学及国际对比研究方面的落后现状。 同时,华南下寒武统广泛产出的磷块岩既具有重要的资源价值,另一方面,任一磷块岩层代表着一次独立的成磷事件,因而将华南地区下寒武统磷块岩进行区域上的对比研究,从而以磷块岩层作为等时层,对构建华南下寒武统地层框架具有重要的地层学意义。 此外,华南下寒武统产出的Ni-Mo多元素富集层广泛分布于扬子地台范围,西起云南东部,东部延至浙江诸暨地区,在NE-SW向延伸近1600 km,它既代 表了重要的成矿事件,亦为关键的地球化学异常层位。因此,对Ni-Mo多元素富集层进行区域上的对比研究,明确它在华南下寒武统各重要剖面的产出位置,对于构建华南下寒武统层序框架具有重要意义。 遵义松林地区的下寒武统因赋存Ni-Mo-PGE矿床及与滇东地区澄江生物群相当的遵义生物群而日益受到国内外地质学家们的广泛关注。该区牛蹄塘组底部产出磷块岩、钾质斑脱岩及Ni-Mo多元素富集层,与滇东地区梅树村剖面出露的地层具有潜在的可对比性。因此,本研究选取近年来日益受科学家们关注的遵义松林地区下寒武统作为研究对象,重点对该区牛蹄塘组底部的钾质斑脱岩开展矿物学、地球化学和年代学研究。同时,将遵义松林地区下寒武统剖面上磷块岩、钾质斑脱岩、Ni-Mo多元素富集层主要与滇东地区梅树村剖面的相应岩层进行地球化学对比研究。研究的目的在于通过对华南地区上述两条代表性的下寒武统剖面进行地层对比研究,初步构建华南下寒武统具时间、空间涵义的层序框架,从而约束华南下寒武统中的重要生物群、矿床及具全球对比意义的C同位素漂移事件的时间,进一步促进华南下寒武统的划分和全球对比。论文获得以下主要结论性认识: (1)滇东地区朱家菁组中谊村段中部钾质斑脱岩及其邻近的磷块岩可构成华南下寒武统层序框架的第一个标志层。这一标志层在贵州大部分地区(或华南地区的多数下寒武统剖面)缺失。该标志层的磷块岩稀土元素总量和Y含量高于新元古代陡山沱期磷块岩,低于遵义松林地区牛蹄塘组底部及其华南其它地区相当层位(石岩头组底部及戈仲伍组)的磷块岩。第一个标志层的钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆为亚碱性系列的酸性岩浆,其典型特征为具有较低的Zr(变化范围144×10-6~291×10-6,平均196.4×10-6)、Nb(变化范围10×10-6~13×10-6,平均11.86×10-6)含量和较高的Zr/Nb比值(变化范围为12.63~24.24,平均值为16.55)。这一层钾质斑脱岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为538.2±1.5 Ma(Jenkins et al., 2002)。 (2)遵义松林地区牛蹄塘组底部钾质斑脱岩和磷块岩分别相当于滇东地区石岩头组底部钾质斑脱岩和磷块岩,它们构成华南下寒武统层序框架的第二个标志层。该标志层中钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆性质为中性岩浆,其碱性程度高于朱家菁组中谊村段中部钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆。相对于中谊村段中部钾质斑脱岩,该层位的钾质斑脱岩具有高的Zr(变化范围187.0910-6~391.5710-6,平均值318.4010-6)、Nb(49.6910-6~140.0010-6,平均值90.6810-6)含量和低的Zr/Nb(2.60~4.32,平均值3.61)比值。该钾质斑脱岩的年龄为518 ± 5 Ma。该标志层的磷块岩以极其富REE和Y为特征,其稀土元素总量平均值为636.01×10-6,Y含量平均值262.43×10-6,明显高于滇东地区中谊村段磷块岩(∑REE平均值为195.45×10-6,Y含量平均值为91.2310-6),它们代表早寒武世时期一次特殊的以极其富REE和Y为特征的成磷事件。 (3)Ni-Mo多元素富集层可以作为构建华南下寒武统层序框架中的第三个等时标志层。滇东地区梅树村剖面的Ni-Mo多元素富集层被重新校正在玉案山组底部(即13层,Ni、Mo含量分别为135×10-6和583×10-6)。Ni-Mo多元素地球化学标志层的典型特征为在剖面上具Ni、Mo等多种微量元素及贵金属元素的最高异常。该标志层的Re-Os年龄为537~542 Ma,可能代表的不是地层层序的年龄。 (4)初步建立华南下寒武统时间框架。约束了华南地区下寒武统Ni-Mo-PGE矿床的下限年龄应为518 ± 5 Ma。同时,该时间框架亦约束了滇东地区澄江生物群及最古老三叶虫的下限年龄(518 ± 5 Ma),考虑到石岩头组底部钾质斑脱岩的产出位置与玉案山组中部澄江生物群的产出层位存在相当的距离(大于80 m),因此,前人对澄江生物群的推测年龄(525~530 Ma)可能有些偏老。此外,初步约束了华南地区具全球对比意义的C同位素正漂移事件的年龄(538~518 Ma)。该时间框架是建立在两个相互支持的地层高精度锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄的基础之上,而国际前寒武系-寒武系界线年龄的最新研究成果为542 Ma,因此,它支持将华南地区的前寒武系-寒武系界线置于朱家菁组中谊村段中部钾质斑脱岩层(第5层)的下伏地层的方案。结合华南地区最新的地层古生物学研究成果(朱茂炎等,2001;Zhu et al., 2003),将这一界线置于朱家菁组中谊村段底界可作为一种合理的选择。

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In the present study, a method based on transmission-line mode for a porous electrode was used to measure the ionic resistance of the anode catalyst layer under in situ fuel cell operation condition. The influence of Nafion content and catalyst loading in the anode catalyst layer on the methanol electro-oxidation and direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) performance based on unsupported Pt-Ru black was investigated by using the AC impedance method. The optimal Nafion content was found to be 15 wt% at 75 degrees C. The optimal Pt-Ru loading is related to the operating temperature, for example, about 2.0 mg/cm(2) for 75-90 degrees C, 3.0 mg/cm2 for 50 degrees C. Over these values, the cell performance decreased due to the increases in ohmic and mass transfer resistances. It was found that the peak power density obtained was 217 mW/cm(2) with optimal catalyst and Nafion loading at 75 degrees C using oxygen. (c) 2005 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.