Analysis of mussel standard reference material by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

A method for the analysis of mussel standard reference material by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry( ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) was developed. K, Na, Ca, Mg, P, Al, Fe, Zn, Mn and Sr were determined by ICP-AES and As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Ge, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, U and V by ICP-MS, The interference coefficients at the Mn-55, Se-78, Cu-63, Co-59, Ni-58, Ni-60, As-75, Se-77, V-51, Cr-53 and Cr-52 originating from polyatomic ion of the matrix elements (KO)-K-39-O-16, K-39(2), (ArNa)-Ar-40-Na-23, (CaO)-Ca-43-O-16, (CaO)-Ca-42-O-16, (CaO)-Ca-44-O-16, (PO2)-P-31-O-16, (ArCl)-Ar-40-Cl-35, (ArCl)-Ar-40-Cl-37, (ClO)-Cl-35-O-16, (ClO)-Cl-37-O-16 and (ArC)-Ar-40-C-12 were determined under the selected operation parameters. The major matrix elements, such as K, Na and Ca, result in the suppression of analytes signals. The apparent concentration at the significant biological element which was produced by the different digestion methods, (.) HNO3 + H2O2 (3 + 2), HNO3 + HClO4 (3 + 0.5) and HNO3 + H2SO4 (3 + 0.5),was determined. The sample digested by HNO3 + H2O2 did not give rise to interfere on the analyte, and the backgrounds of Se-77, Ga-69, Zn-67, As-75, V-51, Cr-53 and Cr-52 were increased by HNO3 + HClO4 digestion method, that affected the determination of these elements, especially the monoisotope As and V. Sample digested by HNO3 + H2SO4 increased the backgrounds at Cu-65, Zn-64 and Zn-67. Detection limits of ICP-AES are 0.001 similar to 0.75 mg/L and those of ICP-MS are 0.005 similar to 1.01 mu g/L. The relative standard derivations of ICP-AES and ICP-MS are 2.7% similar to 12.8%, 3.4% similar to 24.8%, respectively.

电感耦合等离子体光谱和质谱法分析贻贝标准物质

采用电感耦合等离子体光谱和质谱法分析了贻贝标准物质,光谱法测定K、Na、ca、Mg、P、Al、Fe、Zn、Nn和Sr,质谱法测定As、B、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ca、Ce、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Se、Sr、U和V。在优化的工作条件下,测定了来自基体元素K、Na、Ca、P、Cl和C的多原子离子~(39)K~(16)O、~(39)K_2、~(40)Ar~(23)Na、~(43)Ca~(16)O、~(42)Ca~(16)O、~(44)Ca~(16)O、~(31)P~(16)O_2、~(40)Ar~(37)Cl、~(35)Cl~(16)O、~(37)Cl~(16)O和~(40)Ar~(12)C对~(55)Mn、~(78)Se、~(63)Cu、~(59)Co、~(58)Ni、~(60)Ni、~(75)As、~(77)Se、~(51)V、~(53)Cr和~(52)Cr的干扰系数以及HNO_3+H_2O_2(3+2)、HNO_3+HClO_4(3+0.5)和HNO_3+H_2SO_4(3+0.5)等3种样品消解方法在一些生物重要元素的同位素处产生的表观浓度。光谱法的检出限0.001～0.75mg/L;质谱法的检出限0....

Mossbauer spectra of Fe-57 in a thick film of YBa2(Cu0.97Fe0.03)(3)O7-x irradiated by a large dose of gamma-rays

Mossbauer spectra of Fe-57 in a thick film YBa2(Cu0.97Fe0.03)(3)O7-x irradiated by a large dose of gamma-rays from Co-60 have been measured. The variation of the relative intensities of some subspectra of Fe-57 in the. Mossbauer spectra of the thick film YBa2(Cu0.97Fe0.03)(3)O7-x after irradiation can be observed. This variation indicates that the change of the coordination environment around some Fe atoms in the lattice occurs due to irradiation. The relative intensity of subspectrum D1(Fe) at the Cu(1) site decreases and that of subspectrum D4(Fe) at the Cu(1) site increases. This may be because of the possible oxygen atom hopping between the coordination environments of D1(Fe) and D4(Fe) in the lattice caused by irradiation. The effect of irradiation on the coordination environment around the Fe atom at the Cu(2) site is not appreciable. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

层状La-Ba-Cu复合氧化物在CO还原NO反应中活性的研究

氮氧化物是严重的空气污染物,催化消除氮氧化物是环保催化研究的热点问题,在已有报道的催化剂体系中复合氧化物和含铜分子筛受到人们的普遍关注,文献中已有报道ABO_3(A=Ln;B=Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni)型复合氧化物作为CO还原NO反应的催化剂.但迄今尚未见有合成LaCuO_3的报道,有关含铜复合氧化物作催化剂的大多是A_2BO_4型的.呈ABO_3结构的含铜复合氧化物只有成层状的超导体如YBa_2Cu_3O_7,本文为了探讨复合氧化物晶体结构对催化活性的影响,首次研究了3种层状ABO_3结构的La-Ba-Cu复合氧化物对CO还原NO反应的活性,发现它们均具有较高的活性,并首次提出了Ba离子在此反应中的作用.1 实验方法催化剂的制备和Cu价态分析见文献[4,5]CO还原NO反应在固定床流动反应体系中进行,反应管为内径6mm石英管,催化剂粒度为40～80目,用量0.2g,空速为7000h~(-1),原料气为NO7.5×10~(-3),CO8.0×10~(-3),He平衡.采用英国产的Pyc Pan气相色谱分析检测N_2O,CO_2,0.5nm分子筛色谱柱检测NO,CO转化率. H_2-TPR在自制装置上...

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱测定镁-钕合金中稀土和非稀土元素

本文研究了ICP-AES测定Mg-Nd合金样品中10种元素的分析方法。选择了同时测定合金中La、Ce、Pr、Sm、Fe、Al、Mo、Ni、Cu和高含量Nd(20％)的条件。得到了满意结果。

CaS:Cu~+的热释发光性质

近年来对一些稀土和重金属离子在碱土金属硫化物的热释发光有过研究,,如CaS: Ce~(3+)和CaS:Bi~(3+)体系。N.Singh et al.(3)研究了CaS:Cu,Al以及CaS:Cu,Cl在UV辐照下热释发光峰值温度分别为80℃和75℃。我们用二甲亚砜硝酸钙为原料合成的CaS :Cu~+磷光体,在UV(366nm)辐照下,热释发光峰值温度大于100℃,峰值温度随铜离子浓度变化。

中国河口、近岸海洋沉积物酸提取相中元素相关性及其背景值的研究

本文详细研究了黄河口（五、八月）、长江口、龙口湾、日照近海以及冀东唐海近岸海域表层沉积物中元素Zn、Pb、Ni、Cu、Co、Fe、K、Corg、Cr、Mn、P的总量和元素Zn、Cu、Pb、Co、Cr、Li、Ni、Mn、Fe、K 、Al、P的可提取量。在此基础上，着重研究了沉积物中元素总量间的相关性、元素可提取量间的相关性、元素的含量与粒度组成之间的关系、元素的总量与可提取量的关系以及可提取部分背景值等几个方面的内容。通过对不同地区不同类型的大量沉积物的研究结果表明：沉积物中元素Cu、Zn、Ni、Fe、Corg、Cr的总量在不同河口、不同类型的沉积物中与其它元素存在着显著的正相关关系。考虑到参比元素的限制条件，可以利用Ni、Fe、Corg、Cr作为参比元素，这些参比元素在不同地区、不同类型的沉积物中具有普遍性。元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Fe、K、Cr、Corg、Mn的总量与粘土含量呈显著的正相关关系。用1N HCl或0.5N HCl+H_2O_2提取沉积物，元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Co、Li、Ni、Fe、K、Al的提取量之间以及与其它元素的可提取量存在显著的正相关关系。Li、Ni、Fe、Al、Co同样可以作为参比元素，这比用总量来评价环境质量具有更方便的特点。元素Zn、Cu、Pb、Co、Li、Ni、Fe、K的可提取量与粘土含量成显著的正相关关系。与1N HC1、0.5N HCl+H_2O_2两种提取方法相比较，25%(V/V) CH_3COOH只提取了部分结合松散的金属，元素的可提取量之间以及与粘土含量之间的相关关系较差。采用不同的提取方法，元素的提取率的大小顺序与提取方法是一致的，与沉积物的区域及类型关系不明显。元素的提取率与粘土之间相关性差，说明虽然随着颗粒变细，各元素含量的绝对值增加，但相对比例变化不明显。在以上内容研究的基础上，提出了沉积物中元素可提取部分背景值的概念，这个概念具有一定的普遍性，对今后环境质量的正确评价，特别是评价对生物体影响方面，更具有重要的意义。Li、Al、K三种元素在采用提取量进行环境质量评价时，可以作为参比元素。这在以前的文献中尚没有报道，是在前人工作的基础上的又一发展。初步发现了沉积物中部分元素可提取相的元素粒度控制规律。

东太平洋海隆13°N附近沉积物中的热液活动记录

本文以东太平洋海隆13ºN附近E53沉积物岩芯为研究对象，进行了矿物学、全岩化学分析及连续提取分析，探讨了沉积物中的热液活动记录及元素存在形式，并结合已有的测年数据，对研究区域的热液活动过程进行了初步讨论。 E53岩芯分为三层，上层为红褐色沉积层，中层为棕黄色沉积层，下层为灰绿色沉积层。沉积物岩芯的X射线衍射结果显示，E53岩芯上层非晶质的铁锰氧化物含量较高，中下段方解石含量较高。根据元素在岩芯全岩及各相态间的存在状况，将常量及微量元素分组讨论。Fe、Mn元素以铁锰氧化物相为最重要的赋存相，且与全岩样品一致，呈现随深度下降趋势。Al、Ti、Ba主要存在于残留相中；K、Na、Mg主要赋存相为碳酸盐相；Ca、Sr同样主要存在于碳酸盐相中。微量元素Mo、Co、V、Cu、Zn、Ni、Y和Pb元素主要存在于铁锰氧化物相，且含量均随深度增加而下降。Th、Sc、Li和Zr的主要存在于残留相中；Cd、U主要存在于碳酸盐相中。稀土元素存在形式有以下三个特点：1、主要存在于铁锰氧化物相中，并且呈现出随深度增加含量下降的趋势；2、次要存在形式为碳酸盐相，随深度增加含量上升并一度超过残留相中的含量；3、在有机结合相和残留相中含量很低，且变化幅度不大。 根据本文讨论结果，结合前人年代数据，认为E53岩芯中记录的为程度逐步加强且在近期保持稳定的热液活动。

青藏高原3种秦艽组植物微量元素比较分析

利用全谱直读等离子体发射光谱法（ICP—AES）测定了3种秦艽组植物10种微量元素（Cu，Zn，Fe，Mn，Ni，Co，Sn，V，Al，Ti）的含量，并进行了比较分析。结果表明，所测定元素在3个不同物种内的含量排列顺序基本一致，显示了三者在元素富集方面的相似性。就同一种元素在3个物种内的富集水平而言，以麻花艽根部具有较高含量的元素Cu，Zn，Co，Al和Ti，管花秦艽根部则大量富集了其余5种微量元素，达乌里秦艽对元素的吸收积累能力居中，揭示了不同物种对同一元素富集能力的差异。该研究可为秦艽类植物资源的深入开发利用提供参考。

利用激光诱导击穿光谱对铝合金成分进行多元素同时定量分析

利用激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析了铝合金中多种元素的成分。采用Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器,在空气环境下烧蚀铝合金固体样品获得等离子体。利用多通道光栅光谱仪和CCD检测器对200～980nm波长范围的光谱进行同时检测。研究了检测时延、激光脉冲能量、元素深度分布对光谱强度的影响,考虑这些因素之后对实验参数进行了优化。在优化的实验参数下对国家标准铝合金样品中的八种元素Si,Fe,Cu,Mn,Mg,Zn,Sn及Ni进行了定标,并利用定标曲线对一种铝合金样品进行了定量分析。实验结果表明,测量结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)最大为5.89%,相对误差在-20.99%～15%范围内,说明对铝合金样品成分进行定量分析,激光诱导击穿光谱是一种有效的光谱分析工具,但是分析结果的准确度仍需要提高。

中国北方中新世风尘物质来源及古气候的地球化学指示

The most prominent tectonic and environmental events during the Cenozoic in Asia are the uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau, aridification in the Asian interior, and onset of the Asian monsoons. These caused more humid conditions in southeastern China and the formation of inland deserts in northwestern China. The 22 Ma eolian deposits in northern China provide an excellent terrestrial record relative to the above environmental events. Up to date, many studies have focused on the geochemical characters of the late Mio-Pleistocene eolian deposits, however, the geochemical characteristics of the Miocene loess and soils is still much less known. In this study, the elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of the eolian deposits from the Qinan (from 22.0 to 6.2 Ma) and the Xifeng (from 3.5 Ma until now) loess-soil sections were analyzed to examine the grain size effects on the element concentrations and the implications about the dust origin and climate. The main results are as follows: 1. The contents of Si, Na, Zr and Sr are higher in the coarser fractions while Ti and Nb have the highest contents in the 2-8 μm fractions. Al, Fe, Mg, K, Mn, Rb, Cu, Ga, Zn, V, Cr, Ni, LOI have clear relationships with grain-size, more abundant in the fine fraction while non significant relationship is observed for Y. Based on these features, we suggest that K2O/Al2O3 ratio can be used to address the dust provenance, and that VR (Vogt ratio = (Al2O3+K2O)/(MgO+CaO+Na2O)) can be used as a chemical weathering proxy for the Miocene eolian deposits because of their relative independence on the grain size. Meanwhile, SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio is a best geochemical indicator of original eolian grain size, as suggested in earlier studies. 2. Analyses on the Sr and Nd isotope composition of the last glacial loess samples (L1) and comparison with the data from the deserts in northern China suggest that that Taklimakan desert is unlikely to be the main source region of the eolian dust. In contrast, these data suggest greater contributions of the Tengger, Badain Jaran and Qaidam deserts to the eolian dust during the last glacial cycle. Since the geochemical compositions (major, trace, REE and Sr, Nd isotope) of loess samples for the past 22 Ma are broadly similar with the samples from L1, these data trend to suggest relatively stable and insignificant changes of dust sources over the past 22 Ma. 3. Chemical weathering is stronger for Miocene paleosol samples than for the Plio-Pleistocene ones, showing warmer/more humid climatic conditions with a stronger summer monsoon in the Miocene. However, chemical weathering is typical of Ca-Na removal stage, suggesting a climate range from semiarid to subhumid conditions. These support the notion about the formation of a semi-arid to semi-humid monsoonal regime by the early Miocene, as is consistent with earlier studies.

东天山镁铁-超镁铁岩铜镍硫化物矿床通道式成矿机制与岩体含矿性评价研究

A mafic-ultramafic complex belt well developed in Eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang, NW China, which contains a series of Cu-Ni sulfide deposits. This area is the important production basis for Cu-Ni deposits, including Tulargen deposit, Hulu deposit, Huangshan-Huangshandong deposit, Hulu deposit, Xiangshan deposit, Tianyu deposit, Chuanzhu deposit. In China, especially Eastern Tianshan, it is prevalent that large Cu-Ni deposits occurred in small intrusions, typically including Jinchuan, Kalatongke, et al., so the ore-forming mechanism and evaluation rule for those small intrusions are very meaningful and of universal significance. On the basis of the research to typical Cu-Ni deposits, ore-forming conditions and processes are summarized through which to evaluate the ore-bearing potential for barren intrusions and unexplored mafic-ultramafic intrusions. By the contrast, metallogenic rule and mechanism of ore genesis are concluded, and evaluation system is preliminarily set up on the basis of these conclusions. Quantitatively simulation for the composition of olivine is introduced for the first time in China to discuss the interaction between magma and sulfide, and a new method to calculate the Mg-Fe composition of primitive magma is developed. Interaction between magma and sulfide liquid is used to get the Ni content in sulfide liquid. Sulfur isotopic characteristics in sulfide minerals in country rocks and ores are used to judge crustal sulfur introduction, which is applied for the first time in China. Re-Os isotopic characteristics are related to the ore-forming process, to interpret the process of enrichment of chalcophile elements. On the basis of the evaluation system, Mati, Chuanzhu, Luodong, Xiadong, those intrusions are evaluated to their ore-bearing potential. According to the studies to typical Cu-Ni deposits, conduit-type ore-forming model is set up, and the characteristics of the model are concluded systematically. The evaluation system and conduit-type ore-forming model can be helpful to the evaluation of mafic-ultramafic intrusions in this and similar mafic-ultramafic intrusion belts. The studied typical deposits and mafic-ultramafic intrusion include Tulargen deposit, Hulu deposit, Huangshandong deposit, Chuanzhu deposit, Mati intrusion，Luodong intrusion, Xiadong intrusion, and others. Through studies, there are similar characteristics for Tulargen and Hulu deposits in magma origin, composition of primitive magma（MgO=12.5%, FeO=12% and MgO=11%, FeO=10.5% respectively）, magma evolution, mechanism of sulfide segregation and conduit-type ore-forming process. By Re-Os isotopic system, the ore forming date of Tulargen deposit is 265.6±9.2Ma, which is consistent to regional metallogenic event, but little younger. The Mg-Fe composition of primitive magma of Baishiquan, Huangshandong area, Kalatongke is lower than that of Tulargen and Hulu deposit, showing common basalt composition. The Mg# value（Mg#=(Mg/Mg+Fe）increases gradually from Kalatongke to Baishiquan to Huangshan-Huangshandong East. Baishiquan intrusions show relatively higher crustal contamination by evidence of trace element, which indicates the lower magma original source, from depleted mantle to crust. One break is the discovery of komatiitic intrusion, Xiadong intrusion, which shows characteristics of highly magnesium (Max Fo=96). The primitive magma is calculated of MgO=28%，FeO=9%, belonging to komatiitic magma. Tectonic evolution of Eastern Tianshan is discussed. By the statistics of ore-forming data of porphyry copper deposits, magmatic sulfide Cu-Ni deposits, orogenic hydrothermal gold deposits, we believe that those deposits are the successive products of oceanic subduction, are and back-arc basin collision and post-orogenic extention. And Cu-Ni sulfide deposits and orogenic gold deposits occurred in the stage of post-orogenic extention. According to the conclusions, the conduit-type ore-forming mechanism of magmatic sulfide deposit is set up, and its characteristics and conditions are concluded as well. The conduit-type ore-forming system includes magma generation, sulfide segregation, enrichment of chalcophile elements, interaction of sulfide and magma, sulfide collection in limited space in magma conduit and bottom of the chamber, which make a whole ore-forming system.The ore-forming process of Cu-Ni sulfide deposits is concluded as three steps: 1. mantle derived magma rises upward to the middle-upper crust; 2. magma suffers crustal contamination of different degrees and assimilates crustal sulfur, which leads to sulfur saturation and sulfide segregation. Sulfide liquid interacts with magma and concentrates chalcophile elements; 3. enriched sulfide located in the conduit(Tulargen) or bottom of the chamber (Hulu). Depleted magma rises upward continuously to form barren complexes. For the practical cases, Tulargen deposit represents the feeding conduit, and Hulu deposit represents the bottom of the staging magma chamber. So the deeper of west of Tulargen and southwest of Hulu are the favorite locate for ore location. The evaluation for ore potential can be summarized as follows: (1) Olivine can be served as indicator for magma evolution and events of sulfide segregation; (2) Sulfur isotopic characteristics is an efficient method to judge sulfur origin for magmatic sulfide deposit; (3) Re-Os content of the ores can indicate interaction between sulfide and silicate magma and crustal contamination; (4) PGE mineralization is effected by degree of partial melting of mantle; (5) Cu/Zr is efficient parameter to judge sulfide segregation; (6) The effects of multiple magma fractionation and emplacement are important, for inverse order shows the destruction to previous solid lithofacies and orebodies. Mati, Chuanzhu, Xiadong, Luodong, mafic-ultramafic intrusions are evaluated using evaluation system above. Remarkable Ni depletion is found in olivine of Mati, and southwest of the intrusion can be hopeful location for ore location. Chuanzhu intrusion has remarkable evidence of sulfide segregation, but the intrusion represents the narrow feeder conduit, so the wide part of the conduit maybe the favorite location for sulfide to deposit. The ore potential of Luodong and Xiadong is not good. Both the intrusions show no Ni depletion in olivine, and there is no sulfide in country rocks, so no crustal sulfur is added into the magmatic system. For Sidingheishan, a very large intrusion, the phenomenon of sulfide segregation is found, but there are no favorite places for sulfide to deposit. So the Cu-Ni ore potential maybe not good, but PGE mineralization should be evaluated further.

渔塘坝硒矿硅质岩的地球化学特征及成因

渔塘坝硒矿床是目前我国发现含硒量（8590×10^-6）最高的小型独立硒矿床，其赋矿岩石主要为硅质岩，且发育程度较高。早二叠世晚期的黑色碳质硅质岩系，是区内的赋矿层位，它局限于特定的沉积相位，即碳酸盐合地海盆浅部沼泽（藻沼）环境沉积的黑色碳质硅质岩相带，硒矿化层和这套碳质硅质岩相带密切相关，其矿化相带呈NW向展布。硅质岩的SiO2含量变化较大（64.2%-94.85％），平均为75.9%;Fe2O3、Fe2O3、FeO、MnO、TiO2、Al2O3和MgO等含量相对，与其它热水成因硅质岩相近；硅质岩富含As、Sb、Fe和Ag，而贫Cu、Co和Ni；在Al-Fe-(Cu+Co+Ni)三角图、U-Th相关图和P2O3-Y相关图上的投影特征，也同样显示出硅质岩的热水成因特征。另本区硅质岩中的Cr含量较大，且（Fe+Mn）/Ti的比值为6.34，这表明硅质岩在成因上还可能和二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩喷发的火山作用有一定的联系。

热带亚热带季风气候条件下表生成矿地球化学－以个旧和老挝Nameung、Boloven地区为例

在前人对热带亚热带季风型气候条件下云南个旧砂矿、老挝Xaymomboun特区Ban Nameung铜多金属矿和Champasak省Boloven高原玄武岩等研究成果基础上，采用典型表生矿床实证解剖思路，选择个旧白云岩风化剖面、锡铅砂矿、锰结核、砂矿重选流程、Ban Nameung硫化氧化矿和Boloven玄武岩风化壳等对象，通过岩矿鉴定、主量微量元素地球化学、稀土元素地球化学、人工重砂、化学物相和微区分析等研究手段，研究这些矿床表生成矿物质来源、成矿机理、矿床地球化学特征和矿物工业可利用性等内容，并探索热带亚热带季风型气候条件下典型矿床表生成矿三个问题：（1）Sn、Pb、Mn、Ag、REE、Nb、Ta、Ga和Cd等元素表生富集成矿（矿化）规律；（2）上述元素成矿机理和工业利用可能性；（3）典型矿床其他20几种元素表生贫化与富集规律。研究获得如下主要认识： 1. 个旧地区燕山期以来持续抬升和亚热带季雨林的表生环境，使个旧地区大面积出露的碳酸盐岩风化形成强烈岩溶地貌，碳酸盐岩风化过程中CaO和MgO大量淋失，为砂矿提供了巨大容矿空间，同时碳酸盐地区碱性环境有利于原生硫化矿分解。含矿或不含矿白云岩、花岗岩、玄武岩、夕卡岩和原生硫化矿石等风化形成粘土矿物和铁锰氧化物，释放出Sn、Pb、Mn、Ga、Cd、Ag、In、Cu和Zn等元素，难风化重矿物如锡石表生残留富集，而粘土矿物和铁锰氧化物对成矿元素吸附是砂矿表生成因机理之一。 2. 个旧地区岩溶型砂矿形成机理为：（1）原生重矿物残留富集成矿，如锡石、磁铁矿。（2）金属硫化物残留成矿，如砂矿中残存大量方铅矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿，是原生硫化物残留结果。（3）表生矿物富集成矿，如白铅矿、孔雀石、自然铅和自然铜等富集。（4）铁锰氧化物吸附和包裹成矿，如铁锰氧化物吸附Pb和Ga等元素，包裹含Pb和Zn微粒矿物。（5）锰结核吸附包裹成矿，锰结核吸附和包裹Sn、Pb和Cu等元素和微粒矿物。（6）类质同象成矿，如Ga和Al类质同象，Cd和Zn等类质同象成矿。（7）岩溶作用成矿，岩溶落水洞或溶洞内水流冲刷使锡石等重矿物富集成矿。元素表生成矿不仅是单一成矿作用结果，而是综合作用结果，如Pb有表生矿物富集成矿，也有铁锰氧化物吸附成矿。 3. 砂矿中锰结核是锰铁结核，主要成分为Fe2O3 、Al2O3、SiO2和MnO等，包裹了赤铁矿、方解石、云母、石英、蒙脱石、高岭石、白云石、钾长石等和锡石、白铅矿等矿物。锰结核中Mn、Sn、Pb、Ag、Ga、Cd和In富集成矿，Cu和Zn富集矿化，锰结核比砂矿更富集Mn、Pb和REE，其成矿机理应是吸附和包裹成矿元素或矿物使其富集成矿。 4. 个旧表生砂矿共生伴生组分复杂，有用矿物有锡石、方铅矿、白铅矿、黄铜矿、自然铅、自然铜、孔雀石、软锰矿、白钨矿、磁铁矿和褐铁矿等。模拟岩溶作用自然过程中砂矿矿物流向的源兴采选车间砂矿重选流程结果表明，锡铅精矿中Pb、Ga、Mo、Cd、In、Cu和Zn等金属总实收率仅为3.03％～6.44％，绝大部分金属留在了尾矿中。一段床和矿泥床分析中，Ag和Mn回收率低于0.66％～0.29％，Ag富集在硫化物态中，没有富集在铁锰氧化物态中；Mn富集在碳酸盐态中，没有铁锰氧化物态中。整个流程中Pb、Mn、Cu和Zn等富集在碳酸盐态矿物中，没有富集在硫化物态中。选矿流程没有利用具有潜在利用价值矿物如磁铁矿。重选流程解释了岩溶过程能富集Pb、Mn、Cu和Zn的碳酸盐矿物，不能富集这些元素的硫化矿物。 5. 老挝Ban Nameung硫化矿氧化初期，风化产物中Ag、Pb、Zn和Cu淋失，SiO2、K2O和CaO富集，风化后期Ag、Fe和Mn富集。硫化矿风化过程中，Au硫化物态部分变为有机态和铁锰氧化物态；Ag硫化物态部分变为铁锰氧化物态和有机态；Cu硫化物态部分变为铁锰氧化物态和碳酸盐态；Pb硫化物态、吸附态、碳酸盐态和铁锰氧化物态部分变为铁锰氧化物态、碳酸盐态和有机态；Zn硫化物态变为部分铁锰氧化物态、有机态、碳酸盐态和吸附态矿物。随着风化作用加强，上述几种相态比例还会改变。 6. 老挝Boloven新生代亚碱性玄武岩富Nb、Ta和Ga等微量元素，风化壳中REE、Nb、Ta和Ga已富集成矿，∑REE最高775×10-6～1003×10-6，（Nb2O5＋Ta2O5）最高642×10-6~656×10-6，Ga最高81.6 ×10-6。风化壳中达到边界品位的（Nb2O5＋Ta2O5）厚度有2m以上。REE可能存在于含P和Ti矿物中，也可能形成REE独立矿物。Nb、Ta和Ga应赋存在Ti、U、Zr和Th矿物中，其成矿应是重矿物表生残留富集结果，与粘土矿物吸附和三水铝石关系不紧密。

云贵高原湖泊近代沉积作用的Fe、Mn、S指示

铁、锰、硫具有强烈的氧化还原敏感性，在湖泊沉积地球化学过程中扮演着重要的角色。铁、锰、硫控制了沉积物中的氧化还原分带，对磷及其它一些微量金属元素的形态和分布具有重要影响。因此本文中我们选择铁、锰、硫来指示湖泊沉积作用中氧化还原过程的变化，为进一步高精度提取环境信息奠定基础。本文对比阿哈湖、洱海和阳宗海，通过铁、锰、硫在湖水、孔隙水和沉积物体系内的垂直剖面特征分析，阐述了三湖沉积物中氧化还原过程的区别、氧化还原边界层对铁锰循环的控制作用以及铁-锰-硫对重金属的控制作用，深入探讨了铁、锰、硫及微量元素记录的早期成岩改造特征及其对湖泊沉积作用的指示意义，进一步阐明了沉积物中的有机质降解规律及早期成岩机制，获得了如下结论：1．阿哈湖水中铁、锰出现季节性释放，锰的季节性释放强度比铁大；在冬季和夏季，阿哈湖沉积物界面铁、锰均出现富集。冬季的富集程度强于夏季，锰的富集程度远远强于铁。沉积物表层由冬季的黄褐色转变为夏季的黑色，表示铁、锰氧化物层转变为FeS层。2．洱海沉积物中，铁、锰均在沉积物一水界面出现富集，界面以下，铁、锰的含量逐渐递降。铁、锰在孔隙水中产生扩散迁移，而在沉积物表层形成富集，说明洱海沉积物表层处于较好的含氧状况，氧化还原边界层处于沉积物中；阳宗海沉积物孔隙水中铁锰峰值均位于界面2cm处，而沉积物中铁在表层出现亏损，表明夏季阳宗海表层处于缺氧状态，氧化还原边界层位于湖水中。3．铁、锰的界面扩散和沉降通量在不同湖间差异较大。但锰的扩散通量占沉降通量的比例高于铁，锰在界面的沉积后再迁移程度和沉积记录的改造程度比铁显著。湖泊中铁、锰在有机质降解过程的驱动下，围绕沉积物一水界面形成氧化还原循环。其中锰的循环相当激烈，铁则较为缓和。铁、锰界面循环受氧化还原边界层和沉积物—水界面的双重控制。4．三湖沉积物界面处均存在硫酸盐的还原作用。洱海硫酸盐由于其含量较低以及表层良好的含氧状况因此不可能成为有机质降解的主要氧化剂，而阳宗海和阿哈湖则情况相反。阿哈湖沉积物柱芯好氧菌和SRB的分布进一步证实了表层处硫酸盐在SRB的参与下强烈的还原作用，同时说明有机质的好氧和厌氧降解并不是完全对立的；水体向沉积物内部扩散是高硫酸盐浓度湖泊的主要清除作用，而对于低硫酸盐含量湖泊而言，水体浮游生物如藻类吸收和同化作用应是水体硫酸盐的主要清除机制。5．三湖沉积物硫主要都以黄铁矿存在。阳宗海的AVS含量较高，AVS和FeS_2在界面的富集进一步证实了在阳宗海沉积物界面存在着强烈的硫酸盐还原作用；阿哈湖沉积物中硫酸盐的还原与季节无太大联系。在夏季和冬季，沉积物表层均表现出明显的SO_4~(2-)还原作用。只不过随着氧化还原边界层的迁移，SO_4~(2-)还原作用的范围也随之发生迁移。铁氧化物作为电子受体参与有机质分解的过程中，水铁矿和纤铁矿等Feo首先被还原而溶解出来。同时，Feo和Fec是可以互相转化的，针铁矿和赤铁矿等晶体铁氧化物可以向水铁矿和纤铁矿转化。6．三湖中Corg都表示出明显的降解趋势，证明了沉积物表层存在的早期成岩作用。洱海表现出“沉降一降解一堆积”三阶段分布特征，而阳宗海和阿哈湖沉积物中Corg表现出“降解一堆积”二阶段分布特征；洱海沉积物中有机质的选择性分解不明显，C／N指示沉积物有机质主要来自无纤维束的陆源植物；阿哈湖沉积物中C／N很高，均>20，且随深度增加呈现上升的趋势，说明阿哈湖沉积物中有机质含易降解的低N和难降解的高C，有机质主要来源于陆源输入。7．洱海和阳宗海沉积物中均存在明显的重金属再迁移现象。洱海沉积物中铁、锰循环对Pb、Cu的迁移影响很大；颗粒物的吸附一解析作用是影响Cd迁移的主要因素；洱海沉积物中可迁移释放的Ni含量并不高。8．阳宗海沉积物孔隙水中Ni、Cu、Cd均与铁、锰表现出良好的相关性，铁、锰氧化物的还原是造成它们在孔隙水表层富集的主要控制因素。而Pb与铁、锰呈现微弱的正相关。Pb、Cd相对于Cu、Ni的释放趋势较强，再迁移作用较剧烈。Pb、Cd在表层孔隙水中与一些有机、无机化合物络合，由于沉积物的吸附作用而再次沉降到沉积物表层形成富集。沉积物中重金属的再迁移主要受有机质降解、铁锰氧化物还原和硫化物沉积控制，但是不同的湖泊控制因索各不相同。