XPS STUDY ON TERNARY CROSSLINKED BLOCK-COPOLYMER FROM CONDENSATION OF OLIGODIMETHYLSILOXANE WITH POLY-PARA-HYDROXYSTYRENE AND POLYARYLSULFONE OLIGOMERS

XPS has extensively been applied to the study of polymers, in which a considerably important topic is the surface phase separations in block copolymers and blends. Copolymers (or blends) will produce a phase separation if their components are in-

含苯胺五聚体嵌段共聚物的合成及生物医学应用

随着高分子材料在生物医学领域研究的深入，电活性高分子以其特有的化学和物理性质，受到国内外学者的广泛重视。电活性高分子，尤其是聚苯胺，在空气中稳定，导电性较高，能可逆氧化还原且无细胞毒性，因而在生物医学领域得到了较为广泛的应用，包括生物传感器、组织工程支架、用于粘附蛋白质或DNA的基质及电化学控制释放药物的电极等。但是限制聚苯胺在体内应用的最大问题是它的不可降解和不可吸收性，长期存在体内会造成炎症反应，需要二次手术取出。为了解决这个问题，我们设计合成了一系列新颖的共聚物材料，采用可生物降解的小分子量脂肪族聚酯（包括聚乳酸和聚己内酯）和电活性的苯胺五聚体利用N,N'-二环己基碳二亚胺（DCC）缩合法形成嵌段共聚物，得到了具有电活性的可生物降解材料，并证明这些共聚物材料具有很好的生物相容性，在电刺激条件下能够促进细胞的生长和分化，有望作为支架材料在神经组织工程中得到应用。我们还利用聚乙二醇和苯胺五聚体合成具有电活性的三嵌段共聚物，这种三嵌段共聚物在稀溶液中能够自组装成电刺激和pH响应敏感的球形胶束，而在浓溶液中能够形成具有微米尺寸的“沙漏”型组装体。三嵌段共聚物的这些独特的性质使其在药物控制释放等领域有着广阔的应用潜能。

两亲性三嵌段共聚物在选择性稀溶液中的自组装及应用

本论文主要研究了ABA和ABC型两亲性三嵌段共聚物在选择性稀溶液中的自组装行为，得到了多种形态新颖、结构复杂多样的胶束，研究了这些复杂胶束的形成过程，探讨了影响胶束形态的各种因素并通过适当的方法对胶束形态进行调控。研究了聚乙烯基毗陡（P4VP）／聚苯乙烯（PS）三嵌段共聚物P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP在二氧六环／水中的自组装行为，成功得到了嵌段共聚物环状胶束，并通过实验研究了环状胶束的形成过程。结果表明，胶束形态依赖于退火时间的长短。随着退火时间的延长，胶束结构从棒状过渡到环形结构。以实验结果为基础提出了环状胶束形成的新的机理，即囊泡塌陷形成环。同时，通过改变实验条件还得到了一些新型的环状复合结构，如环套环形、鸟状、哑铃形、戒指形、网络状等结构，并得到了与计算机模拟一致的结果。通过不同的方法对ABA型三嵌段共聚物（P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP）在选择性溶液中的自组装胶束形态进行调控：首先，详细研究了P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP在不同的共溶剂中的自组装行为。结果表明通过单纯改变共溶剂的性质可以很方便地调节胶束的形态，得到了球、棒、囊泡等结构。并用混合溶剂的方法得到了长度和直径可控的纳米线胶束。同时，通过加入第二种选择性溶剂（核层嵌段PS的选择性溶剂甲苯）的方法使形成胶束的核层嵌段在胶核中的伸展程度增加，从而使胶束形态发生转变。其次，研究了加入表面活性剂十五烷基苯酚（PDP）以构建分子间氢键来调节P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP的胶束形态。结果表明，通过调节PDP的加入量可以使胶束形态发生从球到棒，到网络状、再到囊泡结构的转变。通过实验对比系统地研究了PDP的加入对胶束形态转变的影响，提出了相应的形态转变机理。再次，研究了不同分子量的嵌段共聚物之间共混及共聚物与均聚物共混对胶束形态的影响。结果表明加入亲油嵌段的均聚物对共聚物胶束形态影响非常明显，胶束形态与加入的均聚物的分子量及加入量直接相关。同时得到了一些新形态的胶束，如海绵状、笼子状等。共聚物共混的研究结果表明：通过两种不同分子量的共聚物共混可以得到这两种共聚物胶束的过渡态结构。用共聚物混合的方法还可以得到一些具有生物模拟性的胶束结构，如乌贼状、章鱼状等。这加深了人们对囊泡的形成机理及各种胶束形态之间形态转变的认识。P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP通过在二氧六环／水中的自组装形成了囊泡，结果表明囊泡的尺寸依赖于初始状态下共聚物在共溶剂中的浓度及退火时间。除得到常规的球形囊泡外，还得到一些非球形囊泡，如长条形、三角形、项链形等囊泡结构。结合计算机模拟的方法研究了囊泡的形成机理，发现这些不同结构的囊泡的形成是由于初始状态下密度涨落所引起的。研究了实验中经常出现的各种胶束形态共存现象的原因，发现体系中亚稳态的存在是多形态共存的重要原因之一。通过聚苯乙烯一左聚乙烯基毗睫一左聚氧乙烯（PS一b一PZVP一b一PEO）在THF／水中的二次自组装首次得到了一种具有生物模拟性的巨大的节状蠕虫胶束（SWM）。研究发现，SWM是由重复单元盘状结构和丝状结构相连组成的。最令人吃惊的是这种SWM与自然界中的一些生命体如蛆叫、蛹、昆虫类的幼虫结构非常相似。通过对SWM形成过程中的中间态胶束结构的深入研究发现SWM是由球形胶束通过二次自组装形成的。SWM的形成过程可以分为三个阶段：ABC三嵌段共聚物先组装形成球形结构；这些球型结构粘连在一起形成梭形的中间结构；这些梭状中间结构中的球经过重组和重新调整各嵌段的排布最终形成SWM。用所得到的嵌段共聚物胶束为模板，采用无电沉积的方法成功制备了各种形态的金属一有机高分子纳米复合材料。用简单的方法还得到了导电金属金一银的双金属纳米结构材料。这些纳米结构材料在微电子器件等领域有潜在应用价值。以上研究结果丰富了人们对嵌段共聚物在选择性介质中自组装行为的理解，为人们提供了对生物材料自组装本质的理解的依据。这在两亲性分子在溶液中自组装的基础研究方面以及基于这些自组装形态而构建结构及功能更复杂的纳米结构材料等方面都有一定的意义。

苯乙烯－已内酯两嵌段共聚物及共混物的结构研究

本论文采用阴离子逐步加料方法，成功地合成了各种组成法的PS－b－PCL嵌段共聚物。通过对PS－b－PCL嵌段共聚物的微相结构的透射电镜观察发现PS－b－PCL随PCL含量的不同及制样条件的变化，可以形成不同的微相结构。在PS－b－PCL/PCL共混体系中，发现了体系可以形成规则的环状球晶，而且消光环之间的距离随嵌段共聚物含量增加而减小，同时还发现环状球晶中有更细微的结构。

Synthesis and luminescence properties of hybrid organic-inorganic transparent titania thin film activated by in-situ formed lanthanide complexes

Stable transparent titania thin films were fabricated at room temperature by combining thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA)-modified titanium precursors with amphiphilic triblock poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO, P123) copolymers. The obtained transparent titania thin films were systematically investigated by IR spectroscopy, PL emission and excitation spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. IR spectroscopy indicates that TTFA coordinates the titanium center during the process of hydrolysis and condensation. Luminescence spectroscopy confirms the in-situ formation of lanthanide complexes in the transparent titania thin film.

Synthesis and micellization of star-like hyperbranched polymer with poly(ethylene oxide) and Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) arms

Novel star-like hyperbranched polymers with amphiphilic arms were synthesized via three steps. Hyperbranched poly(amido amine)s containing secondary amine and hydroxyl groups were successfully synthesized via Michael addition polymerization of triacrylamide (TT) and 3-amino-1,2-propanediol (APD) with feed molar ratio of 1:2. H-1, C-13, and HSQC NMR techniques were used to clarify polymerization mechanism and the structures of the resultant hyperbranched polymers

Biodegradable Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes Based on Methoxy Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(alpha,L-glutamic acid) and Chitosan

We synthesized methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(alpha,L-glutamic acid) (mPEGGA) diblock copolymer by ring-opening polymerization of N-carboxy anhydride of gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate (NCA) using amino-terminated methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) as macroinitiator. Polyelectrolyte complexation between mPEGGA as neutral-block-polyanion and chitosan (CS) as polycation has been scrutinized in aqueous solution as well as in the solid state.

Synthesis and properties of novel polyimides from sulfonated binaphthalene dianhydride for proton exchange membranes

A sulfonated dianhydride monomer, 6,6-disulfonic-4,4'-binaphthyl-1,1',8,8'-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (SBTDA), was successfully synthesized by direct sulfonation of the parent dianhydride, 4,4'-binaphthyl-1,1',8,8'-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA), using fuming sulfuric acid as the sulfonating reagent. A series of sulfonated homopolyimides were prepared from SBTDA and various common nonsulfonated diamines. The resulting polymer electrolytes, which contain ion conductivity sites on the deactivated positions of the aryl backbone rings, displayed high proton conductivities of 0.25-0.31 S cm(-1) at 80 degrees C. The oxidative stability test indicated that the attachment of the -SO3H groups onto the dianhydride units did not deteriorate the oxidative stability of the SPI membranes.

Effect of the nature of annealing solvent on the morphology of diblock copolymer blend thin films

The morphologies and structures for the thin film of blend systems consisting of two asymmetric polystyrene-block-polybutadiene (SB) diblock copolymers induced by annealing in the vapor of different solvents, namely, cyclohexane, benzene, and heptane, which have different selectivity or preferential affinity for a certain block, were investigated by tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results revealed that even a slight preferential affinity of good solvent for one block would strongly alter the morphology of the blend thin film.

Biomimetic crystallization of unusual macroporous calcium carbonate spherules in the presence of phosphatidylglycerol vesicles

We report the interesting finding that crystallization of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the presence of dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) vesicles by a simple gas diffusion method results in the formation of unusual microscopic CaCO3 spherules. The experimental results indicate that the as-prepared CaCO3 spherules, which have a complex macroporous structure, are predominantly vaterite. It is believed that DMPG vesicles play an important role in the process of crystallization, and the possible formation mechanism is proposed.

Formation of reversible shell cross-linked micelles from the biodegradable amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(L-cysteine)-block-poly(L-lactide)

A novel biodegradable diblock copolymer, poly(L-cysteine)-b-Poly(L-lactide) (PLC-b-PLLA), was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of N-carboxyanhydride of beta-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-Cysteine (ZLC-NCA) with amino-terminated Poly(L-lactide) (NH2-PLLA) as a macroinitiator in a convenient way. The diblock copolymer and its precursor were characterized by H-1 NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The length of each block polymer could be tailored by molecular design and the ratios of feeding monomers.

Self-assembly of a hydrophobic polypeptide containing a short hydrophilic middle segment: Vesicles to large compound micelles

This report describes a facile route to prepare the vesicles and large compound micelles (LCMs) from a series of poly(epsilon-benzyloxycarbonyl L-lysine)-block-poly[diethylene glycol bis(3-amino propyl) ether]-block-poly(epsilon-benzyloxycarbonyl L-lySine) (PZLL-DGBE-PZLL) in their water solution, depending on molecular weight of the polypeptides. A pyrene probe is used to demonstrate the aggregate formation of PZLL-DGBE-PZLL in solution, and also to measure their critical micelle concentration as a function of molecular weight of the polymer.

Aliphatic Poly(ester-carbonate)s Bearing Amino Groups and Its RGD Peptide Grafting

This article deals with (1) synthesis of novel cyclic carbonate monomer (2-oxo [1,3]dioxan-5-yl)carbamic acid benzyl ester (CAB) containing protected amino groups; (2) ring-opening copolymerization of the cyclic monomer with L-lactide (LA) to provide novel degradable poly(ester-carbonate)s with functional groups; (3) removal of the protective benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) groups by catalytic hydrogenation to afford the corresponding poly(ester-co-carbonate)s with free amino groups; (4) grafting of oligopeptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Tyr (GRGDSY, abbreviated as RGD) onto the copolymer pendant amino groups in the presence of 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI).

Ion-Responsive Behavior of Ionic-Liquid Surfactant Aggregates with Applications in Controlled Release and Emulsification

We propose a simple but efficient, rapid, and quantitative ion-responsive micelle system based on counter-anion exchange of a surfactant with an imidazolium unit. The ion-exchange reaction results in the amphiphilic-to-hydrophobic transition of the imidazolium salt, leading to the destruction of the micelles, which has been successfully applied to control led release and emulsification.