西峰油田特低渗透油藏渗流机理及开发对策研究

Micro-pore-throat, micro-fracture and low permeability are the most obvious characters of Xifeng ultra-low permeability reservoir, and threshold pressure gradient and medium deformation during the period of oilfield developing results non-linear seepage feature of the formation liquid flowing in the porous medium underground. It is impossible to solve some problems in the ultra-low permeability reservoir development by current Darcy filtration theory and development techniques. In the view of the characters of ultra-low permeability and powerful-diagenesis and fracture up-growth, the paper quantitatively characterizes of through-going scope for reservoir parameters together with some materials such as similarity field outcrop, rock core, drilling, well logging and production dynamic, which provides geological base for further development adjustment. Based on the displacement experiment of different kinds of seepage fluid and oil-water two phases, this paper proves the relationship between threshold pressure gradient and formation permeability in experiment and theory, which is power function and its index is about -1. The variation rule and the mechanism of oil-water two phases threshold pressure gradient are studied. At the same time, based on the experiment of medium deformation, the variation rule of formation physical property parameters and the deformation mechanism are researched, and the influential factors on the medium deformation are analyzed systematically. With elastic unsteady filtration theory, nonlinear mathematical models of the steady and unsteady flow of single phase as well as horizontal well flow and oil-water two phases flow are deduced with the influence of nonlinear factors including threshold pressure gradient and media deformation. The influences of nonlinear factors upon well deliverability and reservoir pressure distribution as well as the saturation variation pattern of oil-water front are analyzed. By means of the researches such as reasonable well pattern, reasonable well array ration, artificial fracture length optimization advisable water flood timing and feasibility of advanced water flooding, it is necessary to find out effective techniques in order to improve development result of this kind of reservoir. This research result develops and improves on low-velocity nonlinear seepage theory, and offers ways to study similar kind of reservoir; it is meaningful to the development of the ultra-low permeability oil and gas reservoir.

子洲—清涧地区上古生界储层综合研究

The exploration and study in recent years shows that the upper Paleozoic in the east of Ordos Basin possesses major exploration potential, so it is necessary to have a comprehensive and synthetic research in this area. Following the guideline of T.A. Cross’s high resolution sequences stratigraphy and combined with sedimentology, the strata and sequence in the research area are divided and correlated. This paper emphasizes on the reservoir in this area and its major fruits are: Firstly, form the framework of the high sequence stratigraphy through mainly studying on the data of core, well drilling and field section combining. Then, think that the best reservoir formation mainly appears in the middle or lower part of long arising semi-cycle, and focus on A type and C1 middle sequence cycle that contributes to the development of formation. Next, think the sedimentary source mainly comes from the epimetamorphic crystalline basement in the north of the Ordoes Basin through analyzing depositional background, researching on sandstone petrography, distribution characteristics of the sedimentary system as well as researching on heavy mineral combination characteristics. Fourthly, give priority to Zizhou-Qingjian area for the first time and gain seven lithofacies paleography maps in the No.2 member of Shanxi and the No.8 member of Shihezi through using the method of isochronal lithofacies paleogeography mapping, then bring forth that Sh2 is mainly developed a type I sequence under the margin of ramp lake-basin background. Fifthly, through researching on the characteristics of reservoir petrography and diagenesis, think that all researched areas experienced compaction and cementation, and there is different types of rocks, only little of the primary pores that are made up of litharenite and lithoclastic quartz sandstone is left, while in lithoclastic quartz sandstone, there are still many primary pores Sixthly, through studying on pore types, microstructure, as well as physical property on the key formation, think that the researched area mostly appears typical low pore, low porosity and permeability, which mainly result from sedimentary and diagenesis. Lastly, through researching on classified evaluation in the key formation, productivity analysis, and combing with reservoir distribution, the researched area is divided into three parts, and think that exploration should be emphasized on formation I and II. The characteristics of sandstones distribution in Sh23 member, gas formation distribution and open flow capacity of exploitation well are all consistent properly with the results of reservoir comprehensive evaluation in this thesis proved by the gas production development in 2006.

鄂尔多斯盆地环县地区长6-长8沉积相及储层研究

The exploration in recent years shows that the Yanchang Formation in the southwest of Ordos Basin is of great resource potential and good exploration and exploitation prospect. In the thesis ，sedimentary source analysis，sedimentary system，sedimentary microfacies，sandstones distribution and reservoir characteristic are studied and favorable oil area are forecasted in Chang6-Chang8 of Yanchang formation in HuanXian region， by mainly study on the data of field section observation ，core observation, well logging explaination and routine microscope slice identification，scanning Electron Microscope and reservoir analysis of lithology and physical property , Under the guidance of such advanced theories and methods as sedimentology，reservoir sedimentology，lithological oil pool and so on. The stratum of Chang6-Chang8 of Yanchang formation could be divided into pieces of member following the principles that firstly contrasting the big segments, then contrasting the small segments, being controlled by cycle and consulting the thickness etc.And the characteristic of stratum are detailed discussed , respectively. Based on the source direction of the central basin, heavy and light minerals are used to analyse source direction of Chang6 and Chang8 member, in HuanXian area. Research result shows that the source of Chang6 and Chang8 member is mixed provenance,including west-south,west and east-north. By the study of rock types、 sedimentary conformation、lithology and electromotive curve combination and palaeo-biology,lake、delta and braided delta mianly developed in study area are recognized, Subaqueous distributary channels in delta front and in braided delta front, and sand body in deep-lake turbidite, are the main reservoir.forthermore,the characteristic of depositional system and sandy body in space are discussed. Applied with routine microscope slice identification, Scanning Electron Microscope, reservoir lithology and physical property analysis and other analytic machinery, Feldspar-lithic fine-sandstone and feldspar fine-sandstone are mainly sandstone of Y Chang6-Chang8 in Huanxian area, small pore and tiny pore are the main pore types, tiny throat type and micro-fine throat type are widely developed , secondary dissolution porosity, intercrystal porosity, tiny pore and micro-crack are main pore types.Intergranular porosity and dissolution porosity secondary is the main pore secondary. The dominant diagenesis types in the area are compaction, cementation, replacement and dissolution. Chlorite films cementation facies, carbonate cementation facies ,mud cementation compaction facie, compaction 、pressure solution facies are the main diagenetic facies,in which Chlorite films cementation facies is the best diagenetic facies in study area. Reservoir influence factor analysis ,rock types are the main factor forming this low-pore and low-permeability of Chang6-Chang8 member in study area,and relatively higher permeability area are cortrolled by sedimentary facies distribution, diagenesis improved reservoir physical property. According to the distributing of sedimentary micro-facies and sandy body , and the test oil, favorable region in Chang6-Chang8 are forecasted.

煤系地层三维三分量地震数据解释方法研究

Conventional 3D seismic exploration cannot meet the demand of high yield and high efficiency safe production in coal mine any more. Now it is urgent to improve the discovery degree of coal mine geological structures for coal production in China. Based on 3D3C seismic exploration data, multi-component seismic information is fully excavated. First systematic research on 3D3C seismic data interpretation of coal measure strata is carried out. Firstly, by analyzing the coal measure strata, the seismic-geologic model of coal measure strata is built. Shear wave logging is built by using regression analysis. Horizon calibration methods of PP-wave and PS-wave are studied and the multi-wave data are used together to interpret small faults. Using main amplitude analysis technology, small faults which cannot be found from PP-wave sections can be interpreted from the low frequency PS-wave sections. Thus, the purpose to applying PS-wave data to fine structure assistant interpretation is achieved. Secondly, PP- and PS-wave post-stack well constrained inversion methods of coal measure strata are studied. Joint PP- and PS-wave post-stack inversion flow is established. More attribute parameters, which are applied in fine lithology interpretation of coal measure strata, are obtained from combinations of the inversion results. Exploring the relation between rock with negative Poisson’s ratio and anisotropy, fracture development in coal seam are predicted. Petrophysical features of coal measure strata are studied, and the relations between elastic parameters and lithology, fluid and physical properties are established. Inversions of the physical parameters such as porosity, permeability and water saturation, which reflect lithology and fluid property, are obtained. Finally, the approaches of shear wave splitting and Thomsen parameters inversion, which provide new ideas for seismic anisotropy interpretation of coal measure strata, are studied to predict fracture development. The results of practical application indicate that the methods in this paper have good feasibility and applicability. They have positive significance for high yield and high efficiency safe production in coal mine.

陕北何家集区延长组长4＋5－长6储层特征研究

Abstract： Hejiaji area lies on eastern part of Shanbei Slope in Ordos Basin and the primary oil-bearing bed is Chang 4＋5 and Chang 6 of Yanchang Formation. It is indicated that the sedimentary facies and reservoir characteristics restricted the hydrocarbon accumulation regularity by the geological information. Therefore, Applied with outcrop observation，core description, geophysical logging interpretation, thin section determination, Scanning Electron Microscope, reservoir lithology and physical property analysis and other analytic machinery, the sedimentary facies ,micro-characteristic and master control factors on hydrocarbon reservoir of Yanchang Formation in Hejiaji area are studied deeply by means of sedimentology，reservoir geology and petroleum geology and provide a reliably reference for later prospect . Delta facies are identified in Hejiaji area and of which distributary channels in delta plain microfacies controlled the distribution of sand bodies and accumulation of oil and gas.The distribution of sand bodies distributed from northeast to southwest are dominated by sedimentary facies . It was shown that the sandstones are medium to granule arkose，which the mud matrix is r and including，calcite，the content of matrix is lower and that mostly are cements which are mainly quartz and feldspar overgrowths and chlorite films, in the second place are hydromica and ferrocalcite. All the sandstones have entered a period of late diagenetic stage in which the dominant diagenesis types in the area are compaction, cementation and dissolution. Remnant intergranular porosity and feldspar dissolved pore are main pore types which are megalospore and medium pore. Medium-fine throat, fine throat and micro-fine throat are the mainly throat type. Pore texture can be classified as megalospore and fine throat type, medium-pore and micro-fine throat type mainly, and they are main accumulate interspace in research region. The reservoir of Yanchang Formation in Hejiaji area is low- pore and low- permeability in the mass which have strong heterogeneity in bed, interbedded and plane. Studying the parameter of pore and permeability comprehensively and consulting prevenient study results of evaluation of reservoir, the reservoir is classifiedⅡ，Ⅲ and Ⅳ three types in which the Ⅱand Ⅲ can be divided into Ⅱa and Ⅱb, Ⅲa and Ⅲb respectively. Ⅱb and Ⅲa are the main reservoir type in Hejiaji area which are about 72.73％and 80％percent of whole reservoir and effective reservoir respectively.

陕北地区石家湾-李家岔探区三叠系延长组石油成藏条件分析

Shijiawan –Lijiacha area, lying on the northeastern part of the Shanbei Slope of Ordos Basin, was selected as studying area. The previous explorations proved that the 2nd segment and 6th segment of the Yanchang Formation are the most important oil-bearing formations. It is indicated that the sedimentary facies and reservoir characteristics restricted the hydrocarbon accumulation regularity. Therefore, with petrology methodologies, such as outcrop observation, core description, geophysical logging interpretation, thin section determination, scanning electron microscope, as well as rock property analysis, the reservoirs was were systematically studied and characterized. The sedimentary micro-facies, seals, reservoir-seal combines, migration pathways and entrapping modes were taken into account. The author tempted to establish a base for further studies on reservoirs and on petroleum geology, and to provide some reliably geological evidences for later prospect activities. It was found that the sediments in the 2nd and 3rd segments of the Yanchang Formation in Shijiawan –Lijiacha area were deposited in braided rivers, and most sandy-bodies were identified as channel sandbars. The 4+5th and 6th segments were principally deposited in deltaic-plain environment, consisting of corresponding sub-facies such as distributary channels, natural levee, crevasse-splay and marsh. The skeleton sandy-bodies were identified as sandy sediments of distributary channels. The sand grains in reservoir in studied area possess generally low mineralogical maturity and moderate structural maturity, and the form of pores may be classified into intergranular types and dissolved types. Most reservoirs of Yanchang Formation in Shijiawan –Lijiacha area belong to extreme low-porosity low-permeability ones (type III), and the 2nd sediments belongs to low permeability one (type II) and the 6th segment belong to super low-permeability one(type Ⅳ). The reservoirs in the 2nd segment behave more heterogeneous than those in the 6th segment. The statistic analysis results show that, for 6th and 4+5th segments, the high quality reservoir-seal combines may be found everywhere in the studied area except in the northwest and the southwest parts; and for 1st and 2nd segments, in the northeast, central and southwest parts Petroleum migration happened in the duration of the Early Cretaceous period in both lateral and vertical directions. The migration paths were mainly constructed by permeable sandy-bodies. The superimposed channel sandy-bodies consist of the principal part of the system of carriers. the vertical fractures, that may travel through the seals between reservoirs, offered the vertical paths for migrating oil. It may be synthesized that oil coming from south kitchens migrated first laterally in carriers in the 6th segment. When arrived at the studied area, oil will migration laterally or/and vertical within both the sandy-bodies and fractures, in a climbing-stair way. The results demonstrate that the oil was entrapped in traps structure-lithology and/or lithology traps. In some cases, the hydrodynamic force may help to trap oil. Accumulation of oil in the area was mainly controlled by sedimentary facies, seals, structure, and heterogeneity of reservoir in the 2nd, 4+5th and 6th segments. Especially, the oil distributions in both the 2nd and 6th segments were obviously influenced by seals in the 4+5th segment. The existence of seals in 1st segment seems important for accumulation in the 2nd segment.

松辽盆地南部腰英台区块低渗透储层整体压裂改造技术研究

The Yaoyingtai Block is located within the northeastern Changling Depression of southern Songliao Basin, where the reservoir sandstones are petrophysically characterized by very low permeability, which results in the low success probability of artificial fracturing, and the low oil yield by water injection in the course of oil production. In order to improve the situations as stated above, this research aims to work out an integral fracturing technology and strategy applicable to the low permeable reservoirs in Yaoyingtai Block. Under the guidance of geological theory, reservoir engineering and technology, the subsurface occurrences of natural and hydraulic fractures in the reservoirs are expected to be delineated, and appropriate fracturing fluids and proppants are to be optimized, based on the data of drilling, well logging, laboratory and field experiments, and geological data. These approaches lay the basis of the integral fracturing technology suitable for the low permeable reservoir in the study area. Based on core sample test, in-situ stress analysis of well logging, and forward and inversion stress field modeling, as well as fluid dynamic analysis, the maximum in-situ stress field is unraveled to be extended nearly along the E-W direction (clustering along N85-135°E) as is demonstrated by the E-W trending tensional fractures. Hydraulic fractures are distributed approximately along the E-W direction as well. Faulting activities could have exerted obvious influences on the distribution of fractures, which were preferentially developed along fault zones. Based on reservoir sensitivity analysis, integrated with studies on rock mechanics, in-situ stress, natural fracture distribution and production in injection-production pilot area, the influences of primary fractures on fracturing operation are analyzed, and a diagnostic technology for primary fractures during depressurization is accordingly developed. An appropriate fracturing fluid (hydroxypropyl guar gum) and a proppant (Yixing ceramsite, with a moderate-density, 0.45-0.9mm in size) applicable to Qingshankou Formation reservoir are worked out through extensive optimization analysis. The fracturing fluid can decrease the damage to the oil reservoir, and the friction in fracturing operation, improving the effect of fracturing operation. Some problems, such as sand-out at early stage and low success rate of fracturing operations, have been effectively solved, through pre-fracturing formation evaluation, “suspension plug” fracturing, real-time monitoring and limited-flow fracturing. Through analysis of fracture-bearing tight reservoir with variable densities and dynamic analysis of influences of well patterns on fracturing by using numerical simulation, a fracturing operation scheme for the Qingshankou Formation reservoir is proposed here as being better to compress the short factures, rather than to compress the long fractures during hydraulic fracturing. It is suggested to adopt the 450m×150m inverted 9-spot well pattern in a diamond shape with wells placed parallel to fractures and a half fracture length of 60-75m.

陕北桥镇油田延长组长2、长1油层组沉积相及储层研究

The Ordos Basin is a large-scale craton superimposed basin locating on the west of the North China platform, which was the hotspot of interior basin exploration and development. Qiaozhen oil field located in the Ganquan region of south-central of Ordos Basin. The paper is based on the existing research data, combined with the new theory and progress of the sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, reservoir sedimentology, petroleum geology, etc, and analyzes systematically the sedimentary and reservoir characteristics in the chang2 and chang1 oil-bearing strata group of Yanchang formation On the basis of stratigraphic classification and comparison study, the strata chang2 and chang1 were divided into five intervals. Appling the method of cartography with single factor and dominance aspect, we have drawn contour line map of sand thickness, contour line map of ratio between sand thickness and stratum thickness. We discussed distribution characteristics of reservoir sand body and evolution of sedimentary facies and microfacies. And combining the field type section , lithologic characteristics, sedimentary structures, the sedimentary facies of single oil well and particle size analysis and according to the features of different sequence, the study area was divided into one sedimentary facies、three parfacies and ten microfacies. The author chew over the characteristics of every facies, parfacies and microfacies and spatial and temporal distribution. Comprehensive research on petrologic characteristics of reservoir , diagenesis types, pore types, distribution of sand bodies, physical properties, oiliness, reservoir heterogeneities, characteristics of interlayer, eventually research on synthetic classifying evaluation of reservoir.The reservoir is classified four types: Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ and pore type, fracture-porosity type. Take reservoir's average thickness, porosity, permeability, oil saturation and shale content as parameters, by using clustering analysis and discriminant analysis, the reservoir is classified three groups. Based on the evaluation, synthetizing the reservoir quality, the sealing ability of cap rock, trap types, reservoir-forming model ,in order to analyze the disciplinarian of accumulation oil&gas. Ultimately, many favorable zones were examined for chang23，chang223，chang222，chang221，chang212，chang12，chang11 intervals. There are twenty two favorable zones in the research area. Meanwhile deploy the next disposition scheme.

非自喷层测试及评价解释技术研究与应用

Now low porosity and low permeability reservoir is one of the main targets of exploration for the onshore oilfields of China. Most of the reservoirs are none flowing because of bad formation percolation condition, poor gas oil ratio , low formation pressure coefficient and other factors. In the recent years, a number of domestic oilfields have carried out some research work and achieved some success on oil testing and production technology in such formation. But by now, there is still no systematic and mature technology, particularly testing technology in none flowing formation is still needed further study. Based on study the key problem of well testing and interpretation technology in none flowing formation, solve the important problems in well testing technology, continuously improve and innovate geological information acquisition technology for none flowing reservoir, accurately acquire boundary information and evaluate reservoir flow characteristics. Its wide application remarkable result has shown. The main results and cognitions obtained from research are as follows: 1. This new technology research results help solve the occurrent problems in well testing process for none flowing formations, such as small investigation radius, poor representative of interpretation results from the poor data, low level application of interpretation results. This new technology helps create favorable conditions for early precise reservoir evaluation and reduction of the risk of exploration. 2. The technological difficulties for none flowing well testing are successfully solved by using none flowing formation combined mechanical tool string .This method has been proved by its applications to be able to improve the efficiency of the testing and the quantity of the acquired test data ,and so as to enhance the application of the interpretation results of the test in development of oil fields. 3. The application of the rotary formation tester, selective test valve, well testing string and their allier tools help to resolve problems such as the operation of opening and shutting-in the well under different well conditions, to broaden the scope of well test technology for none flowing formations. 4. Refined Testing Technique for production Wells has greatly shortened the testing dwration and improved the efficiency and accuracy of operation, enriched test results, and at the same time created conditions for conducting multi-well interference well testing.

砂砾岩油藏精细油藏描述–以准噶尔盆地西北缘八区下乌尔禾组油藏为例

Glutenite reservoir is one of the most important reservoir types in china. Because of its particularity of rock structure and pore structure, it is usually difficult in development, especially for its serious heterogeneity. On the basis of seismic, well logs, core data and production performance, the lower Wuerhe group can be divided into one second-order sequences, two third-order sequences and twenty two subsequences, corresponding to the five stages and twenty two minlayers. In addition, the fault systems are interpreted and the control action of fault systems to reservoir development is also described. The lower Wuerhe formation of 8th district belongs to fluvial-dominated fan delta sedimentation, according to the analysis of well logs, logging data and core data. It can be subdivided into two kinds of subfacies and nine kinds of microfacies. The fan delta plain subfacies mainly consist of braided channel, unconcentrated flow, mud flow and sieve deposit microfacies. The fan delta front subfacies include subaqueous distributary channel, subaqueous interdistributary channel, debris flow, subaqueous barrier and grain flow microfacies. Combined with the regional geological characteristics, the porosity model of lower Wuerhe formation is performed using core data. A permeability model based on the flow zone index is also formed according to the pore throat characteristics and flow property. Finally, the heterogeneity is analyzed. The result shows that the lower Wuerhe formation has a feature of middle-high heterogeneity, and it is controlled by material sources and sedimentary facies belt.

鄂尔多斯盆地子洲气田二叠系山西组储层特征与天然气富集规律研究

In this thesis, detailed studies on the sedimentology and petrophysical properties of reservoir rocks in the Shan#2 Member of Shanxi Formation, Zizhou gas field of Ordos Basin, are carried out, based on outcrop description, core description, wireline log interpretation and analysis of petrophysical properties. In the context of stratigraphic division scheme of the Upper Paleozoic in Ordos Basin, the Shan#2 Member is further divided into three subintervals: the Shan#23, Shan#22 and Shan#21, based on the marker beds，depositional cycles, wireline log patterns. Subaqueous deltaic-front distributary channels, distributed from the south to north, is identified，which is the main reservoir sand bodies for gases of Shan#2 Member at Zizhou gas field. Quartzose and lithic-quartzose sandstones, commonly with a high volume of cement, but a low volume of matrix, are the major reservoir rocks in the studied area. All sandstones have been evolved into the late diagenetic stage (referred to as diagenetic stage B) during the burial, experiencing compaction, cementation, replacement and dissolution, in which the compaction and cementation could have reduced the porosity, while dissolution could have improved the petrophysical properties. The pore types in the reservoirs are dominated by intergranular-solutional, intergranular-intercrystal and intercrystal-solutional porosity. According to the parameters and capillary pressure curves of test samples, five types of pore texture (I-V) are differentiated, in which types II and III pore textures displayed by low threshold pressure-wide pore throat and moderate threshold pressure-moderately wide pore throat, exist widespread. Sandstone reservoirs in the studied area are characterized by exceptionally low porosity and permeability, in which the petrophysical properties of those in Shan#23 horizon are relatively better. The petrophysical property of reservoirs was influenced both by the sedimentation and diagenesis. In general, the coarse quartzose sandstones deposited in subaqueous distributary channels show the best petrophysical property, which tends to be worse as the grain size decreases and lithic amount increases. Three types of gas reservoirs in Shan#23 horizon are classified according to petrophysical properties (porosity and permeability), which could have been influenced by the initial depositional facies, diagenesis and tectonics. On the basis of the study on the geological conditions of reservoirs in the area, it is concluded that sedimetary facies, diagenesis and tectonic actions can provide an important foundation for gas pool formation, which can also control the accumulation and distribution of gas reservoirs.

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长8段砂岩输导体定量表征研究

Migration carriers act as the “Bridges” connecting source rock and traps and play important roles in petroleum migration and accumulation system. Among various types of carriers, sandstone carrier constitutes the basis of carrier system consisting of connected sandstone bodies, of sand-bodies connected with other carriers, such as faults and/or unconformities. How do we understand sandstone carrier beyond the traditional reservoirs concept? How could we characterize quantitatively this kind of carriers for petroleum migration? Such subjects are important and difficult contents in dynamic studies on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. Sandstone carrier of Chang 8 member in Longdong area of Ordos Basin is selected as the research target in this thesis. Through conducting integrated reservoir analysis on many single wells, the correlation between single sandstone thickness and oil thickness seems good. Sketch sandstone is defined in this thesis as the principal part of carrier based on systematical analysis on lithology and sandstone thickness. Geometry connectivity of sandstone bodies was identified by the spatial superposition among them and was proved by the oil property features in oilfields. The connectivity between sandstone carriers is also hydrodynamically studied by observing and analyzed various diagenetic phenomena, especially the authigenic minerals and their forming sequence. The results were used to characterize transporting capability of sandstone carriers during the key petroleum migration periods. It was found that compaction and cementation are main causes to reduce pore space, and resolution may but not so importantly increases pore space after the occurrence of first migration. The cements of ferrocalcite and kiesel seem like the efficient index to demonstrate the hydraulic connection among sandy bodies. Diagenetic sequence and its relationship with petroleum migration phases are analyzed. Sandstone carrier of Chang 8 member was then characterized by studying their pore space and permeable properties. The results show an average porosity and permeability of Chang 8 carriers are respectively 8% and 0.50md, belongs to low porosity - low permeability reservoirs. Further, the physical properties of Chang 81 member are commonly better than those of Chang 82 member. Methods to reconstruct property of sandstone carrier during petroleum migration phase (late Jurassic) are built based on diagenetic sequence. Planal porosity, porosity and permeability of sandstone carrier in this period are statistically analyzed. One combining index - product of thickness and ancient porosity - is selected as the idea parameter to characterize sandstone carrier of late Jurassic after contrast with other parameters. Reservoirs of Chang 8 member in Longdong area are lithological reservoir controlled by sand body in which oil layers in middle part are clamped with dry layers in upper and lower parts, in a sandwich way. Based a newly proposed “migration-diagensis-remigration” model in low permeability sandstone of Chang 8 member in Longdong area, oil migration and accumulation processes during different periods are simulated with the reconstructed sandstone carriers system. Results match well with current reservoir distributions. Finally, suggestions for next favorable exploration areas are given based on all research achievements.

海底金属矿床充水条件及矿坑突水的断层效应研究

The Xinli mine area of Sanshandao mine is adjacent to the Bohai Sea and its main exploitable ore deposit occurs in the undersea rock mass. The mine is the biggest undersea gold mine of China after production. The mine area faces a latent danger of water bursting, even sudden seawater inrush. There is no mature experience in undersea mining in China so far. The vein ore deposit is located in the lower wall of a fault; its possible groundwater sources mainly include bittern, Quaternary pore water and modern seawater. To ensure the safety of undersea mining, to survey the flooding conditions of the ore deposit using proper measures and study the potential seawater inrush pattern are the key technical problems. With the Xinli mine area as a case study, the engineering geological conditions of the Xinli mine area are surveyed in situ, the regional structural pattern and rock mass framework characteristics are found out, the distribution of the structural planes are modeled by a Monte Carlo method and the connectivity coefficients of rock mass structural planes are calculated. The regional hydro-geological conditions are analyzed and the in-situ hydro-geological investigation and sampling are performed in detail, the hydrochemistry and isotopes testing and groundwater dynamic monitoring are conducted, the recharge, runoff, discharge conditions are specified and the sources of flooding are distinguished. Some indices are selected from the testing results to calculate the proportion of each source in some water discharge points and in the whole water discharge of the Xinli mine area. The temporal and spatial variations of each water source of the whole ore deposit flooding are analyzed. According to the special project conditions in the Xinli mine area, the permeability coefficient tensors of the rock mass in Xinli mine area are calculated based on a fracture geometry measurement method, in terms of the connectivity and a few hydraulic testing results, a modified synthetic permeability coefficient are calculated. The hydro-geological conceptual and mathematical model are established，the water yield of mine is predicted using Visual Modflow code. The spreading law of surrounding rock mass deformation and secondary stress are studied by numerical analysis; the intrinsic mechanism of the faults slip caused by the excavation of ore deposit is analyzed. The results show that the development of surrounding rock mass deformation and secondary stress of vein ore deposit in the lower wall of a fault, is different from that in a thick-big ore deposit. The secondary stress caused by the excavation of vein ore deposit in the lower wall of a fault, is mainly distributed in the upper wall of the fault, one surface subsidence center will occur. The influences of fault on the rock mass movement, secondary stress and hydro-geological structures are analyzed; the secondary stress is blocked by the fault and the tensile stress concentration occurs in the rock mass near the fault, the original water blocking structure is destructed and the permeable structure is reconstructed, the primary structural planes begin to expand and newborn fissures occur, so the permeability of the original permeable structure is greatly enhanced, so the water bursting will probably occur. Based on this knowledge, the possible water inrush pattern and position of the Xinli mine area are predicted. Some computer programs are developed using object-oriented design method under the development platform Visual Studio.Net. These programs include a Monte Carlo simulation procedure, a joint diagrammatizing procedure, a structural planes connectivity coefficient calculating procedure, a permeability tensor calculating procedure, a water chemical formula edit and water source fixture conditions calculating procedure. A new computer mapping algorithm of joint iso-density diagram is raised. Based on the powerful spatial data management and icon functions of Geographic Information System, the pit water discharge dynamic monitoring data management information systems are established with ArcView.

土石混合体细观结构力学及其边坡稳定性研究

Soil-rock mixture (S-RM) refers to one extremely uneven loose rock and soil materials system with certain stone content. Its formation has started since Quaternary and it is composed of block stone, fine grained soil and pore with certain project scale and high strength. S-RM has extensive distribution in nature, especially in southwest China where the geotectonic background is complicated, the fracture activity is developed and the geomorphological characteristics of high mountain and steep gorge area are protuberant. This kind of complicated geologic body has developed wider in these areas. S-RM has obvious difference with the general soil or rock (rock mass) in physical and mechanical properties because its two components-“soil” and “rock-block” has extreme differences in physical and mechanical properties. The proposition of S-RM and its deep research are needed in the modern engineering construction. It is also the necessity in the modern development of rock and soil mechanics. The dissertation starts from the meso-structural characteristics of soil-rock and takes a systematic research on its meso-structural mechanics, deformation and failure mechanism and the stability of S-RM slope. In summary, it achieves the following innovative results and conclusions. There are various views on the conception of S-RM and its classification system. Based on the large number of field tests, the dissertation makes the conception and classification of S-RM more systematic. It systematically proposed the conception of meso-structural mechanics of S-RM. Thus the dissertation has laid a foundation for its deep study. With the fast development of the computer technology and digital image processing theory, digital image processing technology has been successfully applied in many fields and provided reliable technology support for the quantitative description of the structural characteristics of S-RM. Based on the digital image processing technology, the dissertation systematically proposes and developed the quantitative analysis method and quantitative index for the meso-structure of S-RM. The results indicate that the meso-structure such as its internal soil-rock granularity composition, the soil-rock shape and the orientability has obvious self-organization in the macro statistical level. The dissertation makes a systematic research on the physical mechanical properties, deformation and failure mechanism of S-RM based on large field test. It proposes the field test for the underwater S-RM and deduces the 3D data analysis method of in-situ horizontal push-shear test. The result indicates that S-RM has significant phenomenon of shear dilatancy in the shearing process, and its dilatancy will be more obvious with the increased proportion of rock or the decreased confining pressure. The proportion of rock has great effect on the strength of S-RM and rock-block, especially the spatial position of particles with comparatively big size has great effect on the shape and spatial position of the sample shear zone. The dissertation makes some improvements in the single ring infiltration test equipment and its application on the permeability of S-RM. The results indicate that the increasing of rock-block would make it more difficult for the soil to fill in the vacuity between the rock-block and the proportion would increase which would result in the increased permeability coefficient. The dissertation builds the real meso-structural model of S-RM based on the digital image processing technology. By using geometric reconstruction technology, it transfers the structural mode represented by Binary image into CAD format, which makes it possible to introduce the present finite element analysis software to take research on numerical experimental investigation. It systematically realizes leaping research from the image，geometric mode, to meso-structural mechanics numerical experiment. By using this method, the dissertation takes large scale numerical direct-shear test on the section of S-RM. From the mesoscopic perspective, it reveals three extended modes about the shear failure plane of S-RM. Based on the real meso-structural model and by using the numerical simulation test, the character and mechanics of seepage failure of S-RM are studied. At the same time, it builds the real structural mode of the slope based on the analysis about the slope crosssection of S-RM. By using the strength reduction method, it takes the research on the stability of S-RM and gets great achievements. The three dimensional geometric reconstruction technology of rock block is proposed, which provides technical support for the reconstruction of the 3D meso-structural model of S-RM. For the first time, the dissertation builds the stochastic structure model of two-dimensional and three-dimensional polygons or polyhedron based on the stochastic simulation technique of monte carlo method. It breaks the traditional research which restricted to the random generation method of regular polygon and develops the relevant software system (R-SRM2D/3D) which has great effect on meso-structural mechanics of S-RM. Based on the R-SRM software system which randomly generates the meso-structural mode of S-RM according to the different meso-structural characteristics, the dissertation takes a series of research on numerical test of dual axis and real three-axis, systematically analyses the meso destroy system, the effects of meso-structural characteristics such as on the stone content, size composition and block directionality on the macro mechanical behavior and macro-permeability. Then it proposes the expression of the upper and lower limit for the macro-permeability coefficient of the inhomogeneous geomaterials, such as S-RM. By using the strength reduction FEM, the dissertation takes the research on the stability of the slope structural mode of the randomly formed S-RM. The results indicate that generally, the stability coefficient of S-RM slope increases with the increasing of stone content; on the condition of the same stone content, the stability coefficient of slope will be different with different size composition and the space position of large block at the internal slop has great effect on the stability. It suggests that meso-structural characteristics, especially the space position of large block should be considered when analyzing the stability of this kind of slope and strengthening design. Taking Xiazanri S-RM slope as an example, the dissertation proposes the fine modeling of complicated geologic body based on reverse engineering and the generation method of FLAC3D mode. It resolves the bottleneck problem about building the fine structural mode of three-dimensional geological body. By using FLAC3D, the dissertation takes research on the seepage field and the displacement field of Xiazanri S-RM slope in the process of reservoir water level rising and decreasing. By using strength reduction method, it analyses the three-dimension stability in the process of reservoir water level rising and decreasing. The results indicate that the slope stability firstly show downward trend in the process of reservoir water level rising and then rebound to increase; the sudden drawdown of reservoir water level has great effect on the slope stability and this effect will increase with the sudden drawdown amplitude rising. Based on the result of the rock block size analysis of S-RM, and using R-SRM2D the stochastic structure model of Xiazanri S-RM slope is built. By using strength reduction method, the stability of the stochastic structure model is analysis, the results shows that the stability factor increases significantly after considering the block.

鄂尔多斯盆地志丹地区延长组储层综合评价

Sedimentary provenance direction，sedimentary facies，reservoir geological characteristic，pore structure； physical property characteristic，reservoir classification and evaluation ，forthermore，favorable area area are forecasted of Yanchang formation in ZhiDan region， by mainly study on the data of field section observation ，core observation, well logging explaination and routine microscope slice identification，scanning Electron Microscope and reservoir analysis of lithology and physical property , Under the guidance of such advanced theories and methods as sedimentology，reservoir sedimentology，lithological oil pool and so on，in the thesis. The following fruits are mainly achieved in this paper： Yanchang formation stratum is divided and correlated in this entire region， and the characteristic of oil layer unit is detailed discussed , respectively. According to main marker bed and supplementary ones.and research result shows that the source of provenance direction during Yanchang Formation mianly is north-east. Delta and lake are mainly developed in study area ，sub-facies and micro-facies are divided，distribution of sedimentary micro-facies in plane and palaeogeographic evolution are described，and gentle slope type- shallow water delta depositional model is established. Fine-grain arkose sandstone is the main reservoir，and which have experienced such different degree diagenesis as compaction, cementation, replacement and dissolution, and in which compaction and cementation are mainly factors to reduce sandstone physical property and dissolution effectively improved physical property during burial diagenesis procedure. All reservoirs of Yanchang Formation have entered A period of late diagenetic stage according to scheme of diagenesis period division . Intergranular porosity，dissolution porosity，fissure porosity are main pore types. And porosity structure are analyse by mercury penetration capillary pressure parameter，fine-shortness type and fine- length throat type are mainly developed. as a whole，the reservoir， with the characteristic of porosity and permeability altering apparently，strong inhomogeneity ， is a medium- porosity and medium permeability one. In plane，higher- porosity and higher-permeability are corresponded well with distributary channel area， physical property and inhomogeneity are affected by both deposition and diagenesis，and distributary channel and underwater distributary channel are favorable facies . According to such characteristic as lithology，physical property，pore structure ，diagenesis and sandstone distribution, the sandy reservoir can be classified 4 types, and the main sandy in every oil layer unit are evaluated according to the standard. The analysis result of petroleum concentration rule shows that Yanchang Formation are with not only favourable oil source rock，reservoir，covering combination ，but also good entrapment condition in study area. Lithology and structure-lithology oil pool are mainly developed ，based on condition of favorable reservoir developments，accounting for deliverability and sandstone superface elevation，zone of profitabilitis are forecasted.