湛江湖光岩玛珥湖55ka以来植硅体化石记录及古环境变迁

The study of biogenic proxy of tropical and subtropical regions provides important evidence about the process and history of vegetation and environmental changes, and is of globally importance for understanding the dynamic mechanism of paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes. The sediments from the Huguangyan Maar lake in Guangdong Province offer a continuous high-resolution record of the past 55 ka about environmental and vegetational changes. The studies of chronology, and physical, chemical environmental proxies have provided much important information about the paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic histories. The phytolith, a new biogenicl proxy, has been used to determine the nature and types of plants in this area since the last 55 ka. This study presents a preliminary result about the characteristics of phytolith shapes, the variations of the fossils assemblages, and their significance for environmental changes. Moreover, the author probes the process of special specie evolution and their relationship to climatic parameters. The history of fire has been reconstructed based on the variations in charcoals. The main results and conclusions include: 28 types of phytoliths from 233 samples have been identified. Their environmental meanings are investigated in detail. Based on the variations in phytolith associations, the history and process of climatic and environmental changes in the last 55 kaBP have been established for this region. Climatic changes experienced eight intervals during this period, showing the variations of hot-humid to cool-try climate in the ten thousands years scale, and a shorter dry-hot climate condition in millennial scale. The history of palm plant has been established in this region. Two peaks appeared from 55-39 ka and since the Holocene. Plants in Bambusoideae have been growing in this area all the period, representing the impact of the East Asian summer monsoon. Bamboo plants have similar tendency in their abundance to palm plants, but with a lag of 1-2 ka BP. Panicoideae plants, the representative of C4 plants, have 6 flourishing periods occurred at 54.5, 44, 41.5, 32.5, 14, and 10 kaBP, respectively, reflecting 6 times short-term arid events. Charcoal record from the Huguang Marr lake reveals the history of nature fire, that mostly happened in dry period of last glacial from 55-10 kaBP, centered at 50-45, 40-35, 30-25, and 20-15kaBP, showing about a cycle of 10,000 years.

港西地区河流相砂岩油藏剩余油分布研究

The Gangxi oil field has reached a stage of high water production. The reservoir parameters, such as reservoir physical characteristics, pore structure, fluid, have obviously changed. This thesis therefore carries out a study of these parameters that control reservoir characteristics, physical and chemical actions that have taken place within the reservoirs due to fluid injection, subsequent variations of reservoir macroscopic physical features, microscopic pore structures, seepages, and formation fluid properties. This study rebuilds a geologic model for this oil field, establishes a log-interpreting model, proposes a methodology for dealing with large pore channels and remnant oil distribution, and offers a basis for effective excavation of potential oil, recovery planning, and improvement of water-injection techniques. To resolve some concurrent key problems in the process of exploration of the Gangxi area, this thesis carries out a multidisciplinary research into reservoir geology, physical geography, reservoir engineering, and oil-water well testing. Taking sandstone and flow unit as objects, this study establishes a fine geologic model by a quantificational or semi-quantificational approach in order to understand the remnant oil distribution and the reservoir potential, and accordingly proposes a plan for further exploration. By rebuilding a geological model and applying reservoir-engineering methods, such as numerical simulation, this thesis studies the oil-water movement patterns and remnant-oil distribution, and further advances a deployment plan for the necessary adjustments and increase of recoverable reserves. Main achievements of this study are as follows: 1. The Minghazhen Formation in the Gangxi area is featured by medium-sinuosity river deposits, manifesting themselves as a transitional type between typical meandering and braided rivers. The main microfacies are products of main and branch channels, levee, inter-channel overflows and crevasse-splay floodplains. The Guantao Group is dominantly braided river deposit, and microfacies are mainly formed in channel bar, braided channel and overbank. Main lithofacies include conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and shale, with sandstone facies being the principal type of the reservoir. 2. The reservoir flow unit of the Gangxi area can be divided into three types: Type I is a high-quality heterogeneous seepage unit, mainly distributed in main channel; Type II is a moderate-quality semi-heterogeneous seepage unit, mainly distributed in both main and branch channels, and partly seen within inter-channel overflow microfacies; Type III is a low-quality, relatively strong heterogeneous seepage unit, mainly distributed in inter-channel overflow microfacies and channel flanks. 3. Flow units and sedimentary microfacies have exerted relatively strong controls on the flowing of underground oil-water: (1) injection-production is often effective in the float units of Type I and II, whilst in the same group of injection-production wells, impellent velocity depends on flow unit types and injection-production spacing; (2) The injection-production of Type III flow unit between the injection-production wells of Type I and II flow units, however, are little effective; (3) there can form a seepage shield in composite channels between channels, leading to inefficient injection and production. 4. Mainly types of large-scale remnant-oil distribution are as follows: (1) remnant oil reservoir of Type III flow unit; (2) injection-production well group of remnant oil area of Type III flow unit; (3) remnant oil reservoirs that cannot be controlled by well network, including reservoir featured by injection without production, reservoir characterized by production without injection, and oil reservoir at which no well can arrive; (4) remnant oil area where injection-production system is not complete. 5. Utilizing different methods to deal with different sedimentary types, sub-dividing the columns of up to 900 wells into 76 chronostratigraphic units. Four transitional sandstone types are recognized, and contrast modes of different sandstone facies are summarized Analyzing in details the reservoirs of different quality by deciphering densely spaced well patterns, dividing microscopic facies and flow units, analyzing remnant oil distribution and its effect on injection-production pattern, and the heterogeneity. Theory foundation is therefore provided for further excavation of remnant oil. Re-evaluating well-log data. The understanding of water-flood layers and conductive formations in the Gangxi area have been considerably improved, and the original interpretations of 233 wells have changed by means of double checking. Variations of the reservoirs and the fluid and formation pressures after water injection are analyzed and summarized Studies are carried out of close elements of the reservoirs, fine reservoir types, oil-water distribution patterns, as well as factors controlling oil-gas enrichment. A static geological model and a prediction model of important tracts are established. Remaining recoverable reserves are calculated of all the oil wells and oil-sandstones. It is proposed that injection-production patterns of 348 oil-sandstones should be adjusted according to the analysis of adaptability of all kinds of sandstones in the injection-production wells.

贵州修文小山坝铝土矿中稀土元素地球化学特征

前人已经积累了大量贵州铝土矿的研究成果,但关于铝土矿与其中稀土元素的关系至今不清。本研究以修文小山坝铝土矿为例,通过ICP-MS分析测试,研究了矿石和围岩的稀土元素组成。结果表明,矿石中稀土配分模式为轻稀土富集向右倾斜型,具明显Eu负异常,与下寒武统娄山关群含泥质白云岩稀土特征参数和配分模式相似,指出该矿床成矿物质来源以下寒武统娄山关群含泥质白云岩为主,在相对氧化环境下经风化作用成矿。矿床中稀土元素主要富集于矿体及其周围,与Al2O3含量具正相关关系。矿石中稀土元素含量大多达到或超过综合利用标准,具有巨大的潜在经济价值。

云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床C、O同位素地球化学

云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床规模大、品位富、伴生有用元素多，预示其成矿环境较为特殊。本文分析该矿床矿石中脉石矿物方解石和赋矿碳酸盐地层的C、O同位素组成，结果表明矿石中脉石矿物方解石的C、O同位素组成相对均一，不同矿体(不同标高)、不同产状以及相同矿体不同产状方解石的C、O同位素组成不具明显差别，其δ^13CPDB值和δ^18 OSMOW值分别为-2．1‰～-3．5‰(均值-2．8‰)和16．7‰～18．6‰(均值17．7‰)，在δ^13CPDB-δ^18OSMOW图上集中于岩浆碳酸岩与海相碳酸盐岩之间的狭小范围内。多方面的证据表明：矿床成矿流体为壳一幔混合流体，其中壳源组分可能主要由矿区(或区域)碳酸盐地层提供，而幔源组分则可能与区域大面积峨眉山玄武岩岩浆活动过程中的去气作用有关。

贵州拉丁晚期扬子台地边缘地表暴露带的特征及裂隙中微型钟乳石的成因

贵州中三叠世拉丁晚期扬子台地边缘地表暴露带，经历的时间长，约1Ma(233～232Ma)；形成的厚度大(一般100～150m左右，最厚可达180m左右)。暴露特征清楚，渗流豆石、窗格(鸟眼)构造、中-大型帐篷构造、喀斯特化角砾岩非常发育，这显然是潮湿-半潮湿气候条件下，在古隆起区形成的钙质风化壳。暴露带裂隙中的微型钟乳石，有覆水石、滴水石、流水石3种类型。其^18O同位素组成一般在-10％(PDB)左右，^13C的同位素组成一般在1．5‰～2‰（PDB)左右。^18O同位素组成表明，钟乳石是淡水成因的，但^13C的同位素组成为略高于淡水成因的沉积物的值，这可能是不饱和的大气降水溶解了基岩，而获得^13C的缘故。上述3种形态的微型钟乳石的岩石学特征也表明，是典型的淡水成因形成。由此可见，暴露带裂隙中的微型钟乳石为淡水成因的产物。

An integrated air-POM syngas/dimethyl ether process from natural gas

A Cu-Zn-Al methanol catalyst combined with HZSM-5 was used for dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis from a syngas containing nitrogen, which was produced by air-partial oxidation of methane (air-POM). Air-POM occurred at 850 degreesC, 0.8 MPa, CH4/air/H2O/CO2 ratio of 1/2.4/0.8/0.4 over a Ni-based catalyst modified by magnesia and lanthanum oxide with 96% CH4 conversion and constantly gave syngas with a H-2/CO ratio of 2/1 during a period of 450 h. The obtained N-2-containing syngas was used directly for DME synthesis. About 90% CO per-pass conversion, 78% DME selectivity and 70% DME yield could be achieved during 450 h stability testing under the pressure of 5.0 MPa. the temperature of 240 degreesC and the space velocity of 1000 h(-1). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights reserved.