Magnetic and optical properties of cobalt nanowires fabricated in polycarbonate ion-track templates

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Preparation and characterization of CdS nanotubes and nanowires by electrochemical synthesis in ion-track templates

CdS nanotubes and nanowires have been synthesized with controlled dimensions by means of template-electrodeposition method in etched ion-track membranes. The diameters of nanotubes and nanowires are between 20 and I 10 nm, and the lengths are up to tens of micrometers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern investigations demonstrate that CdS nanotubes and nanowires are polycrystalline in nature. The UV-vis absorption spectra of CdS nanotubes and nanowires embedded in polycarbonate (PC) membranes show that the absorption edges of PC films shift towards the shorter wavelength, with decreasing diameters of the deposited nanostructures. The results indicate that nanowires are formed from nanotubes by nanotube-stuffing-growth mechanism.

Preparation of silver nanowires in ion-track membranes

Polycarbonate (PC) membranes were irradiated with swift heavy ions and latent tracks were created along the ions' trajectories. Nanopores, diameters between 100 and 500 nm, were obtained after illuminating the membranes with UV light and etching in NaOH solution. Silver nanowires were produced in the etched ion-track membranes by electrochemical deposition. The morphology and crystallinity of the silver nanowires were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Under certain conditions (deposition voltage 25 mV, current density 1-2 mA.cm(-2), temperature 50 degrees C, electrolyte 0.1 mol.L-1 AgNO3), single-crystalline silver nanowires with preferred orientation along the [111] direction can be synthesized.

Electrochemical fabrication of single-crystalline and polycrystalline Au nanowires: the influence of deposition parameters

We report the electrochemical growth of gold nanowires with controlled dimensions and crystallinity. By systematically varying the deposition conditions, both polycrystalline and single-crystalline wires with diameters between 20 and 100 nm are successfully synthesized in etched ion-track membranes. The nanowires are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning tunnelling microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The influence of the deposition parameters, especially those of the electrolyte, on the nanowire structure is investigated. Gold sulfite electrolytes lead to polycrystalline structure at the temperatures and voltages employed. In contrast, gold cyanide solution favours the growth of single crystals at temperatures between 50 and 65 degrees C under both direct current and reverse pulse current deposition conditions. The single-crystalline wires possess a [110] preferred orientation.

Medium-spin states in Ge-70 and the role of the g(9/2) orbital

Medium-spin states of Ge-70 have been studied via the Ni-60(C-12,2p gamma)Ge-70 reaction at 45 MeV. The ground-state band and the second 0(+) band have been extended to the 12(+) and 8(+) states, respectively. Two negative-parity bands, one of which has a coupled structure and the other has a decoupled structure, have been observed additionally. Although the latter decoupled structure was known up to the (21(-)) state from a previous experiment, the part of the level scheme up to the 15(-) state has been largely modified by the present experiment. Backbendings observed in the positive- and negative-parity yrast bands have been compared with those of the neighboring even Ge isotopes. The experimental level structure has been compared with the shell-model calculations in the model space (2p(3/2), 1f(5/2), 2(p1/2), 1g(9/2)) employing two kinds of effective interactions, one of which is an extended P + QQ interaction with monopole interactions and the other is developed from a renormalized G matrix. Microscopic structures of the observed bands have been discussed with the help of the shell-model calculations.

Electrochemical polymerization and characterization of polypyrrole nanowires and nanotubules

Polypyrrole nanostructure arrays, including simultaneously large quantities of nanowires and small quantities of partially filled nanotubules have been electrochemically synthesized in home-made etched ion-track polycarbonate (PC) templates. Diameter of the prepared nanostructures varies from 45 to 320 nm with their lengths up to 30 microns. Morphological studies of these nanostructures were performed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Raman spectroscopy. While optical absorption properties were studied by ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrophotometry (UV-vis-NIR). It has been observed that the absorption maximum of polypyrrole shifts to the longer wavelength side as the diameter of these nanostructures (nanowires and nanotubules) increases. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of Crystallographic Texture on Magnetic Characteristics of Cobalt Nanowires

Cobalt nanowires with controlled diameters have been synthesized using electrochemical deposition in etched ion-track polycarbonate membranes. Structural characterization of these nanowires with diameter 70, 90, 120 nm and length 30 mu m was performed by scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The as-prepared wires show uniform diameter along the whole length and X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that [002] texture of these wires become more pronounced as diameter is reduced. Magnetic characterization of the nanowires shows a clear difference of squareness and coercivity between parallel and perpendicular orientations of the wires with respect to the applied field direction. In case of parallel applied field, the coercivity has been found to be decreasing with increasing diameter of the wires while in perpendicular case; the coercivity observes lower values for larger diameter. The results are explained by taking into account the magnetocrystalline and shape anisotropies with respect to the applied field and domain transformation mechanism when single domain limit is surpassed.

Controlled crystallinity and crystallographic orientation of Cu nanowires fabricated in ion-track templates

The hallmark of materials science is the ability to tailor the structures of a given material to provide a desired response. In this work, the structures involving crystallinity and crystallographic orientation of Cu nanowires electrochemically fabricated in ion-track templates have been investigated as a function of fabrication condition. Both single crystalline and polycrystalline nanowires were obtained by adjusting applied voltages and temperatures of electrochemical deposition. The anti-Hall-Petch effect was experimentally evidenced in the polycrystalline nanowires. The dominant crystallographic orientations of wires along [111], [100], or [110] directions were obtained by selecting electrochemical deposition conditions, i.e., H2SO4 concentration in electrolyte, applied voltage, and electrodeposition temperature.

Segmented All-Platinum Nanowires with Controlled Morphology through Manipulation of the Local Electrolyte Distribution in Fluidic Nanochannels during Electrodeposition

Synthesis of segmented all-Pt nanowires is achieved by a template-assisted method. The combination of a suitably chosen electrolyte/template system with pulse-reverse electrodeposition allows the formation of well-defined segments linked to nanowires. Manipulation of the morphology is obtained by controlling the electrokinetie effects on the local electrolyte distribution inside the nanochannels during the nanowire growth process, allowing a deviation from the continuously cylindrical geometry given by the nanoporous template. The length of the segments can be adjusted as a function of the cathodic pulse duration. Applying constant pulses leads to segments with homogeneous shape and dimensions along most of the total wire length. X-ray diffraction demonstrates that the preferred crystallite orientation of the polycrystalline wires varies with the average segment length. The results are explained considering transitions in texture formation with increasing thickness of the electrodeposit. A mechanism of segment formation is proposed based on structural characterizations. Nanowires with controlled segmented morphology are of great technological importance, because of the possibility to precisely control their substructure as a means of tuning their electrical, thermal, and optical properties. The concept we present in this work for electrodeposited platinum and track-etched polycarbonate membranes can be applied to other selected materials as well as templates and constitutes a general method to controlled nanostructuring and synthesis of shape controlled nanostructures.

水稻外观品质稳定性分析及G×E互作与气候因子的关系

基于AMM I模型,研究了25个水稻品种外观品质性状与环境的交互作用,并对参试品种垩白品质性状的稳定性、G×E互作与气候因子的关系及气候生态适应性进行了探讨。结果表明,稻米长、宽及长宽比的G×E互作效应差异不显著,垩白率和垩白度的G×E互作效应达到了1%的显著水平。在此基础上将参试品种分为稳定性最好垩白适中、稳定性适中垩白较小及稳定性和垩白性状均较差三类。垩白品质性状的iPCA与水稻生育期内的气温、日照、降雨的相关分析表明气候因子是决定G×E互作的一项重要环境因子。据此得到不同品种对气候因子的最佳品质适应性,如品种V 9和V 24(沈农9819和0142)的垩白率对温度较低的环境,V 23(盐优5858)的垩白度对相对寡照高温的环境具有特殊适应性,在实际生产中选择与这些品种有负向互作的地点可获得较低的稻米垩白率和垩白度。

Controllable synthesis of gold nanowires

In this work, we demonstrate a new and simple method for preparing Au nanowires by ethanol reduction of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (HAuCl4) without additional capping agents by a thermal process. The resulting products were investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy. transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that the size and shape of the Au nanocrystals could be controlled by systematic variation of the experimental parameters including the concentration of HAuCl4 in the reaction solution, heating temperature and reaction time.

Aggregation-based growth of silver nanowires at room temperature

We describe an aggregation-based growth mechanism for formation of silver nanowires at room temperature. It is found that the pH of solution and the concentration of L-cysteine capping molecules have an important effect on the formation and growth of nanowires. Characterization by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and UV-vis spectroscopy recorded as time clearly shows that the silver nanowires are grown at the expense of nanoparticles.

One-dimensional CaWO4 and CaWO4:Tb3+ nanowires and nanotubes: electrospinning preparation and luminescent properties

One-dimensional CaWO4 and CaWO4:Tb3+ nanowires and nanotubes have been prepared by a combination method of sol-gel process and electrospinning. X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), photoluminescence (PL), low voltage cathodoluminescence (CL) and time-resolved emission spectra, as well as kinetic decays were used to characterize the resulting samples. The results of XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTA indicate that the CaWO4 and CaWO4: Tb3+ samples begin to crystallize at 500 degrees C with the scheelite structure. Under ultraviolet excitation and low-voltage electron beams excitation, the CaWO4 samples exhibit a blue emission band with a maximum at 416 nm originating from the WO42- groups, while the CaWO4:Tb3+ samples show the characteristic emission of Tb3+ corresponding to (D4-F6,5,4,3)-D-5-F-7 transitions due to an efficient energy transfer from WO42- to Tb3+.