Determination of urinary oxidative DNA damage marker 8-hydroxy-2 '-deoxyguanosine and the association with cigarette smoking

8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) has been widely used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage in both animal models and human studies. To evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on oxidative stress, we studied the levels of urinary 8OHdG from smokers and non-smokers and investigated the association with cigarette smoking. The urinary 8OHdG concentrations were determinated by capillary electrophoresis with end-column amprometric detection (CE-AD) after a single-step solid phase extraction (SPE), and then quantitatively expressed as a function of creatinine excretion. To increase the concentration sensitivity, a dynamic pH junction was used and the focusing effect was obvious when using 30 mM phosphate (pH 6.50) as sample matrix. The limit of detection is 4.3 nM (signal-to-noise ratio S/N = 3). The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) was 1.1% for peak current, and 2.3% for migration time. Based on the selected CE-AD method, it was found that the mean value of urinary 8OHdG levels in the smokers significantly higher than that in non-smokers (31.4 +/- 18.9 nM versus 14.4 +/- 7.6 nM, P = 0.0004; 23.5 +/- 21.3 mug g(-1) creatinine versus 12.6 +/- 13.2 mug g(-1) creatinine, P = 0.028). (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

干旱胁迫对杨树光合生理指标的影响

采用PEG模拟干旱胁迫的方法,利用气体交换法和叶绿素荧光技术,研究了干旱胁迫下小青杨(Populuspseudo-simonii)的光合生理变化.结果表明,干旱胁迫初期,小青杨的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)值均随干旱胁迫增强而下降,杨树Pn的下降主要是由于gs下降引起的;干旱胁迫后期,Ci值逐渐升高,非气孔限制成为光合作用的主要限制因子.干旱胁迫后期,PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)明显下降,光抑制增强,光合电子传递受阻.POD酶的活性在胁迫初期升高,后期降低,说明干旱胁迫初期对保护系统酶活性升高有诱导作用,随着胁迫时间的延长,Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo降低,活性氧清除酶活性下降,活性氧代谢的平衡被打破,导致光合器官的伤害.由此表明,干旱胁迫后期Pn的降低与PSⅡ荧光参数及POD酶活性下降有关.

高浓度CO_2对红松(Pinuskoraiensis)针叶光合生理参数的影响

以开顶箱内经过6个生长季高浓度CO2处理的原位土壤种植的红松幼树为实验对象,研究了500μmolmol-1CO2对针叶光合作用及相应光合参数的影响。实地条件下测定了净光合速率(PN)对光合有效辐射(PAR)及胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的响应曲线,根据光合作用的生化模型,推算出了Rubisco活性或数量限制的最大羧化速率(VCmax)和光饱和条件下由RuBP再生能力限制的最大电子传递速率(Jmax),以及表观量子产量(AQY)和最大净光合速率(Pmax)等。500μmolmol-1CO2使红松针叶的VCmax降低了4%,Jmax和Jmax/VCmax比分别增加了27%和18%,均与对照差异不显著,所以红松针叶经过6个生长季高浓度CO2处理仍未发生光合驯化。在各自生长条件下测定的PN-PAR响应曲线表明,500μmolmol-1CO2使Pmax增加了94%,AQY增加了21%,Pmax增长高于AQY和Jmax的增加比例,说明500μmolmol-1CO2使红松针叶对光的利用效率增强。500μmolmol-1CO2下的最大气孔导度(gsmax)和最大蒸腾速率(Emax)与对照比增加了一倍,与Pmax增加的幅度接近。500μmol mol-1CO2下和对照条件下的Ci/Ca比均随环境CO2浓度(Ca)增加呈非线性下降趋势,在较低Ca处(Ca≤200μmol mol-1),500μmol mol-1CO2使Ci/Ca比下降了1%~7%,较高Ca处(Ca≥300μmol mol-1),500μmol mol-1CO2使Ci/Ca比增加了5%~20%。CO2浓度变化会改变Ci/Ca比,由于气孔的调节作用,Ci/Ca比最终还是要维持在一恒定范围,且气孔对较低的CO2浓度更敏感。

两种五倍子蚜虫冬寄主藓类植物的光合特性及其与光照、温度和植物体水分含量变化的关系

使用CI 30 1PS (CIDInc .USA )对生长于冬季和春季的大羽藓 (Thuidiumcymbifolium )与垂藓(Chrysocladiumretrorsum )的净光合速率 (Pn)及其与光照、温度和植物体水分含量的关系进行了研究 .结果表明 ,大羽藓和垂藓的光合能力分别达到 14 1和 117μmolCO2 kg-1·dw·s-1,光合能力从冬季到春季呈上升趋势 .这两种藓类植物的光响应曲线比较相似 ,光饱和点高达 80 0～ 90 0 μmol·m-2 s-1,光补偿点为 40～ 5 0 μmol·m-2s-1,光合作用最适温度在春季为 2 5～ 36℃ ,而冬季为 2 0～ 30℃ .同时对于低温又具有很强的抗性 ,在冰点以下的温度条件下 (-15～ 0℃ )能够保持一定的净光合 .净光合速率的水分响应曲线表明 ,这两种藓类的最适水分含量为 2 0 0～ 30 0 (4 0 0 ) %dw ,水分含量降低到 15 0 %dw时光合作用开始受到抑制 ,在 40 %～ 5 0 %dw时净光合降低到零或略变为负数 .结果表明 ,大羽藓和垂藓都属于耐干旱、强阳性的藓类 ,但垂藓在这几个方面略逊于大羽藓 .

水肥空间组合对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

以肥熟土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,用分层土柱试验法研究了不同土层水分、氮、磷空间组合对冬小麦不同生育时期光合特性及籽粒产量的影响.结果表明:与0～90cm土层整体湿润相比,上干下湿(0～30cm土层干旱胁迫,30～90cm土层湿润)水分处理显著降低了小麦叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)和籽粒产量.2种水分条件下,氮磷配施处理对叶片SPAD、Pn和小麦籽粒产量的影响最为显著,其次是施磷处理,而施氮处理影响不显著.不同土层施氮在2种水分条件下各指标的变化趋势相同,均表现为0～90cm土层施氮小麦叶片SPAD、Pn及籽粒产量显著高于0～30、30～60和60～90cm土层施氮.不同土层施磷在2种水分条件下各指标的变化趋势也相同,表现为0～90cm土层施磷小麦叶片SPAD、Pn和籽粒产量与0～30cm土层施磷间差异不显著.不同土层氮磷配施在2种水分处理下表现不同:整体湿润条件下0～90cm土层施肥处理的小麦叶片SPAD、Pn及籽粒产量最高,与0～30cm土层差异不显著,但二者均显著高于30～60和60～90cm土层处理;上干下湿条件下各土层施肥处理间小麦叶片SPAD差异不显著,0～90cm土层施肥处理...

水分处理对油菜叶位光合速率、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率的影响

通过对不同水分处理下油菜不同叶位叶片光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(E)和水分利用效率(WUE)的测定表明,油菜主茎叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率随叶位的降低而降低;干旱胁迫下油菜水分利用效率显著提高,光合速率变化不明显,但上部、下部叶间光合速率差异大。充分供水时叶片的蒸腾速率提高,水分利用效率则降低,从上到下叶片水分利用效率、光合速率降低不剧烈,而蒸腾速率表现为上部和下部叶高,而中部叶低。据测定,干旱处理下油菜单株生物量为37.45g,充分供水时为38.76g,干旱导致油菜生物量降低;水分胁迫能提高作物水分利用效率;在充分供水条件下叶片蒸腾速率较高,这可能是气孔行为的结果。

土壤养分对小偃22叶片光合特性影响的初步研究

在大田不同供肥条件下 ,于小麦灌浆后期对小麦旗叶光合特性参数进行了连续测定。结果表明 ,小麦叶片气体交换参数均有明显的日变化趋势 ,肥力条件对其日变化进程具有明显的调控作用。不施肥处理小麦叶片 Pn有明显午休现象 ,而低肥处理第一高峰不明显 ,没有明显午休现象 ;高肥处理的 Pn呈单峰曲线 ,峰值来得也较晚。养分条件可改善小麦叶片水分利用效率

黄土丘陵区柳枝稷光合生理生态特性的初步研究

研究了黄土丘陵区引种草种柳枝稷 ( Panicum virgatum)的光合生理生态特性 ,比较了不同叶位叶片光合速率 ( Pn)、蒸腾速率 ( Tr)、水分利用效率 ( WUE)的日变化以及环境因子的作用。结果表明 ,柳枝稷叶片 Pn日变化曲线为双峰型 ,中午“光合降低”主要是由于叶温过高导致呼吸高引起的净光合速率降低。叶龄增大 ,叶片 Pn日变化相对较平缓 ,其中壮龄叶Pn日变化最为平缓。幼龄叶 Tr的日变化为双峰型 ,随叶龄增大 (叶位下降 )而成为单峰型。WUE的日变化可划分为上午的降低和下午的波动 2个阶段 ,最上充分展开叶 (旗叶 )的WUE始终最高。

两种施氮水平下不同基因型冬小麦叶片光合特性与形态差异的研究

田间试验研究不施N和施N(90kg/hm2)条件下“NR9405”、“9430”、“偃师9号”、“小偃6号”、“陕229”、“西农2208”、“矮丰3号”和“商188”等8种不同基因型冬小麦中后期生理特性及其叶片形态的差异结果表明,抽穗期倒二叶和灌浆期旗叶的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率及瞬时水分利用效率在不同基因型间存在显著差异,施N仅能显著降低抽穗期倒二叶的蒸腾速率,而对功能叶的其他生理指标无明显影响。小麦成熟期旗叶和倒二叶的长度、宽度及叶面积在不同基因型间也存在极显著差异,施N对这些叶片形态指标有极显著地促进作用,基因型和N肥同时影响灌浆期旗叶的SPAD值,而叶片衰老指数主要受基因型调控。总体上看,冬小麦叶片形态指标同时受施N和基因型影响,而生理指标主要受基因型影响,N肥的影响相对较小。

盐胁迫下水稻叶片光合参数对光强的响应

以耐盐性不同的两个水稻品种秋光和辽盐2号为试材,在设定条件下测定长时间NaCl胁迫下水稻剑叶的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)在不同光照强度(PFD)诱导下的反应差异与水稻抗性的关系.结果表明,在不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,随着PFD的升高,两品种的Pn和Gs均呈上升趋势,与对照相比,耐盐品种辽盐2号的Pn增加了14.87%,而秋光的Pn则下降了17.91%.Ci、Ls及Pn/Gs比值的变化趋势表明,气孔因素和非气孔因素对辽盐2号的光合变化起到了积极作用,而气孔因素则是引起秋光光合变化的主要原因.

钾肥对灌浆期冬小麦群体内叶片光合特性的影响

通过在连续6年施钾与不施钾处理的试验区内,对冬小麦(Triticumaestivum)灌浆期群体内旗叶叶片光合特性的研究表明,施用钾肥时,最大净光合速率(Pmax)增加,光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)提高,表观量子效率(α)降低,表观暗呼吸速率(Rd)略有上升;施钾与不施钾处理的净光合速率(Pn)日变化,晴天和阴天均呈单峰曲线,晴天午前与午后及阴天各时刻的瞬间净光合速率(Pn)下降的主要原因是“气孔因素”,而晴天中午前后则更主要是由于“非气孔因素”作用.

Length dependence of electron conduction for oligo(1,4-phenylene ethynylene)s: A conductive probe-atomic force microscopy investigation

The dependence of electron conduction of oligo(1,4-phenylene ethynylene)s (OPEs) on length, terminal group, and main chain structure was examined by conductive probe-atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) via a metal substrate-molecular wire monolayer-conductive probe junction. The electron transport in the molecular junction was a highest occupied molecule orbital (HOMO)-mediated process following a coherent, non-resonant tunneling mechanism represented by the Simmons equation.

Probing Charge Transport of Ruthenium-Complex-Based Molecular Wires at the Single-Molecule Level

A ruthenium(II) bis(sigma-arylacetylide)-complex-based molecular wire functionalized with thiolacetyl alligator clips at both ends (OPERu) was used to fabricate gold substrate-molecular wire-conductive tip junctions. To elucidate the ruthenium-complex-enhanced charge transport, we conducted a single-molecule level investigation using the technique-combination method, where electronic delay constant, single-molecular conductance, and barrier height were obtained by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) apparent height measurements, STM break junction measurements, and conductive probe-atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) measurements, respectively.

Localization of Na+-K+ ATPases in Quasi-Native Cell Membranes

Na+-K+ ATPases have been observed and located by in situ AFM and single molecule recognition technique, topography and recognition imaging (TREC) that is a unique technique to specifically identify single protein in complex during AFM imaging. Na+-K+ ATPases were well distributed in the inner leaflet of cell membranes with about 10% aggregations in total recognized proteins. The height of Na+-K+ ATPases measured by AFM is in the range of 12-14 nm, which is very consistent with the cryoelectron microscopy result. The unbinding force between Na+-K+ ATPases in the membrane and anti-ATPases on the AFM tip is about 80 pN with the apparent loading rate at 40 nN/s.

Sulphonated Tetramethyl Poly(ether ether ketone)/Epoxy/Sulphonated Phenol Novolac Semi-IPN Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

The sulphonated phenol novolac (PNBS) which was used as a curing agent of epoxy was synthesised from phenol novolac (PN) and 1,4-butane sultone and confirmed by FTIR and H-1 NMR. The degree of sulphonation (DS) in PNBS was calculated by H-1 NMR. The semi-IPN membranes composed of sulphonated tetramethyl poly(ether ether ketone) (STMPEEK) (the value of ion exchange capacity is 2.01 meq g(-1)), epoxy (TMBP) and PNBS were successfully prepared. The semi-IPN membranes showed high thermal properties which were measured by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) With the introduction of the corss-linked TMBP/PNBS, the mechanical properties, dimensional stability, methanol resistance and oxidative stability of the membranes were improve in comparison to the pristine STMPEEK membrane.