231 resultados para MtDNA


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人类线粒体DNA(mtDNA)是一个长度16,569bp 的环状分子,编码13 种蛋白 质、22 种tRNA 和2 种rRNA。由于mtDNA 全基因组信息具有缺乏重组、母系 遗传、高突变速率和相对较高的分辨率等特点,近年来已经成为重建人类历史的 重要工具。这些研究已经证实,mtDNA 最古老的六个单倍型类群,L0-L5,在非 洲特异的出现;而6-7 万年前从L3 衍生出的M 和N 两个超类群最终占领了世界 其他地区。然而,mtDNA 全序列研究在世界上某些特定地区尚是一片空白,其 中之一便是作为人类“走出非洲”的关键区域——印度。 为弥补这一空白,我们从 1200 个印度样品中选择了131 个可以代表所有主 要单倍型类群的个体,进行了全基因组扩增和测序,手工重建并软件验证了系统 发育关系树。我们的结果发现了12 个新的印度特有单倍型类群(N5, R7, R8, R30, R31, M34-M40),修订了11 个已知特有单倍型类群(N1d, R5, R6, U2a, U2b, U2c, M2, M4, M5, M6, M30)的定义,详细描述了存在于印度的欧洲特有类群(HV, JT, U, N1, W)。 这一工作产生了多个推论。第一个是关于人类“走出非洲”假说长期以来 存在的争论。欧亚大陆和大洋洲mtDNA 在M 和N(包括R)超类群系统发育关系 上星状和不重叠的分布,表明了人类走出非洲是沿着亚洲海岸线(即所谓的“南 方路线”)的一个快速扩散的过程。第二个推论是关于存在于印度的欧洲特有世 系。与典型的欧洲世系相比,这些世系仅仅存在一到两个突变,从而证实了新石 器时代以来来自于近东新月地带或中亚高原的基因流。第三个推论涉及一个早期 的印度全序列研究。仔细分析其数据表明,他们的数据丢失了很多基部的特有突 变并产生了多个幻影突变,从而证实了系统发育思想对检测数据质量的作用。 随着印度人群 mtDNA 全序列研究的完成,人类mtDNA 系统发育的基本框 架得以建立。人类mtDNA 明显地呈现出大洲特异性分布。目前已经有两种假说用来解释这一现象。传统的观点把这一现象归于遗传漂变;而近期的选择假说认 为选择在人类mtDNA 的分化中扮演了极其重要的角色,而气候是主要的选择压 力。为解决这一争论,我们收集了来自南亚、大洋洲和东亚三个具有不同气候的 地区的mtDNA,使用直接计数的办法比较了各个大洲之间同义突变和异义突变 的差异。结果表明,几乎在所有的基因中,异义突变的数量低于同义突变的数量, 从而表明纯净化选择是人类mtDNA 进化中的主要力量。然而,在这三个大洲之 间没有发现显著的差异,表明mtDNA 在这三个区域上所承受的选择压力基本相 同。这一结果表明,气候不大可能是造成人类mtDNA 分化的主要原因。

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兔属物种的形态特征差异甚微,其分类地位长期存在争议。本研究论文来用线粒体DNA标记从分子水平对兔属物种的系统发育,分类地位以及历史生物地理学进行探讨。我们应用四个线粒体DNA标记:细胞色素b和125基因全序列,ND4和控制区部分序列构建中国野兔和世界范围内的其它兔属物种间的系统发育关系。系统发育关系的构建以鼠兔为外群,采用三种方法:最大简约法(淤),最大似然法(ML)和贝叶斯方法(Bl)。分析结果显示:中国野兔并不是一个单系群。世界范围内的兔属动物形成一个单系,并以地理分布可分为相应的三个种组:北美种组(NortoAmericanspeciesgroup),欧亚种组①urasionspeciesgroP)和非洲种组(S。uthAfricanspeciesgroup)。兔属动物鉴定的29个种可能多于该属的有效种。历史生物地理学的祖先地分析表明:兔属动物起源于北美大陆,通过白令大陆桥扩散到欧亚大陆,最后到达非洲大陆。Brooks简约分析(BPA)揭示兔属物种形成是在扩散事件之后,在不同的地理区域适应当时的生态环境导致种的发生。兔属动物经历了一个快速扩散和种发生的过程。贝叶斯放松分子钟方法估计种组内的分化时间显示:兔属物种的形成是在上新世早期(Plioceneepoch:4.29-5.39MyA)。云南兔(L.comusGAllen1927)是仅分布于云贵高原上的唯一一种兔属物种。我们应用线粒体DNA控制区第一高变区检测云南兔的群体遗传结构和系统地理结构模式,评价地理隔离,如高山、河流等对该物种的群体结构和系统地理模式的影响。分子变异分析显示(AMOVA)不同的地理区域间遗传差异明显,而且成对遗传差异与相应的地理距离成线性关系。错配核普酸分析(Mismatchanalysis)表明云南兔群体近期没有群体扩张。系统地理学的嵌套分析法揭示云南兔现有的群体遗传结构和遗传分化与云南高原复杂的地形地貌相关。高山、河流等地理隔离导致群体间有限的基因流形成了现有云南兔群体的分布。云南兔不同地理区域单倍型的分子系统分析以及明显的群体分化建议云南兔两个亚种的划分(L.c.comusandL.c.peni)。雪兔种组(thetimidusspeciescomplex)是生活于北半球高纬度区域的兔属物种。我们以该种组为模型,采用快速进化的mtDNA控制区序列对它们的系统地理结构进行比较研究。结果表明:雪兔种组以白令海峡为地理隔离存在显著的系变异为7.7%,变异范围从2.4%一11.5%。分子系统分析的最大简约树显示:来自乌孜别克斯坦的两个亚种(seertzoviandnikr枷ontana)首先发生遗传上的分化。之后盘羊祖先群体的扩散导致在中国某些地理区域可能有三个进化谱系的分化。盘羊祖先群体的扩散可能起始于亚洲大陆的西部通过中亚高原向南扩散。分布于中国的盘羊亚种中,阿尔金亚种(O.a.dalai-lamae)与西藏亚种(O.a.hodsoni)有着比蒙古亚种(aa.da附ino较近的系统进化关系。而来自乌孜别克斯坦的两个亚种(servertzoviandnigrimontana)与中国的盘羊亚种有着显著的遗传差异。

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随着社会的进步和医疗卫生水平的不断提高,人类获得了更高的平均寿 命,很多国家都步入了老龄化社会的行列。由于长寿具有遗传的倾向,所以 科学家们致力于人类长寿及衰老性疾病发生机理的研究,目的是为了使人类 在获得更长寿命的同时能够抵御或减缓老年性疾病的侵袭,远离衰老带来的 困扰,享受高质量的生活。 线粒体是真核生物的重要细胞器,具有长度为约为16569bp 的环状 DNA 分子。在人类群体,特别是欧洲群体的相关性研究中,线粒体DNA (mtDNA)编码区和控制区的一些多态性位点显示出与长寿及衰老性疾病的 相关。特别是mtDNA 控制区的C150T 变异除了在多个长寿人群中富集之外, 更是具有改变mtDNA 重链复制起始位点的功能。 为了探讨mtDNA 控制区多态性位点与中国汉族长寿人群是否存在相关 性,本研究在中国四川省都江堰地区采集了556 名年龄90 至108 岁的互无 关系的长寿老人血液样本,其中男性202 名,女性354 名。同时还采集了 214 名长寿老人的亲属和312 名无关对照的血液样本,年龄分别在10 至69 岁之间和22 到73 岁之间。我们对这些样本的mtDNA 通过测序和RFLP 等 手段进行了扫描,采集并记录了mtDNA 单倍型类群信息和控制区位点多态 信息。 在该人群中,本研究发现mtDNA 的主要单倍型类群与长寿没有显著的 相关性,总体单倍型类群频率分布在三个组别中基本一致(p=0.318)。对 mtDNA 控制区C150T 变异的频率在三个组别中做了包括总体频率差异,区 分mtDNA 单倍型类群的频率差异,区分样本性别的频率差异以及mtDNA 单倍型类群与性别信息联合的频率差异的分析。虽然在个别的比较中得到了 显著差异,但经过多重检验校正后,结果均变得不显著。此外,对146、152189 和195 等四个同样处于mtDNA 控制区复制起始区域的变异位点的初步 分析,同样没有获得显著的差异。不支持此前在欧洲长寿人群和日本长寿人 群得到的结论。 综上所述,本研究第一次在中国汉族人群中对mtDNA 控制区多态性与 长寿的相关性进行了研究。mtDNA 与人类长寿的关系还有待于更深层次的 机理性研究和功能性研究来揭示。

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本研究用线粒体细胞色素b 基因全序列和ND4 基因序列探讨了哀牢髭蟾 (Vibrissaphora ailaonica)分子亲缘地理学和保护遗传学,利用线粒体细胞色素b、 控制区全序列和部分12SrRNA 基因序列研究了分布于中国的红瘰疣螈 (Tylototriton verrucosus)分子亲缘地理学和保护遗传学。 哀牢髭蟾为生活于高海拔生境(大约2000-2600m)的濒危蛙类。各种致危因 素引起了关于对小的、隔离种群长期存活的关注,然而迄今没有关于该物种遗传 多样性的报道。本论文首次研究了分布于中国云南省的哀牢髭蟾的亲缘地理学和 保护遗传学。对采自于9 个种群81 个个体,我们应用线粒体mtDNA cyt b 和 ND4 基因共计1990bp, 获得了51 个单倍型。系统发育分析显示三个分化较深且互为单 系的族群,大致相应于分别被元江和藤条江河谷分开的三个地理单元(元江以东、 金平和藤条江以西地理单元),暗示了长期的地理隔离分化。分子变异等级分析 (AMOVA)显示遗传变异主要为三个地理单元之间(81.68%)和种群内的个体之 间(11.26%)。三个地理单元显著的地理分布暗示在空间和时间上的隔离,这与中 国西南地区在晚中新世到上新世的哀牢山的造山运动和隆升所引起的重要的气候 和古地质变化时间相一致。我们推测低海拔干热河谷可能是三个地理单元之间基 因交流受限的主要生态障碍。根据上述研究结果,我们建议对这三个遗传分化显 著的地理单元,元江以东地区、金平地区、藤条江以西地区作为独立的管理单元 分别加以保护。 本研究通过测定中国横断山区的红瘰疣螈(Tylototriton verrucosus)17个采集 点的123个红瘰疣螈标本的线粒体mtDNA Cyt b、D-loop和12SrRNA三个基因片段 (2347 bp)序列,首次研究了红瘰疣螈在横断山区的群体遗传结构和分子系统地理格 局,并讨论了T. shanjing的物种有效性。基于123个样品定义的49个单倍型的贝叶 斯和NJ系统发育分析表明:(1) T. verrucosus和T. shanjing均未各自构成单系,而是 共同构成一个单系群;(2) 横断山区的红瘰疣螈分为3个线粒体DNA地理单元,即滇 东南、滇中-滇西和片马地理单元,并且地理单元间不存在共享单倍型,说明红瘰 疣螈具有明显的系统地理分布格局。AMOVA分析同样表明3个地理单元之间存在 显著差异,并且分子变异主要发生在3个地理单元间(62.4%)。T. shanjing与T.verrucosus的mtDNA cyt b 序列差异平均值仅为1.1%,明显小于它们与两外群(贵 州疣螈和大凉疣螈)及外群间的遗传距离(6.5-9.9%)。因此,根据T. verrucosus和 T.shanjing的遗传差异以及系统发育分析结果都不支持T. shanjing的物种地位,T. shanjing为T. verrucosus的同物异名,并建议恢复T. verrucosus的中文名红瘰疣螈。 基于上述结果,我们建议将分布于滇东南、滇中-滇西、片马地区的红瘰疣螈作 为三个独立的管理单元分别加以保护。

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本文分析了麂属动物及其近缘种的线粒体DNA(Mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA)和核塘体DNA(Ribosomal DNA, rDNA)限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP),建立了麂属动物mtDNA和rDNA的限制性内切酶间谱。据此计算出各个物种的种内及种间的遗传距离,构建了麂属动物的种内及种间的分子聚类图。结果表明,在现生麂类中,黑麂和贡山麂之间的关缘关系最近,其次是费氏麂;印度麂是一个特化的特种,它和黑麂支系(包括费氏麂、贡山麂和黑麂)可能是从小麂的祖先类群中独立分化出来的。在近缘物种中,毛冠鹿与麂属动物的亲缘关系较近。结合前人有关的工作,计算19种鹿科动物之间的遗传距离并绘制它们的分子聚类图。

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我们用8种限制性核酸内切酶(Hpa I、Bgl I、EcoR I、Sca I、BamH I、EcoRV、Stu I、和Apa I)分析来自东北、华北、华东、西南、华南地区的中国貉(Nyctereutes procyonoides)5个地理群体共11只个体的mtDNA多态性,计算各群体间的遗传距离。分别用UPG法和NJ法构建中国貉的系统发生关系。结果表明,云南、广西、安徽群体与华北、东北群体分别构成中国貉的南、北两个支系;根据遗传距离的计算,华北貉可以构成一个独立的亚种;指名亚种中的广西、安徽两群体间的遗传差异较大(p=o.oo97),而广西貉与西南亚种(云南貉)则非常接近(p=o.0047)。这提示,指名亚种内已发生明显的遗传分化。华东(福建)、华南群体(两广)的分类地位及其与其它各群体的遗传关系有待进一步探讨。在所研究的5个群体中,MtDNA差异与群体间的地理距离表现出某种相关性。

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青杨组(Section Tacamahaca Spach)杨树是我国重要的乡土经济树种,目前对其分子遗传变异和系统进化的研究还很少,尤其是在青杨组杨树遗传资源极为丰富的川西地区,杨树的分子进化及亲缘关系的研究极为缺乏,非常不利于该树种遗传资源的开发和利用。本研究从川西地区收集了青杨(Populus cathayana)、青海杨(P. prezewalskii)、滇杨(P. yunnanensis)、康定杨(P. kangdingensis)、西南杨(P. schneideri)、小叶杨(P.simonii)和三脉青杨(P. trinervis)这7 个青杨组树种的10 个群体,利用多种分子标记手段对其种间的亲缘关系进行比较,并结合形态和地史资料进行了全面的研究和评价,得到了如下的主要研究结果: 1. SSR 和ISSR 位点变异丰富。通过10 对引物对50 个杨树个体的DNA 样品进行了SSR 分析,所有位点展现了丰富的群体间和种间的多态性,多态位点率达到了100%,每位点的等位基因数变化范围为5 ~ 17,平均为11.9 个;通过11 条ISSR 随机引物对供试的混合DNA 样品进行分析,共检测到130 个标记,其中多态性标记为119 个,多态百分率为91.5%。研究认为,SSR 单个标记能展现高水平信息,而ISSR 单个引物能探测更多数量多态性。通过两个标记的遗传距离、聚类图和PCA 分析,表明:同一种内不同群体间的同源性最高;康定杨和西南杨有较近的亲缘关系;小叶杨和三脉青杨聚合在一起,显示了其相互较近的亲缘关系;滇杨与其它杨树种可能存在着较远的亲缘关系。 2. 采用4 对选择性引物对7 个青杨组杨树种10 个群体进行AFLP 分析,总共扩增出284 个位点,其中200 个位点显示出了多态性,多态位点百分比为70.4%,平均多态带为50 条。TE-AFLP 的分析总共扩增出192 个位点,其中139 个位点显示出了多态性,多态位点百分比为72.4%,平均多态带为34.7 条。比较的结果表明AFLP、TE-AFLP 的遗传信息含量比较接近,略小于ISSR,大约仅为SSR 的1/3;但这两个基于AFLP 的标记系统的信息探察能力也远大于ISSR 和SSR 标记系统。这两个分子标记的聚类结果,显示小叶杨、三脉青杨和滇杨三个种聚为一组,其中小叶杨与三脉青杨的亲缘关系更近;其它几个杨树种聚为一类,西南杨与青杨表现出较近的亲缘关系。 3. 所有7 对cpSSR 引物中,仅有4 个叶绿体位点在种间具有多态性,而在种内群体中并不具有多态性,共检测出13 个条带,组合成了4 种不同的单倍型;对于cpDNA的5 对引物,共检测出了73 条酶切片段,其中52 条是多态带,组合成了9 种不同的单倍型;而5 对mtDNA 通用引物未能检测出多态性的条带,表现出线粒体的保守性。叶绿体的聚类分析认为,小叶杨、三脉青杨和滇杨有较近的母性起源,且依次聚合;其余四种杨树聚为一类,并且康定杨与西南杨表现出最近的亲缘关系,并依次与青杨和青海杨聚合。 4. 根据本文的分子数据,结合形态和生境分布资料分析认为:青杨组杨树种内群体间的遗传变异程度是小于种间的遗传差异,显示了与传统分类一致的结果;三脉青杨和小叶杨有很近的亲缘关系,可能拥有相同的祖先类群;滇杨与小叶杨和三脉青杨之间具有一定的亲缘关系,特别是在其母性祖先的起源上有着一定的同源性;西南杨与青杨和康定杨均保持着较近的亲缘关系,且有可能是这两个种原始祖先杂交后所形成的。 Although western Sichuan is regarded as a natural distribution and variation center forthe Section Tacahamaca of the Populus species in China, little is currently known about themajority of poplar species occurring in this region. In the present study, molecular data wereutilized to determine the genetic relationships among Populus species in Section Tacamahacain western Sichuan including P. cathayana, P. prezewalskii, P. yunnanensis, P. kangdingensis,P. schneideri, P. simonii and P.trinervis. The results are as fellows: 1. The genetic variation at SSR and ISSR loci was abundant. All the 10 SSR loci werepolymorphic, and the number of alleles per locus varied from 5 to 17 with a mean valueequaling 11.9. Based on the 11 ISSR primers, 130 clear and reproducible DNA fragmentswere generated, of which 119 (91.5%) were polymorphic. Our results reveal that single SSRlocus can present more genetic information, while more polymorphic bands can be detectedby single ISSR primer. Moreover, the genetic distance, cluster and PCA analysisdemonstrated that: a close relationship among accessions of the same species and suggestedmonophyly in P. przewalskii and P. cathayana; P. schneideri is genetically highly similar to P.kangdingensis; P. trinervis and P. simonii have a close genetic affinity; P. yunnanensis isdistinct from the other species. 2. Genetic relationships of poplar species in Section Tacamahaca from western Sichuanwere evaluated by means of AFLP and TE-AFLP. For four AFLP primer combinations, atotal of 284 bands were obtained of which 200 (70.4%) were polymorphic with the average of50 polymorphic bands. For four TE-AFLP primer combinations, a total of 192 band wereobtained of which 139 (72.4%) were polymorphic with the average of 34.7 polymorphicbands. Our results indicate that the genetic information of AFLP is similar to that ofTE-AFLP, and little less than that of ISSR, but only about 1/3 of that of SSR. However, theability of information detection of the two AFLP-based markers is much higher than that ofISSR and SSR. In addition, the cluster analysis of AFLP, TE-AFLP and combined data revealthat: P. yunnanensis, P. trinervis and P. simonii clustered together, and P. trinervis and P.simonii showed more closed affinity; the other four poplar species clustered together, P.cathayana and P. schneideri showed more closed origin especially. 3. The cpSSR analysis for seven Populus species belonging to the Section Tacamahaca.Four out of the seven analyzed chloroplast loci were polymorphic, whereas none of the lociwere polymorphic across the accessions within a species. 13 bands and 4 different kinds ofhaplotypes were reduced. Based on 5 pairs of cpDNA primers, 73 fragments (52 polymorphic)and 9 kinds of haplotypes were produced. However, none of the polymorphic was detected bythe 5 mtDNA primer pairs, revealing conservation of mtDNA region. The cluster analysis ofcpDNA revealed that: similar maternal phylogeny among P. yunnanensis, P. trinervis and P.simonii; the other four species clustered together, P. schneideri and P. kangdingensis showedmore closed maternal lineage especially. 4. Our molecular data, morphological characters and nature habitat revealed that: sameto the traditional taxonomy assignment, genetic variation within a same Populus species islower than that among Populus species in Section Tacamahaca; P. yunnanensis may share itschloroplast ancestor with P. trinervis and P. simonii; moreover, sister genetic relationship of P.trinervis and P. simonii indicated their similar origin; P. schneideri clustered with P.kangdingensis and P. cathayana, respectively, and may have derived from an ancienthybridization event involving the ancestors of the two species.

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依据线粒体上ND2和CO1两个变异较大的基因序列分析了香港地区香港湍蛙7种群、华南湍蛙1种群,以及大陆其他地区华南湍蛙7种群,戴云湍蛙1种群,武夷湍蛙1种群的系统发育关系,进而探讨香港湍蛙的遗传多样性、香港湍蛙特有性、如何确定香港湍蛙最佳保护单元以及这四种湍蛙的物种分类地位。 1. 香港湍蛙保护遗传学研究 香港湍蛙核苷酸传多样性较低,从其遗传多样性信息、单倍型网络分析、中性检验值以及岐点分布结果一致显示香港湍蛙很可能经历了瓶颈后的扩张,种群正在由一个较小的有效种群大小迅速增长, 有足够的时间通过变异用于积累单倍型的多态性, 而对于提高核苷酸多样化而言, 时间尚短(Nei M et al,1975,Avise J C,2000;李明等,2003)。 分子变异分析结果显示香港湍蛙种群间存在较多的基因交流,且系统发育树上各种群间交叉在一起,没有形成与地理单元相关的分支,而从其单倍型网络看,他们源于共同的祖先,是一个单系群,与地理单元间没有形成显著的遗传分化。因此应作为一个进化显著单元(ESU)。结合其与其他湍蛙发育关系及遗传距离以及野外采集信息认为香港湍蛙只在香港地区有分布,属于香港特有种。该物种内遗传多样性较低,又属于世界自然保护联盟红皮书中的近危种,同时也是《野生动物保护条例》中的受保护野生动物,且由于香港城市建设等使得其栖息环境受到威胁,因此在香港特别行政区应该受到重点保护。 从单倍型分布和核苷酸多样性可以看出大榄涌种群和城门种群具有较高的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性,应该作为保护的重点区域。 2. 华南湍蛙东、南沿海种群间系统关系 华南湍蛙分布广,各种群存在着丰富的遗传多样性信息且中部种群广西龙胜和湖南张家界种群核苷酸多样性明显高于其他边缘种群华南湍蛙。种群间几乎没有基因交流,且各种群间无共享单倍型,可见已形成了显著的遗传分化。各种群间遗传距离都较远,其中广东南昆山种群以及福建三港种群与其他种群距离最远,因此可以推测其他种群(广东深圳、香港大屿山、广西龙胜和防城以及湖南张家界种群)可能为独立进化的种群。但是否是一新种或一隐存种,还需要结合形态学进行更深入的研究。 本研究中无论从系统关系看还是从遗传距离看,大屿山种群与深圳种群最近,支持陈坚峰等将其定为华南湍蛙,即华南湍蛙新增一个分布点:香港大屿山。 系统树上广西防城种群(支B)与龙胜和湖南种群(支A)形成姐妹群。香港大屿山种群与深圳种群先形成姐妹群(支C),但却没有与其距离很近的广东南岭及南昆山种群(支D)形成姐妹群,可能粤北和粤中的环境及气候较复杂因此与粤南其他种群形成了明显的隔离。同时可以看出华南湍蛙种群遗传分化与地理距离没有显著的相关性。 3. 四种湍蛙间的系统关系 根据线粒体CO1基因建立四种湍蛙间的系统关系及其遗传距离,很清楚地看到,香港湍蛙与戴云湍蛙关系很近,而华南湍蛙则与武夷湍蛙较近。然而,戴云湍蛙同一个种群内部共有两个单倍型DY1和DY2,且两个单倍型间遗传距离大于DY1与香港湍蛙间遗传距离,更远远大于香港湍蛙种群内部的距离,即戴云湍蛙内部两个单倍型间遗传距离达到了种级水平,同样在系统发育树上这两个单倍型与香港湍蛙形成并系。但是,戴云湍蛙种内在形态上差异不显著。因此,其是否属于萌芽物种分化形成(budding speciation)或已经完全分化为两个不同的种值得进一步研究? 与戴云湍蛙香港湍蛙关系类似,从系统树上看华南湍蛙不形成单系,而是分成两个大支,与武夷湍蛙形成并系,且福建和南昆山的华南湍蛙与武夷湍蛙遗传距离远大于武夷湍蛙种内福建种群与浙江种群的遗传距离,达到了种级分化水平。由此,可以推断武夷湍蛙是有效种。系统树上广东深圳、香港大屿山、广西防城和龙胜以及湖南张家界种群与华南湍蛙福建及南昆山各种群间遗传距离已超出了种内各种群间的遗传距离,但是至于这一支是否应为另外一个种,有必要扩大采样,并结合核基因及形态信息进行进一步研究。 MtDNA of ND2 and CO1 gene were used to investigate genetic diversity of Amolops in Hongkong .We collected seven populations of A. hongkongensis,,one population of A.ricketti from Hong Kong and other seven populations of A.ricketti from East and South of Chinese mainland. As well as one population of A. daiyunensis and one population of A.wuyiensis Phylogenetic relationship were analyzed of four species. Discussed whether A.hongkongensis is an endemic species and how can we make the conservation and management decisions. 1. Conservation Genetics of A. hongkongensis A. hongkongensis has a low nucleotide diversity, the results of genetic diversity, haplotype network, neutrality test and the mismatch distributions indicate that A. hongkongensis experienced a recent expansion after a bottle neck. They had enough time to accumulated haplotype diversity, but it’s too short to have a high nucleotide diversity(Nei M et al,1975,Avise J C,2000;Li et al,2003). The result of AMOVA reveals that it has much gene exchange among the populations of A. hongkongensis. The clades of the phylogenetic tree were mixed together, no significant genetic differentiation among 8 populations and they share the same ancestor from the network analysis, these indicate that they are monophyly and should be protected as one ESU. Combined with the information of relationships of interspecies, genetic distance and distribution investigate, We conclude that A. hongkongensis is an endemic species of Hong Kong. Considering on the status of low genetic diversity in A.hongkongensis, and this species was listed in the IUCN red list as near threatened, as well as listed in the . Furthermore, it’s habitat loss and degradation more rapidly as the human activity got higher and higher. So it’s urgent to protect them in Hong Kong. Our results suggest that Tai Lam Wu and TAI MO Shan -Shing Mun populations have the higher priority to be protected because their higher genetic diversity. 2.Phylogenetic relationships among populations of Amolops ricketti from the Southern and eastern China A. ricketti has the considerable genetic diversity of mitochondrial haplotypes within and among populations, and Mitochondrial DNA diversity was higher in populations at the central area of the present distribution range of the frog,i. e. the Longsheng population and Zhangjiajie population, than at the edges of their distribution range. They have no share haplotype among populations, and have a significant genetic differentiation. Genetic distance is high among the populations, especially the distance of Nankun and Sangang group with others, which suggested that they evolved independently. May be there is a cryptic species or a new species, a further study is needed. The results of gene tree and the genetic distance clearly demonstrate that the population from LanTau island is A. ricketti, so we agree with Chen et al(2005) . That means A.ricketti have a new distribution site: LanTau island, HongKong. Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed through NJ and Mrbayes methods and got a consistent topological structure, the structure indicated that the ingroup were comprised four groups. Populations Longsheng and Zhangjiajie were first clustered as clade A; Populations Fangcheng was clustered together (clade B) as a sister group to clade A;Populations Shenzhen and Lantau island were sister groups and clustered as clade C;Then the clade D included populations Nankunshan and Nanling in Guangdong province and Sangang in Fujian province. 3. Phylogenetic Relationships among these four specises Phylogenetic relationships based on 1503bp CO1 gene and the genetic distance show that A. hongkongensis close to A. daiyunensis whereas A.ricketti near to A.wuyiensis. Nevertheless, there are two haplotypes in A.daiyunensis and the genetic distance between them higher than the distance between DY1 with A. hongkongensis. A. hongkongensis is nested in the paraphyletic ancestral species A. daiyunensis. Without significant difference in the morphological characters, So, we considered both A.daiyunensis and A.hongkongensis are valid species, may be this represents a case of ‘budding speciation’ like Batrachuperus pinchonii(Fu and Zeng,2008) in the population of A. daiyunensis. Just like two species above A. wuyiensis and A. ricketti are not monophyly, instead, A.wuyiensis is nested in the paraphyletic ancestral species A.ricketti. We need do more research to make sure whether they are new species.

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沙蜥属(Phrynocephalus)的卵胎生类群主要分布在我国青藏高原,包括南疆沙蜥(P. forsythii)、西藏沙蜥(P. theobaldi)、红尾沙蜥(P. erythrurus)、贵德沙蜥(P. putjatia)和青海沙蜥(P. vlangalii)。其卵胎生生殖方式适应了高寒生境,与青藏高原隆升有关。纵观前人的研究,上述几种卵胎生沙蜥的分类、系统发育关系以及生物地理都还存在疑问。本文研究了分布在若尔盖湿地的青海沙蜥红原亚种(P. v hongyuanensis)以及分布在黄河上游其它地区青海沙蜥种组的地理分布格局,并探讨了其形成机制。 青海沙蜥在黄河上游主要分布于若尔盖湿地以及青海湖周边地区。若尔盖湿地青海沙蜥红原亚种的生境由于沼泽的形成被切割成不连续的斑块,通过遗传分析可以推测这种特殊生境对它们遗传结构的影响。其次,贵德沙蜥、青海沙蜥的青海湖周边各居群以及若尔盖湿地居群之间的系统地理格局还未见报道。因此本文以居群为单位,将它们作为一个复合体,通过系统地理研究,可以了解其种群遗传结构,据此分析相关的地质历史事件对其分布的影响。主要结果如下: 1. 若尔盖湿地青海沙蜥红原亚种的种群遗传结构: 共研究了三个地理单元(红原(HY)、辖曼(XM)、玛曲(MQ))的7个采集点的72个个体。所有ND4-tRNALeu序列比对得到785 bp的片断,定义了9种单倍型。结果显示总的核苷酸多样性较低,单倍型多样性较高。分子变异分析(AMOVA)显示3个单元间差异显著(P<0.01),遗传变异主要存在于地理单元间,占62.61%。除MQ单元,XM各居群与HY居群混杂在一起,单倍型网络图没有显示出单倍型和地理位置的对应关系。XM单元单倍型的不配对分布(Mismatch distribution)为明显左移的单峰,且Fu’s Fs test为负值,表明XM单元可能经历了近期种群扩张,有足够的时间积累单倍型的多态性,还不足以大幅提高核苷酸多样性,这是其单倍型多样性较高和核苷酸多样性较低的原因。MQ单元遗传多样性低而与其他单元显著分化,推测这与3万年前黄河在若尔盖玛曲之间贯通有关。近期沼泽的形成对XMb居群的隔离时间短,使得其遗传多样性低但还不足以形成大的遗传差异。无论黄河的贯通还是沼泽的形成其隔离形成的时间都不长,其作用改变了单倍型出现的频率,也出现了一些特有单倍型,但共享单倍型还广泛存在,还不足以使得不同居群之间形成较大的遗传距离。 2. 黄河上游青海沙蜥种组的分布格局与地史过程的关系: 黄河上游青海沙蜥种组包括贵德沙蜥、青海沙蜥指名亚种的青海湖周边各居群、青海沙蜥红原亚种若尔盖湿地居群、以及青海湖以西的部分居群(序列由Genbank下载获得),总计22个居群189个样品。所有ND4-tRNALeu序列比对得到703个位点,定义了39种单倍型。以南疆沙蜥为外群构建的贝叶斯树以及MP法构建的无根树,都分为A、B两大组。其中A包括若尔盖湿地居群以及玛多居群(A1)、青海湖以西的居群和兴海居群(A2)、西藏沙蜥;B包括青海湖以南的居群和天祝居群(B1)、青海湖以东北的居群(B2)。单倍型网络图分别对应了系统发育树上的各支。按照系统发育结果分组进行分子变异分析,得到组间变异占88.63%,各组间差异显著(P=0.000)。种群遗传结构分析得到,A1和B2可能经历了近期的种群扩张,前者扩张时间约为0.105-0.189 Ma B.P.(million years before present),后者为0.057-0.102 Ma B.P.,可能与末次间冰期的气候变暖有关。A2和B1对应的两个地理单元都具有较强的种群遗传结构,较为稳定。 青海沙蜥种组A、B两大支之间遗传距离大,分化明显,分化大约发生在4.29-2.38 Ma B.P.,推测青藏运动的A幕运动后复杂的地形变化可能是它们产生分化的原因。B1和B2分化大约发生在1.73-0.96 Ma B.P.,这与湟水流域构造运动发生的时间相符。在早、中更新世时期,B1支内部各居群可能有交流,中更新世末共和盆地出现的抬升以及河流溯源改道等事件可能是引起这支内部多个单倍型丢失的原因。A1、A2支的分化可能与倒数第三次冰期降临之后气候变冷、阿尼玛卿山的大冰帽有关。 The viviparous group of genus Phrynocephalus is mainly distributed in the Qinghai –Tibetan Plateau, including P. forsythii、P. theobaldi、P. erythrurus、P. putjatia and P. vlangalii. These species are adapted well to the cold clime there, and the origin of this group was the result of a vicariance event associated with the uplifting of the Qinghai -Tibetan Plateau. Although many works have been done, there are still several questions about classification、phylogenetic relationships and the biogeography of this group. The phylogeographic pattern of the P. vlangalii complex on the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the P. v. hongyuanensis in Zoige Wetland were studied in this thesis. On the upper reaches of the Yellow River, P. vlangalii complex are distributed in Zoige Wetland and the southeast and northeast region of Kuku-noor Lake. Because of the forming of the wetland in Zoige, the habitats for sand lizards are divided into many discontinuous ones, and it is necessary to analyze genetic structure in these unique habitats. The phylogeographic patter among P. putjatia、populations of P. vlangalii in the southeast region of Kuku-noor Lake and populations of P. vlangalii in Zoige Wetland hasn’t been studied yet, and the complicated geological events of the Plateau may play an important role in the populations’ diversity and species forming there. So these populations were gathered as a complex, and phylogeographic analysis were used to clarify these doubts. According to the two topics above, this thesis has two parts of results as follows: 1. Three geographic units of P. vlangalii hongyuanensis in Zoige Wetland were defined, and they were Xiaman (XM)、Hongyuan (HY) and Maqu (MQ). 785bp fragments of the mtDNA ND4-tRNAleu were determined from 72 samples and nine haplotypes were identified. As a whole, the nucleotide diversity was low,but the haplotype diversity was high. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the three units were distinctly different(P<0.01),and 62.61% of the total genetic diversity was attributable to variation among units. There were 3 haplotypes shared among XM and HY,and no geographic clustering was observed except MQ from the TCS network. The results from the mismatch distribution analysis and Fu’s Fs test implied that there might be a recent population expansion in the XM unit, and this may be the reason why XM had a high haplotype diversity but a low nucleotide diversity. We estimate that the MQ and XMb have lower diversities because of some very recent geographic events, such as the formation of the Yellow river’s upriver and the Zoige Wetland. Although they are distinctly different, not enough time has passed for them to have diverged a great genetic distance. 2. 189 samples in 22 populations of P. vlangalii complex were collected, including P. putjatia、populations of P. vlangalii in the southeast and northeast region of Kuku-noor Lake、 populations of P. vlangalii in Zoige Wetland and the data from Genbank. 703bp ND4-tRNALeu sequences identified 39 haplotypes. P. forsythii was selected as outgroup, and both the Bayesian tree and the MP unrooted tree were divided into two groups(A、B). A included populations in Zoige Wetland and Xinghai(A1)、populations in the west of Kuku-noor Lake(A2)、P. theobaldi, and B included populations in the southeast of Kuku-noor Lake and Tianzhu(B1)、populations in the northeast of Kuku-noor Lake(B2). The haplotype network agreed with these groups. AMOVA showed that these five groups were distinctly different(P<0.01), and 88.63% of the total genetic diversity was attributable to variation among groups. There might be recent population expansion in A1 and A2, which corresponded to the dry climate of the last interglacial period. The expansion times were 0.189-0.105 Ma B.P. and 0.102-0.057 Ma B.P., respectively. A2 and B1 had strong genetic structure. The large genetic distance between A and B showed that they had been separated from each other for a long time(about 4.29-2.38 Ma B.P.), and it corresponded to the A phase of Qingzang Movement. The diversity between B1 and B2 at 1.73-0.96 Ma B.P. may be caused by the geological event in Huangshui valley. In early Pleistocene, populations in B1 may have gene flow because of geographic linkage, and later the uplift of the Plateau and the change of river route there made a few haplotypes lost. A1 and A2 were divided into two parts by A’nyemaqen Mountains at 0.66-0.37 Ma B.P., which maybe corresponded to glaciations at about 0.7 Ma B.P.