250 resultados para 174-1071O


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Genetic variation of four populations of Sargassum thunbergii (Mert.) O. Kuntze and one outgroup of S. fusiforme (Harv.) Setchell from Shandong peninsula of China was studied with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 28 RAPD primers and 19 ISSR primers were amplified, showing 174 loci and 125 loci, respectively. Calculation of genetic diversity with different indicators (P%, percentage of polymorphic loci; H, the expected heterozygosity; I, Shannon's information index) revealed low or moderate levels of genetic variations within each S. thunbergii population. High genetic differentiations were determined with pairwise Nei's unbiased genetic distance (D) and fixation index (F-ST) between the populations. The Mantel test showed that two types of matrices of D and FST were highly correlated, whether from RAPD or ISSR data, r=0.9310 (P = 0.008) and 0.9313 (P=0.009) respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was used to apportion the variations between and within the S. thunbergii populations. It indicated that the variations among populations were higher than those within populations, being 57.57% versus 42.43% by RAPD and 59.52% versus 40.08% by ISSR, respectively. Furthermore, the Mantel test suggested that the genetic differentiations between the four populations were related to the geographical distances (r > 0.5), i.e., they conformed to the IBD (isolation by distance) model, as expected from UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages) cluster analysis. As a whole, the high genetic structuring between the four S. thunbergii populations along distant locations was clearly indicated in the RAPD and ISSR analyses (r > 0.8) in our study.

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ISG15 is an interferon-stimulated gene that encodes a ubiquitin-like protein. ISG15 homologues have been identified in a number of fish species, some of which are known to be regulated at expression level by virus infection and lipopolysacchande (LPS) treatment However, the relationship between ISG15 and live bacterial infection has not been investigated in piscine models. In this study, an ISG15 homologue, SoISG15, was identified from red drum Scraeriops ocellaws and analyzed at expression and functional levels The open reading frame ofSolSG15 is 477 base pairs (bp) and mtronless, with a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 91 bp and a 3'-UTR of 415 bp The deduced amino acid sequence of S0ISG15 shares 60-67% overall identities with the ISG15 of several fish species. S0ISG15 possesses two conserved ubiquinn-like domains and the canonical ubiquitin conjugation motif, LRGG, at the C-terminus. Expressional analysis showed that constitutive expression of SolSG15 was highest in blood and lowest in kidney Experimental challenges with LPS and bacterial pathogens induced significant S0ISG15 expression in the kidney but not in the liver Similar differential induction was also observed at cellular level with primary hepatocytes and head kidney (HK) lymphocytes. Poly(' C), however, effected drastic induction of S0ISG15 expression in kidney and liver at both tissue and cellular levels. Immunoblot analysis showed that S0ISG15 was secreted by cultured HK lymphocytes into the extracellular milieu. Recombinant S0ISG15 expressed in and purified from Eschenclua colt was able to enhance the respiratory burst activity, acid phosphatase activity, and bactericidal activity of HK macrophages. Taken together, the results of this study indicated that SoISG 15 possesses apparent immunological property and is likely to be involved in host immune defense against bacterial infection. (C)2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.

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Grateloupia turuturu, previously known as Grateloupia doryphora, has been widely reported to be an invasive algal species. There are no studies to relate the impact of its existence on its surrounding environment. In this paper, we present our results to show that about 70% of individuals collected from the field could turn Vibrio parahaemolyticus into non-culturable state on both selective (TCBS) and non-selective (2216E) culture medium in 24 h in the presence of light in live algal culture. Total bacteria counts on TCBS and 2216E plates dropped from the initial 565 (174) and 1192 (60) cfu ml(-1) respectively to zero in 24 h. This effect disappeared when the alga was grown in darkness. The same effect was not found in two other intertidal macroalgae Laminaria japonica and Palmaria palmata. Further tests showed that the settlement ability of bacteria in seawater was impaired significantly in the presence of this alga in comparison with three other algal species. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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本研究运用RAPD和ISSR两种分子标记技术,对采自山东半岛4个不同地理位置的鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)和海黍子(S. muticum)种群进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构的研究,从而对其种群间的地理隔离、基因流动水平及其影响因素做出估计和判断,为马尾藻自然资源的保护和开发提供依据。在室内对鼠尾藻有性生殖幼苗的早期发育和生长进行了研究,了解其繁殖生物学特性,为鼠尾藻人工种苗的培育提供依据。主要研究结果如下: 对4个鼠尾藻(S. thunbergii)地理种群的遗传多样性研究中,筛选出了28条RAPD 引物和19条ISSR引物,分别扩增产生了174和125个位点。选用的三种不同指标,即多态位点比率(P%,percentage of polymorphic loci),平均预期杂合度(H,the expected heterozygosity)和 Shannon's 信息多样性指数(I,Shannon's information index),均可反映出鼠尾藻种群内部的遗传多样性呈较低水平。而群体间遗传距离(D,Nei’s unbiased genetic distance)矩阵和固定化指数(FST,the fixation index)矩阵均反映出群体间高度的遗传分化。通过分子变异分析(AMOVA,Analysis of molecular variance)来区分来自种群内部和种群之间的遗传变异,揭示出多数的遗传变异(57.57% 或59.52%)来自于鼠尾藻种群之间。另外,Mantel分析表明,4个鼠尾藻种群间的遗传分化与地理距离呈正相关(r>0.5),遵循传统的IBD(isolation by distance)模式,UPGMA(unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages)聚类分析也反映出相似的结果。 对4个海黍子(S. muticum)地理种群遗传结构的研究中,筛选出的24条RAPD 引物和19条ISSR引物分别扩增出164和122个位点。遗传多样性评估结果表明,海黍子种群内部存在较低或者中等水平的遗传多样性,而D矩阵和FST 矩阵均显示种群间存在高水平的遗传分化。并且,发现D和FST 矩阵在RAPD和ISSR分析中均具有高且显著的相关性。AMOVA分析显示,种群之间的遗传变异高于种群内部。Mantel分析和UPGMA聚类分析均发现海黍子种群间的遗传分化遵循IBD模式,即与地理隔离呈正相关(r>0.6)。 并且,RAPD和ISSR分析的结果高度一致(r>0.9,P<0.05),均揭示4个海黍子种群之间存在高度的遗传分化。 对鼠尾藻有性生殖幼苗早期生长发育的研究结果表明,其早期发育过程属于马尾藻科(Sargassaceae)中典型的“8核1卵”型。在一定条件下培养两个月后,产生了1~2个小叶,幼苗的长度达2~3毫米。生长实验发现,温度(10, 15, 20, 25℃)和光照强度(9, 18, 44, 88 µEm-2s-1)对培养第一周幼苗的生长均有显著的影响(ANOVA, P<0.01)。在两个月的培养中,幼苗对温度和光强的耐受范围较宽,在10℃~25℃,9~88 µEm-2s-1条件下均可生长,最适温度和光强为25℃,44 µEm-2s-1;低温(10℃)对幼苗的生长有显著抑制。不同光质对幼苗生长的影响显著(P<0.01),相同光强条件下,蓝光和白光相比较,蓝光显然不能满足鼠尾藻幼苗早期生长的需要。

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近年来,由于对海区不合理的开发,我国浅海贝类筏式养殖接连遭受重创,这亟需从理论上和实践中确定养殖容量和养殖模式。本文在我国北方典型养殖海湾四十里湾对筏式养殖的贝类开展了现场生理生态学研究,对贝类对浮游植物等悬浮颗粒物的处理过程即贝类对颗粒有机物及营养元素C、N、P的摄食、吸收、排泄、排粪和生长进行了剖析,分析了贝类在沿岸养殖生态系中的物质和营养循环中所扮演的角色,为海区贝类养殖容量和养殖模式的最终确定提供了基础数据。另外,本文还对海水、沉积物及生物体中磷的分析方法进行了大量的实验工作。主要结果如下:① 比较系统地评述了双壳贝类的生物沉积(biodeposition)的原理、测定方法及其生态效应。贝类通过生物沉积在沿岸生态系中的物质和营养循环中扮演着重要的角色。国际上已有不少研究专门报道了贝类在海区现场的生物沉积。而在我国,这方面的研究却罕见。② 综述了双壳贝类各种形态的 N 和 P 排泄及其生态效应。对于我国广泛养殖 的栉孔扇贝、海湾扇贝和牡蛎等双壳贝类的TDN、TP排泄尚未见报道。 ③ 在6~7月,在四十里湾的不同养殖海区(8个站位)对扇贝的生物沉积进行了现场测定。在整个四十里湾海区,一龄栉孔扇贝(壳高 41.1±4.1mm,软体干重 0.48±O.10 g/ind))每个每天所产生生物沉积物干重平均为59.9mg,对颗粒有机质(POM)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、颗粒有机氮(PON)和颗粒有机磷(POP)的生物沉积速率范围及平均值分别为: 6.88、3.09、0.392 和 0.022mg/ind·d。还在一个站位测定了海湾扇贝(壳高 24.6±2.3mm;软体干重 O.14g/ind)的生物沉积速率为 24.3mg/ind·d,或179.2mg/g·d。不同站位一龄栉孔扇贝的生物沉积速率有较大变化,这主要与饵料浓度不同有关。二龄栉孔扇贝(壳高60.9±8.2mm;软体干重1.91±0.32 g/ind)的生物沉积速率平均为 112.7mg/ind·d,对POM、POC、PON和POP的沉积速率分别是一龄扇贝的1.85倍、1.68倍、1.77倍和2.33倍。养殖海区与非养殖海区比较,前者近海底沉积速率是后者的 1.51~3.47 倍。根据以上数据,作者计算了中等规格栉孔扇贝(用壳高 41.1±4.8mm 扇贝估算)在四十里湾在夏季每天的生物沉积量达 162 吨(干重),或18.6tPOM、8.37tPOC、1.06tPON和60kgPP。在四十里湾的贝类筏式养殖海区,可以估计贝类每年因生物沉积的生产而循环427tN和98.OtP(包括20.0t OP的贡献),它们能分别满足浮游藻类生产所需求N和P的17.0%和28.3%(其中OP贡献 6.9%)。可见,贝类在养殖生态系的物质和营养盐循环中扮演着重要的角色。高密度、大面积的贝类养殖使大量的生物沉积物聚集于海底,可能对海区环境产生冲击。作者分析,98年8月份烟台养殖区赤潮的发生很可能与海底生物沉积物营养盐的快速释放以及栉孔扇贝大面积死亡而使浮游藻类失去了摄食控制有关,而风平浪静和养殖笼对水流的阻挡也为赤潮的发生提供了有利条件。④ 采用半现场流水系统法测定了栉孔扇贝在不同养殖密度、不同养殖模式(扇贝单养、贝藻混养、贝藻参混养)中的生物沉积。实验时间尺度大,前后计80天。结果说明扇贝的生物沉积速率与其养殖密度呈反比关系。养殖密度的高低影响饵料浓度的变化(两者呈负相关的对数函数关系),而饵料浓度的高低直接决定着扇贝的生物沉积速率的高低,两者呈正相关关系(生物沉积速率与POC和叶绿 a 分别呈对数和指数函数关系)。不仅生物沉积物的数量与养殖密度(或饵料浓度)有关,生物沉积物的质量同样与养殖密度(或饵料浓度)有关。栉孔扇贝的养殖使沉积物的有机质含量及C、N 和 P 含量降低,且密度越高,它们的含量越低。这反映了扇贝对环境的适应能力。在海带和扇贝的混养模式中,海带对扇贝生物沉积物的数量和质量不构成影响,当然这是在海带不影响浮游植物数量的前提下得出的结果。而实际上在自然海区两者可能是竞争关系。⑤ 对从海区取回到实验室的多种滤食性动物,包括经济双壳贝类(栉孔扇贝、海湾扇贝、长牡蛎、贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔等)和养殖中的污损动物(栖海鞘、玻璃海鞘、藤壶、玟斑稜蛤)的 N 和 P 排泄进行了测定,包括排泄成分和排泄速率。在N排泄中,NH_4-H 占主要部分,如笼式养殖的双壳贝类 NH_4-N 占总N排泄的70%以上,平均值范围为70.8~80.1%。氨基酸是第二大排泄成分,平均占总N排泄的10~25%。其它形态的N,如尿素、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐也有检出,如双壳贝类尿素氮在总氮排泄中占 2~5%。但在双壳贝类中未检出尿酸氮。比较而言,海鞘、藤壶的尿素氮相对高一些。在P排泄中,OP约占TDP排泄的15~27%。栉孔扇贝TDP排泄速率为0.281μmol/h·ind。作者以实验室测定结果计算,在整个四十里湾的夏季,所养殖的双壳贝类每天将排泄4.54t总溶解氮,其中NH_4-N 3.36t、Amino-N 0.69t、Urea-N 0.2t。 同时每天磷的排泄为0.57t TDP,其中OP O.15t。对面积为1.3 * 10~4hm~2的海区而言,贝类的N、P排泄分别能满足浮游植物生产所需N、P的44%和40%。尽管Urea-N所占比例有限,但也能满足海区浮游植物所需 N 的 2%左右。以上说二月高密度的贝类养殖对海区生态系统营养盐循环的影响是很显著的。附着动物(柄海鞘等)的N、P 排泄也不容忽视,它们分别能满足浮游藻类生产所需 N、P 的 ll%和 12%。它们一方面通过排泄和排粪加速营养盐和物质的循环对浮游植物的生长产生刺激作用;另一方面,对藻类产生摄食控制,如果海区中滤食性动物太多,即使营养盐再丰富也难以使浮游植物大量繁殖,这无疑将影响滤食性动物的生长速率。⑥ 运用近年来发展起来的生物沉积法对四十里湾半现场流水系统中贝类的滤水率、吸收率、生长率、生态效率等生理生态学参数进行了测定。栉孔扇贝(收获时规格0.194~0.412g软体干重/ind)滤水率平均为3.65 1/ind·h。扇贝放养密度和饵料浓度没有显著关系。扇贝的总摄食率平均为3.98mg/ind·h,对POM、POC、PON的 摄食率范围为0.84~1.87、0.335~0.748、0.0515~O.1293mg/ind·h。扇贝的摄食率随放养密度的升高而降低,与POM呈正相关关系。扇贝的吸收速率受密度和饵料浓度的影响不明显。扇贝对N的吸收效率较C、P稍高,对总有机质的吸收效率为75.9±4.1%,如此高的吸收效率与低饵料浓度有关。扇贝氨基酸泄漏所损失的能量高于排氨的能量损失。代谢能与吸收能呈明显的正相关关系。SFG与饵料浓度呈正相关关系。总生长效率K1(* 100)变化较大,范围为20~49;净生长效率K,K_2(* 100)随POM的升高而升高。扇贝对N的总生态效率范围为6.2~12.8%(平均9.9%),这高于对C(平均5.9%)和P(平均4.1%)的总生态效率。扇贝对POC、PON和PP的生长余力(SFG_C、SFG_N、SFG_P)平均分别为197、46.8和6.2μg/ind·h,它们分别与POC、PON和PP呈正比关系。扇贝对N的净生长率高于对C和P的净生长率。在N的预算中,如果仅考虑NH_4-N的排泄而忽视其它形态氮的排泄,将会产生很大偏差(平均约20%)。扇贝贝壳生长所需的能量在整个扇贝生长所需能量的9.0~15.1%(平均 11.2%);贝壳C、N和P在扇贝生长中所占的比例分别为10.5~17.8%、9.4~16.1%和8.7~15.O%。可见,贝壳不管在能量预算还是在元素预算中都不应该被忽视。理论计算而得到的SFG和SFG_C、SFG_N、SFG_P与扇贝的实际生长和扇贝C、N、P的实际增长量之间呈正相关关系,但前者明显过高地估计了扇贝的生长。⑦ 运用生物沉积法在四十里湾养殖海区现场对栉孔扇贝的生理生态学特征进行了研究。不同海区扇贝的滤水率有变化,一龄扇贝(41.1±4.1mm,软体干重 0.48±O.10g/ind)滤水率变化范围为 0.72~2.54(平均 1.27)1/ind·h 或 1.65~5.97(平均 2.61)1/g·h。与半现场研究结果一致,滤水率与TPM没有明显关系,而摄食率却与TPM呈正相关关系。二龄扇贝(软体干重 1.91±0.32g/ind)滤水率为 2.09~3.99(平均 3.10)1/ind·h。吸收速率与POM(或TDM)呈正相关关系,与饵料质量(POM/TPM)无明显的相关关系。吸收效率AE_(POM)与TPM(或POM)没有相关关系,却与饵料质量呈明显 的正相关关系。扇贝对POC、PON和PP的吸收效率平均分别为68.9%、64.0%和63.6%。不同海区SFG差别很大。一龄扇贝SFG范围为-O.174~24.08 J/ind·h,SFG与饵料浓度POM呈正相关关系。SFG负值的出现主要与低饵料浓度有关。SFG_C、SFG_N、SFG_P分别与POC、PON和PP呈正相关关系。在N的生长余力计算中,如果仅考虑NH_4-N排泄,而不考虑其它形态N的排泄,就可能产生相当大的偏差,偏差范围为11~360%,这高于半现场的偏差值,显然SFG_N越低,产生的偏差就越大。这说明在饵料不足、扇贝生长受到限制的环境下进行N生长余力的计算时必须考虑其它形态N的排泄。⑧ 对四十里湾养殖海区一些双壳贝类和藻类的化学组成和有机净生产量进行了讨论。不同双壳贝类的软体有机碳含量差别不大,而N含量差异较大。栉孔扇贝N含量最高(占软体干重的12.36%),而牡蛎、毛蚶软体N含量相对较低,为 8~9%。从双壳贝类贝壳的组成来看,贻贝和菲律宾蛤仔贝壳中N含量最高,分别为 0.55% 和 0.56%;而栉孔扇贝贝壳N含量相对较低,在 O.1%左右。贻贝贝壳有机磷含量 (308ppm) 也明显高于栉孔扇贝贝壳(62.1 ppm)。不同海区海带的 C/N 比值较高,变化明显,范围为17.36~30.23。石莼与此相似。大型藻类高 C/N 比值说明海区营养元素N的不足。海带的不同部位N含量差别很大,中带部和边叶在不同海区有较大变化,即对环境的营养状况比较敏感。紫贻贝贝壳中C、H、N 和 P 的含量在整个贻贝中占有相对大的比例,分别为 30.4%、30.2%、31.8%和 29.6%。

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扇贝养殖是我国重要的海水养殖产业,然而自1997 年以来,养殖扇贝陆续爆发的大规模死亡,不但造成了巨大的经济损失,而且严重影响了该产业的健康发展。丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制因子及丝氨酸蛋白酶在无脊椎动物的免疫应答中起着核心作用,它们的协同作用直接导致外界病源入侵的信号转导和级联放大,并进一步激活一系列防御体系,如黑化反应、血液凝结和抗菌肽的合成等。因此,克隆扇贝参与免疫防御的丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因并对其功能进行研究,将有助于进一步研究扇贝的免疫防御机制,丰富和发展无脊椎动物免疫学的内容。 运用大规模EST技术和RACE技术从栉孔扇贝中克隆出一个Kazal型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因,定名为CfKZSPI。该基因cDNA序列全长1788bp,其中5' 非编码区(Untranslated Region, UTR)为97 bp,3' UTR161 bp,有一个典型的多聚腺苷酸信号序列(AATAAA)和一个ploy A 尾巴,开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame, ORF)含有1530 bp,编码509 个氨基酸残基。对其推测氨基酸序列进行分析,发现其中包括22个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽序列和12个Kazal型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂结构域。采用QRT-PCR(quantitative real time PCR)对鳗弧菌浸泡刺激后栉孔扇贝血淋巴中CfKZSPI 的 mRNA表达量进行了检测,发现其mRNA 的表达量在鳗弧菌刺激后3h明显上升,达到空白组的43.6倍;然后在6h时有所下降,为空白组的15.0倍;随着菌刺激时间的增长,CfKZSPI基因的 mRNA 表达量急剧增加,在刺激后8h,12h,24h分别达到空白组的174.1,207.8,675.4倍。统计分析发现3h(P=0.019<0.05)和12h(P=0.020<0.05)时,CfKZSPI基因mRNA表达量与空白组差异均显著。为了研究栉孔扇贝CfKZSPI的蛋白活性,将其第十二个结构域克隆到pET-32a(+)载体中,转化大肠杆菌Rosetta-gami(DE3)表达菌株,获得可溶性表达的蛋白rCfKZSPI-12,对其进行抑制蛋白酶活性的分析,发现其对胰蛋白酶有很强的抑制活性,而对凝血酶没有抑制活性。当rCfKZSPI-12与胰蛋白酶分子比率为1:1时,约90%的蛋白酶活性被抑制。运用狄更斯作图法研究rCfKZSPI-12对胰蛋白酶的抑制能力,结果发现其对胰蛋白酶的抑制常数为173 nmol L-1。 采用同样方法从海湾扇贝cDNA文库中克隆出一个Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因,定名为Aikunitz。该基因全长632 bp,其中5' UTR 为105 bp,3' UTR 为 245 bp,有一个典型的多聚腺苷酸信号序列(AATAAA)和一个ploy A 尾巴,ORF 含有282 bp,编码93 个氨基酸残基。推测的氨基酸序列N末端有一个20个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽序列,成熟蛋白包括一个Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂结构域。采用QRT-PCR对鳗弧菌和藤黄微球菌感染后海湾扇贝血淋巴中Aikunitz 的mRNA的表达量进行了检测,结果发现其在鳗弧菌刺激后3h到9h持续上升,9h时表达量为PBS对照组的4.49倍(P=0.008<0.05),然后开始下降,在72h时表达量为对照组的0.24倍(P=0.021<0.05);而在藤黄微球菌刺激后3h到12h其表达量上升,其中6h时为空白组的5.95倍(P=0.0004<0.01);12h以后迅速下降,其中24h的表达量为对照组的0.38倍(P=0.028<0.05)。将Aikunitz基因编码的成熟蛋白按照重组CfKZSPI-12的方法进行重组表达,并对重组蛋白进行抑制蛋白酶和抑菌活性分析。结果发现其对胰蛋白酶和弹性蛋白酶两种丝氨酸蛋白酶都没有抑制作用。抑菌实验同样发现,重组Aikunitz 对供试的革兰氏阳性菌藤黄微球菌和革兰氏阴性菌鳗弧菌和大肠杆菌都不显示明显抑菌活性。

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Three F-1 families of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians, were produced from one, two and 10 individuals. The genetic changes in these populations, which suffered recent and different levels of bottleneck, were analysed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) techniques. In the parental stock, a total of 330 bands were detected using seven AFLP primer pairs, and 70% of the loci were polymorphic. All F-1 groups had a significantly lower proportion of polymorphic loci when compared with the initial stock, and loss of the rare loci and reduction in heterozygosity both occurred. The progeny of the larger population (i.e., N=10) exhibited a lesser amount of genetic differentiation compared with the progeny from N=2, which showed lesser differentiation than progeny from N=1. The effective population sizes (N-e) in N=1, 2 and 10 were estimated as 1.50, 1.61 and 2.49. Based on regression analysis, we recommend that at least 340 individuals be used in hatchery populations to maintain genetic variation.

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Three sulfated polysaccharide derivatives (phosphorylated and aminated fucoidan) were synthesized, and their potential antioxidant activities were investigated employing various established in vitro systems. Two methods were used in phosphorylation fucoidan: polyphosphoric acid and POCl3 method. Aminated fucoidan was prepared using the epichlorohydrin and ammonia water. All fucoidan derivatives possessed considerable antioxidant activity, and exhibited stronger antioxidant ability than fucoidan in certain tests. The phosphorylated fucoidan showed stronger hydroxyl radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power. The mechanism on influence the antioxidant activity of samples of phosphate and amino group was indicated. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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通过对海北生态系统定位站附近3种植物播娘蒿Descurainia sophia、荠菜Capsella bursa-pastoris、灰绿藜Chenopodium glaucum的分布情况的调查,初步分析了3种植物的扩散策略,并预测了其对高寒草甸生态系统潜在的影响.

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描述了虎耳草属-变型:白花挪威虎耳草(Saxifraga oppositifolia Linn.form.albiflora Y.H.Wu).该变型系“昆仑山和喀喇昆仑山地区综合科学考察”工作期间于新疆策勒县的奴尔亚门采集到,与原变型的区别在于植物花冠为白色.

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陇西人工栽培黄芪不同生长期黄芪甲甙含量的定期检测结果表明,不同时期黄芪甲甙含量变化较大.生长初期,甲甙快速积累,6月中旬含量比例达到最高,随后甲甙含量比例下降,至9月中旬达到最低点.其后又快速增长,到10月中旬再次达到高峰.按照黄芪的产量和甲甙含量积累变化规律,为保障产量和活性成分含量最大,确定10月中旬为最佳采收时间.

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Potentilla fruticosa scrub, Kobresia humilis meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow are widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During the grass exuberance period from 3 July to 4September, based on close chamber-GC method, a study on CO2 emissions from different treatments was conducted in these meadows at Haibei research station, CAS. Results indicated that mean CO2emission rates from various treatments were 672.09+152.37 mgm-2h-1 for FC (grass treatment); 425.41+191.99 mgrn-2h-1 for FJ (grass exclusion treatment); 280.36+174.83 mgrn-2h-1 for FL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); 838.95+237.02 mgm-2h-1 for GG (scrub+grass treatment); 528.48+205.67 mgm-2h-1for GC (grass treatment); 268.97 ±99.72 mgm-2h-1 for GL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); and 659.20±94.83 mgm-2h-1 for LC (grass treatment), respectively (FC, FJ, FL, GG, GC, GL, LC were the Chinese abbreviation for various treatments). Furthermore, Kobresia humilis meadow, Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow differed greatly in average CO2 emission rate of soil-plant system, in the order of GG>FC>LC>GC. Moreover, in Kobresia humilis meadow,heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 42% and 58% of the total respiration of soil-plant system respectively, whereas, in Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 32% and 68% of total system respiration from G-G; 49% and 51%from GC. In addition, root respiration from Kobresia humilis meadow approximated 145 mgCO2m-2h-1,contributed 34% to soil respiration. During the experiment period, Kobresia humilis meadow and Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow had a net carbon fixation of 111.11 grn-2 and 243.89 grn-2,respectively. Results also showed that soil temperature was the main factor which influenced CO2 emission from alpine meadow ecosystem, significant correlations were found between soil temperature at 5 cm depth and CO2 emission from GG, GC, FC and FJ treatments. In addition, soil moisture may be the inhibitory factor of CO2 emission from Kobresia tibetica meadow, and more detailed analyses should be done in further research.

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以两性配对共居至交配或生仔作不同熟悉处理,在Y安型选择箱中分别观察棕色田鼠、根田鼠的择偶行为和配偶识别。结果如下:(1)棕色田鼠雌雄两性均表现出对熟悉异性或配偶的喜好顷向;(2)在根田鼠中,只有雌性表现出对熟悉雄鼠或配偶的选择倾向,雄鼠无明确的选择取向;(3)每种雌性田鼠对2种熟悉性不同的同种雄性的嗅舔时间均有显著差异性,而每种雄性田鼠对2种熟悉性不同的同种雌性的嗅舔时间均无显著差异性。这些结果表明:(1)熟悉性对棕色田鼠择偶行为的影响大于对根田鼠的影响;(2)嗅舔时间差异可反映不同田鼠的配偶识别能力,熟悉性对棕色田鼠配偶识别能力的影响大于对根田鼠的影响;(3)2种田鼠配偶识别的性别差异的一致性,提示这2种田鼠的雌性配偶识别能力均强于雄性田鼠,而雌鼠的配偶识别能力可能取决于雌鼠受交配或分娩刺激的生理状态;(4)棕色田鼠室内所表现的择偶行为的两性熟悉性特征与其单配制有关,根田鼠所表现的择偶行为的雌性熟悉性特征与其一雄多雌制有关。

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本文对于传感器故障类型诊断的问题,提出了一种更为鲁棒和有效的基于小波分析的神经网络处理方法.首先将传感器信号进行小波分解,引入信号各个尺度中故障点前后的能量比值,然后用它作为神经网络的输入,通过对各种常见的传感器故障类型进行分类预训练,从而实现传感器的故障诊断,提高系统鲁棒性。

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采用化学连续提取和等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定法,对安徽巢湖悬浮颗粒物中稀土元素的含量、赋存形态和配分模式进行了研究,结果表明:巢湖悬浮物中稀土总量在19,20-174,82mg/kg之间,东西两个湖区含量差异明显,东半湖区高于西半湖区,巢湖东西湖区悬浮物残渣态稀土元素具有截然不同的页岩标准化配分模式,东半湖区为轻稀土富集型,西半湖区为重稀土富集型,说明巢湖东西湖区具有明显不同的物质来源,巢湖东半湖区和西半湖区悬浮物稀土元素赋存形态比例也不同,东半湖区为残渣态〉铁锰氧化物结合态》有机结合态、AEC态;西半湖区为铁锰氧化物结合态〉残渣态》有机结合态、AEC态,这是由于巢湖水体从西到东受到的污染强度减轻造成的,稀土元素赋存形态可以作为判别湖泊污染程度的新依据.