223 resultados para 277


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Mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) from East Pacific Rise (EPR) 13 degrees N are analysed for major and trace elements, both of which show a continuous evolving trend. Positive MgO-Al2O3 and negative MgO-Sc relationships manifest the cotectic crystallization of plagioclase and olivine, which exist with the presence of plagioclase and olivine phenocrysts and the absence of clinopyroxene phenocrysts. However, the fractionation of clinopyroxene is proven by the positive correlation of MgO and CaO. Thus, MORB samples are believed to show a "clinopyroxene paradox". The highest magnesium-bearing MORB sample E13-3B (MgO = 9.52%) is modelled for isobaric crystallization with COMAGMAT at different pressures. Observed CaO/Al2O3 ratios can be derived from E13-3B only by fractional crystallization at pressure > 4 +/- 1 kbar, which necessitates clinopyroxene crystallization and is not consistent with cotectic crystallization of olivine plus plagioclase in the magma chamber (at pressure similar to 1 kbar). The initial compositions of the melt inclusions, which could represent potential parental magmas, are reconstructed by correcting for post-entrapment crystallization (PEC). The simulated crystallization of initial melt inclusions also produce observed CaO/Al2O3 ratios only at > 4 +/- 1 kbar, in which clinopyroxene takes part in crystallization. It is suggested that MORB magmas have experienced clinopyroxene fractionation in the lower crust, in and below the Moho transition zone. The MORB magmas have experienced transition from clinopyroxene+plagioclase+olivine crystallization at > 4 +/- 1 kbar to mainly olivine+plagioclase crystallization at < 1 kbar, which contributes to the explanation of the "clinopyroxene paradox".

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结核分枝杆菌(M.tuberculosis),俗称结核杆菌,是引起结核病的病原菌。可侵犯全身各器官,但以肺结核为最多见。结核病至今仍为重要的传染病。估计世界人口中1/3感染结核分枝杆菌。据WHO报道,每年约有800万新病例发生,至少有300万人死于该病。我国建国前死亡率达200-300人/10万,居各种疾病死亡原因之首,建国后,随着人民生活水平提高,卫生状态改善,特别是开展了群防群治,儿童普遍接种卡介苗,结核病的发病率和死亡率大为降低。由于耐药结核的出现已及HIV共感染等因素影响,目前发病率又有上升趋势。对于结核病的防治而言,其首要问题是结核病的诊断,而结核病的实验室检查已成为临床医生诊断结核病、判断疗效和评估预后不可缺少的手段。结核病的临床诊断主要根据病史、痰培养、涂片抗酸染色、胸片等结果,其中痰结核检查是诊断肺结核的重要依据之一,检测方法常规采用细菌学检查。痰中细菌学检查主要采用痰涂片和培养方法,涂片虽简单易行,但阳性率低,培养虽为金标准,但周期太长,均难以满足临床需要。细菌对部分患者可造成误诊或漏诊。近年来随着现代科学技术的不断进展,分子生物学技术在结核病诊断方面取得了显著的成绩,实时动态荧光定量(FQ—PCR)技术又是在原有的PCR技术上一次质的飞跃。 尽管许多文献已经报道了结核耐药的分子机理,但耐药的分子机理并没有充分了解。本研究利用全基因组鸟枪法测序和高通量测序技术,测定了两株结核分枝杆菌菌株TFJA和TFJB全基因组序列,分别为药物敏感株和耐多药株。在序列初步拼接后,获得了由189个DNA contigs(DNA序列连接群)组成的基因组框架图。借助10kb左右插入片段克隆的正反向末端序列信息以及PCR扩增技术,确定了全部DNA contigs在基因组上的物理位置,最后补上了所有“间隙(gap)” ,得到了全基因组序列。三种限制性酶切物理图谱证明了序列拼接的正确性。两株结核菌基因组大小为4.4Mbp左右,GC含量都在65.6%左右,其中TFJB株比TFJA株大7kbp,分别具有3591、3648个基因,83.7%的基因位于先导链上。我们比较了两株细菌的949SNPs位点,发现94个在TFJB中不同nsSNPs,这些SNPs位点的碱基在其它的结核分枝杆菌基因组中是相同的。我们去掉了那些代谢途径与毒力代谢无关的基因,最后选择了6个基因的18个SNP,检测这些SNP在277株耐药或者药物敏感结核分枝杆菌中的保守性以及其耐药相关性。用PCR扩增含有SNP的序列,用统计学检验这些SNP是否耐药相关,结果发现,TFJB0109_CDS04405基因的407位点SNP(g->a)和TFJB0109_CDS00149基因上的SNP(720a->c,722插入t,727t->g,729g->t,以及735g->t)可能与SM耐药相关,其P-value分别是0.04128、0.02160和0.01394(见表3)。 结核是一种慢性传染病,其病原体为TB。在全基因组序列分析研究的同时,我们筛选到一套灵敏度较高、特异性较好的REAL TIME-PCR检测引物,并用它对105份不同发病时间的病人标本进行了检测。初步结果表明,应用本方法,样本检出率为98%,这一结果比涂片及分离培养更灵敏。

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The effects of the timing of first feeding (0, 1 and 2 days after yolk exhaustion) and starvation on the point-of-no-return (PNR), survival and growth of laboratory-reared rock bream larvae were studied under controlled conditions. Larvae began to feed exogenously at 3 days after hatching (dah) and reached PNR on 54 h after yolk exhaustion at 22 +/- 1.5 degrees C. Larvae growth was significantly affected by the time of first exogenous feeding. The growth of 0 day delayed first feeding larvae was obviously faster than those of the other delayed first feeding larvae (P<0.05) whether at 7 dab (SL=3.40 mm, SGR=5.7, CV=4.0) or at 15 dah (SL=4.85 mm, SGR=6.1, CV=8.2) with a more uniform size distribution. Survival of 0 day delayed first feeding larvae and I day delayed first feeding larvae was 13% and 8% at the end of experiment, respectively, while no larvae survived up to 7 dah for 2 days delayed first feeding larvae and unfed larvae. Food resulted in a progressive deterioration of the larval digestive system and atrophy of skeletal muscle fibre. The ratios of head length to SL (standard length), body height to SL and eye diameter to SL were the most sensitive morphometric indices to detect the effects of fasting on larval condition. Present results showed that the combination of morphological and morphometric variables could be used to evaluate the nutritional condition of rock bream larvae. In order to avoid the potential mortality and gain better development, survival and growth in industrial production, the rock bream larvae must establish successful first feeding within 2 days after yolk exhaustion. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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To investigate the antitumor effect of bromophenol derivatives in vitro and Leathesia nana extract in vivo, six bromophenol derivatives 6-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxy benzyl methyl ether (1), (+)-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-bromo-5,6-dihydroxy-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran (2), 3-bromo-4-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-5-methoxymethyl-pyrocatechol (3), 2,2',3,3'-tetrabromo-4,4',5,5'-tetrahydroxy-diphenylmethane (4), bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) ether (5), 2,2',3-tribromo-3',4,4',5-tetrahydroxy-6'-ethyloxymethyldiphenylmethane (6) were isolated from brown alga Leathesia nana, and their cytotoxicity were tested by MTT assays in human cancer cell lines A549, BGC-823, MCF-7, B16-BL6, HT-1080, A2780, Bel7402 and HCT-8. Their inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) with over-expression of c-kit was analyzed also by ELISA. The antitumor activity of ethanolic extraction of Leathesia nana (EELN) was evaluated on S-180-bearing mice. All compounds showed very potent cytotoxicity against all of the eight cancer cell lines with IC50 below 10 mu g/mL. In PTK inhibition study, all bromophenol derivatives showed moderate inhibitory activity and compounds 2, 5 and 6 showed significant bioactivity with the inhibition ratio of 77.5%, 80.1% and 71.4%, respectively. Pharmacological studies reveal that EELN could inhibit the growth of Sarcoma 180 tumor and increase the indices of thymus and spleen to improve the immune system remarkably in vivo. Results indicated that the bromophenol derivatives and EELN can be used as potent antitumor agents for PTK over-expression of c-kit and considered in a new therapeutic strategy for treatment of cancer.

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Biosorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ by Cladophora fascicularis was investigated as a function of initial pH, initial heavy metal concentrations, temperature and other co-existing ions. Adsorption equilibriums were well described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacities were 1.61 mmol/ g for Cu2+ and 0.96 mmol/ g for Pb2+ at 298K and pH 5.0. The adsorption processes were endothermic and biosorption heats calculated by the Langmuir constant b were 39.0 and 29.6 kJ/ mol for Cu2+ and Pb2+, respectively. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo- second order model. No significant effect on the uptake of Cu2+ and Pb2+ by co-existing cations and anions was observed, except EDTA. Desorption experiments indicated that Na(2)EDTA was an efficient desorbent for the recovery of Cu2+ and Pb2+ from biomass. The results showed that Cladophora fascicularis was an effective and economical biosorbent material for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from wastewater.

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茶卡-共和盆地及其毗邻地区位于青海省的东部,约处于北纬34°45'~37°00',东经98°45'~101°30'.海拔2 800~5 305 m,面积约38 300 km2,属于高原大陆性气候类型.本区共有野生种子植物59科、277属、854种.分别占青海省总科数的65.56%、总属数的54.53%、总种数的37.37%.区系特征如下:1、种类相对较贫乏,木本更贫乏.2、就属的层面而言,本区属于以北温带成分,特别是欧亚大陆温、寒地带典型成分为优势的,兼具旱生温性、耐寒温性和高寒类型的温带区系性质.3、许多种、属和热带类型均以本区为边缘分布区,因而区系的边缘性质明显.4、为青藏高原高寒区系、黄土高原温性(草原)植物区系和亚洲东部荒漠区系在我国的交汇过渡区,区系的过渡性质明显.5、是青藏高原植物亚区唐古特地区的一部分.6、是青海植物区系或"唐古特植物地区"划分植物亚地区的关键区域.

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通过SDS-PAGE方法对33份青稞Ⅰ组和5份野生大麦H组染色体编码的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW—GS)的多态性进行了研究。结果表明Ⅰ组和H组染色体编码的HMW-GS亚基之间存在带型差异,Ⅰ组高分子量谷蛋白亚基存在两种带型,一种接近7亚基上部,一种接近7亚基下部,H组内部只有一种带型,靠近10亚基。因此,要改进青稞的面筋品质现状,应在青稞中引入新的优质HMW—GS亚基的变异类型。

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月光及光照作一和种捕食风险对千金动物的微生境利用有明显的影响。野外的无线电遥测资料和室内模拟光照强度的研究表明,艾虎在明亮的月光期明显增加了对平坦灌丛区域的利用时间,灌丛作为一种隐蔽场所减少了艾虎被捕食的风险,艾虎在明亮的月光期增加对灌丛的利用是一种反捕食策略。无论光照强度如何,艾虎对有隐蔽洞道区域的利用程度较高,在无隐蔽物区域采用短时间的活动方式,在有隐蔽物区域采用长时间活动方式。这表明艾虎在进化过程中形成了反捕食策略,而不是躲避捕食的策略。

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Burrowing behaviors of the plateau zokors ( Myospalax bailely) in relation to soil hardness were investigated by using radio2telemetry at Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station ,Qinghai , China. The results showed that there were no differences of burrowing behaviors and the efficiencies of the excavating segment between male and female , except the digging duration of the male was longer than that of the female in the same soil. With increase of soil hardness , digging duration in incisors significantly increased , but dried soil mass dug out by the zokors in each bout reduced. Mean-while the field investigation also showed that soil hardness affected the distribution of the zokor.

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本论文以青藏高原东北部海北地区高寒灌丛(Alpine Shrub)生态系统为研究对象,利用微气象观测系统及涡度相关(Eddy Covariance)技术,自2003年1月1日至2005年12月31日对该类广布于青藏高原的典型高寒草地类型进行长期连续观测。在对生态系统CO2净交换(NEE)以及群落叶面积指数(LAI)、生物量等生物学指标和光合有效辐射(PAR)、温度、土壤水分、脉冲性降水事件等主要环境因子进行连续监测的基础上,重点分析和探讨了海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)在时、日、月及年际尺度上的变化模式,生长季与非生长季高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净交换特征,高寒灌丛生态系统大气CO2源/汇年际差异,土壤温度、昼夜温差、光合有效辐射、脉冲性降水事件等主要环境因子影响。从而,揭示了不同时间尺度下的高寒灌丛生态系统NEE变化规律,阐明主要环境因子对生态系统NEE的影响,明确了该生态系统大气CO2源/汇状况及其季节分布模式;同时,也为青藏高原区域尺度的高寒草地生态系统CO2通量研究和碳收支的估算提供科学依据和基础数据,对进一步揭示我国乃至亚洲陆地生态系统的碳收支状况有着重要意义。主要研究结果概括为以下几个方面: 1、海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统净生态系统CO2交换时动态特征存在很大的季节性差异,暖季小时NEE变化振幅大,CO2净吸收的极值一般出现在午间,最大吸收量为1.7 g CO2 m-2 h-1左右。夜间为CO2净释放,净生态系统交换值较为稳定(0.5~ 0.9 g CO2 m-2 h-1);冷季日变化振幅极小,除14:00~18:00时一定量CO2释放外,其余时段通量均很小。 2、从日平均净生态系统CO2交换来看,6~9月日平均NEE一般为负值(CO2净吸收),2003~2005年6~9 月间日平均NEE分别为-5.65 g CO2 m-2 d-1、-6.08 g CO2 m-2 d-1和-4.81 g CO2 m-2 d-1;而10~12月及翌年1~5月期间日平均NEE通常为正值(CO2净释放),该时段3年高寒灌丛日平均净生态系统CO2交换分别为1.91 g CO2 m-2 d-1、1.90 g CO2 m-2 d-1和2.19 g CO2 m-2 d-1。2003~2004年高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净释放维持天数分别为249 d、 254 d和264 d,2003年净释放维持天数最少,而净吸收维持天数2005年最少(101d)。2003、2004和2005年全年日平均CO2净吸收分别为0.611 g CO2 m-2 d-1、0.759 g CO2 m-2 d-1和0.167 g CO2 m-2 d-1。 3、就季节差异而言,2003、2004和2005年整个生长季节高寒灌丛平均CO2日净生态系统交换分别为-3.99 g CO2 m-2 d-1、-4.59 g CO2 m-2 d-1、-3.27 g CO2 m-2 d-1。7、8月生长季节CO2净吸收的最高,2003、2004、2005年7月和8月份高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净吸收分别为222 g CO2 m-2 和224 g CO2 m-2、355 g CO2 m-2和216 g CO2 m-2、263 g CO2 m-2和186 g CO2 m-2。在相对短暂的生长季节海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统表现出显著的大气CO2净吸收能力,2003、2004和2005年生长季节高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净吸收量分别为610 g CO2 m-2、701 g CO2 m-2和500 g CO2 m-2。相对于温度等环境因子,高寒灌丛生态系统生长季白昼NEE小时变化规律更受光合有效辐射变化的影响。 4、2003~2005年非生长季节日平均NEE分别为1.83 g CO2 m-2、2.01 g CO2 m-2和2.07 g CO2 m-2。4月和10月是非生长季节CO2净释放的最高月份,2003、2004和2005年全月净释放量为105 g CO2 m-2和77 g CO2 m-2、105 g CO2 m-2和117 g CO2 m-2及105 g CO2 m-2和138 g CO2 m-2,2003~2005年整个非生长季CO2净释放分别为CO2为388 g CO2 m-2、425 g CO2 m-2和439 g CO2 m-2。非生长季节海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统NEE小时变化与5 cm土壤温度存在极显著的正相关关联,表明在非生长季节土壤温度是影响青藏高原高寒灌丛生态系统NEE的重要环境因子。 5、从生态系统CO2源/汇特征来看,海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统2003、2004和2005年全年净CO2固定总量分别为223 g CO2 m-2 a-1、277 g CO2 m-2 a-1和61 g CO2 m-2 a-1,3年平均CO2值为187 g CO2 m-2 a-1。在为期3年的研究时段海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统表现为弱的大气二氧化碳的汇。 6、高寒灌丛群落表观光合量子产额(a)和表观最大光合速率(Pmax)受叶面积指数的影响。在6~9月份期间,由于LAI的不同,a和Pmax值差异明显,7、8月份较高而6月和9月明显较低。海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统a和Pmax值高于西藏当雄地区高寒草甸生态系统,但低于平原地区相关生态系统。 维持天数2005年最少(101d)。2003、2004和2005年全年日平均CO2净吸收分别为0.611 g CO2 m-2 d-1、0.759 g CO2 m-2 d-1和0.167 g CO2 m-2 d-1。 3、就季节差异而言,2003、2004和2005年整个生长季节高寒灌丛平均CO2日净生态系统交换分别为-3.99 g CO2 m-2 d-1、-4.59 g CO2 m-2 d-1、-3.27 g CO2 m-2 d-1。7、8月生长季节CO2净吸收的最高,2003、2004、2005年7月和8月份高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净吸收分别为222 g CO2 m-2 和224 g CO2 m-2、355 g CO2 m-2和216 g CO2 m-2、263 g CO2 m-2和186 g CO2 m-2。在相对短暂的生长季节海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统表现出显著的大气CO2净吸收能力,2003、2004和2005年生长季节高寒灌丛生态系统CO2净吸收量分别为610 g CO2 m-2、701 g CO2 m-2和500 g CO2 m-2。相对于温度等环境因子,高寒灌丛生态系统生长季白昼NEE小时变化规律更受光合有效辐射变化的影响。 4、2003~2005年非生长季节日平均NEE分别为1.83 g CO2 m-2、2.01 g CO2 m-2和2.07 g CO2 m-2。4月和10月是非生长季节CO2净释放的最高月份,2003、2004和2005年全月净释放量为105 g CO2 m-2和77 g CO2 m-2、105 g CO2 m-2和117 g CO2 m-2及105 g CO2 m-2和138 g CO2 m-2,2003~2005年整个非生长季CO2净释放分别为CO2为388 g CO2 m-2、425 g CO2 m-2和439 g CO2 m-2。非生长季节海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统NEE小时变化与5 cm土壤温度存在极显著的正相关关联,表明在非生长季节土壤温度是影响青藏高原高寒灌丛生态系统NEE的重要环境因子。 5、从生态系统CO2源/汇特征来看,海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统2003、2004和2005年全年净CO2固定总量分别为223 g CO2 m-2 a-1、277 g CO2 m-2 a-1和61 g CO2 m-2 a-1,3年平均CO2值为187 g CO2 m-2 a-1。在为期3年的研究时段海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统表现为弱的大气二氧化碳的汇。 6、高寒灌丛群落表观光合量子产额(a)和表观最大光合速率(Pmax)受叶面积指数的影响。在6~9月份期间,由于LAI的不同,a和Pmax值差异明显,7、8月份较高而6月和9月明显较低。海北地区高寒灌丛生态系统a和Pmax值高于西藏当雄地区高寒草甸生态系统,但低于平原地区相关生态系统。

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水环境中金属离子-腐殖质-矿物(或细菌)之间的相互作用能够显著影响金属离子在地质体的迁移和归宿。文章综述了水环境中腐殖质对金属离子在矿物、微生物等表面吸附行为影响的研究现状,分析讨论了复合型表面的基本特点、腐殖质对金属吸附到矿物表面的影响因素、腐殖质影响细菌表面吸附金属离子的机理以及对于三相体系不同研究者的研究思路与结论等。

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总结介绍了核磁共振波谱法在腐殖质研究中的应用情况及进展,包括^13C核磁共振波谱的应用、腐殖质的组成、腐殖质的网状结构模型及腐殖质研究的环境意义等。

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贵州贵定半边街式锌矿床是近年新发现的一种矿床类型,根据目前的揭露情况,主要的矿化形式为块状闪锌矿及球粒状闪锌矿,次要的矿化形式为纹层状黄铁矿闪锌矿组合,主要的蚀变为硅化,表现为硅质角砾或碎屑的重新胶结。

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在25~100℃, C0 = 5 μg/g和不同pH值条件下, 对泥炭和褐煤与含锗溶液(Ge4+)的相互作用进行了实验研究. 研究结果表明: (1)酸性(pH0 = 2.96)条件下, 泥炭和褐煤对溶液中锗的表观转化率与温度呈明显的正相关; 同等实验条件下, 实验所采用的褐煤对锗的表观转化率明显高于泥炭, 但其有机转化率低于泥炭; 泥炭和褐煤与含锗溶液相互作用的活化能分别为30.96和15.67 kJ·mol-1. (2)强酸(pH0 = 2.96)、强碱(pH0 = 12.08)条件有利于泥炭和褐煤对锗的转化; 在40 = 6.38)条件有利于褐煤对锗的转化. (3)泥炭和褐煤与含锗溶液相互作用的反应机理可能主要是有机质对锗的配合作用. 上述结果为煤中锗超常富集的热水沉积成因提供了最直接的实验证据.