Investigation of Extration Method for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Shellfish

Me optimal conditions were established for the extraction of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins from gonad of Chlamys nobills using acetic acid and hydrochloric acid in the concentration range of 0.04-1.0 mol/L. A 10-g portion of gonad of Chlamys nobilis was extracted by boiling for 5 min with 1.0 mL acetic acid and hydrochloric acid in a 50-mL beaker. Meanwhile, a portion of gonad of Chlamys nobilis was extracted by sonication in the solution of 0.3 mol/L HAc + 0.2 mol/L HCl for a total period of 5-30 min. The raw extract was centrifuged at 3500 r/min for 5 min and the pH of supernatant was adjusted from 2.0 to 4.0 by 0.1 mol/L NaOH or 5 mol/L HCL After passing through a Millipore ultrafiltration membrane (10000 MW cut-off), ultrafiltrate was then analyzed by HPLC. The results showed that hydrochloric acid in the concentration range of 0.25-1.0 mol/L caused a significant decrease of N-sulfocarbarnoyl-11-hydroxysulfate toxin C1 (C1), C2 and gonyautoxin 5 (GTX5) and the concomitant increase of GTX2,3. However, the amount of the three unstable toxins did not show any change using the extraction with acetic acid. Under the same concentration of acetic acid (0.3 mol/L) and hydrochloric acid (0.2 mol/L), the amount of C1 in the ultrasonic extraction was obviously lower than the boiling one, while C2 showed slightly higher than the latter.

Inorganic carbon of sediments in the Yangtze River Estuary and Jiaozhou Bay

JGOFS results showed that the ocean is a major sink for the increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide resulting from human activity. However, the role of the coastal seas in the global carbon cycling is poorly understood. In the present work, the inorganic carbon (IC) in the Yangtze River Estuary and Jiaozhou Bay are studied as examples of offshore sediments. Sequential extraction was used to divide inorganic carbon in the sediments into five forms, NaCl form, NH3 H2O form, NaOH form, NH2OH HCl form and HCl form. Studied of their content and influencing factors were also showed that NaCl form < NH3 H2O form < NaOH form < NH2OH HCl form < HCl form, and that their influencing factors of pH, Eh, Es, water content, organic carbon, organic nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, organic phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus on inorganic carbon can be divided into two groups, and that every factor has different influence on different form or on the same form in different environment. Different IC form may transform into each other in the early diagenetic process of sediment, but NaCl form, NH3 H2O form, NaOH form and NH2OH HCl form may convert to HCl form ultimately. So every IC form has different contribution to carbon cycling. This study showed that the contribution of various form of IC to the carbon cycle is in the order of NaOH form > NH2OH HCl form > NH3 H2O form > NaCl form > HCl form, and that the contribution of HCl form contributes little to carbon cycling, HCl form may be one of end-result of atmospheric CO2. So Yangtze River estuary sediment may absorb at least about 40.96x10(11) g atmospheric CO2 every year, which indicated that offshore sediment play an important role in absorbing atmospheric CO2.

The study of immersion chloride extraction of iron artifacts

The chloride extraction rules of iron artifacts were studied by immersion methods. Different chloride extraction results between the alkaline solution and a washing solution were obtained. The microstructure and the anti-corrosion performance of the samples before and after treatment, were, respectively studied by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the potentiodynamic scanning method. The results indicated that Cl- removed according to the diffusion law. The microstructure of the samples transformed after treatment. The rusts became more compact, and the porosity also increased. The chloride extraction effect in the washing solution was better than that in the NaOH solution.

Separation and determination of flavone and xanthone glycosides in Tibetan folk medicinal species Swertia mussotii and S-franchetiana by capillary electrophoresis

The contents of five pharmacologically active flavone and xanthone glycosides, namely, swertianolin, swertisin, isoorientin, mangiferin, and 7-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl]-1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone, extracted from Tibetan folk medicinal species Swertia mussotii and S. franchetiana were determined by capillary electrophoresis with diode-array detection. The separation of five components has been optimized with a capillary column with a total length of 48.5 cm and effective length of 40 cm (50 mu m i.d). The influence of the running buffer, the sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) concentration, organic modifier, etc. on the resolution was evaluated. The background electrolyte contained 30 mM borate buffer, 28 mM SDS, 1.0% (v/v) acetonitrile, and was adjusted to pH 9.0 with 0.1 M NaOH. A good baseline resolution was obtained for the separation of five components within 5 min with the working voltage of 24 kV and a column temperature of 25 degrees C. The established method was rapid and reproducible for the separation and determination of five flavone and xanthone glycosides from the extracts of S. mussotii and franchetiana plant samples.

Analysis of five pharmacologically active compounds from Rhodiola for natural product drug discovery with capillary electrophoresis

A rapid capillary electrophoresis method for the separation of five natural pharmacologically active compounds from extracted Rhodiola, namely salidroside, tyrosol, rhodionin, gallic acid and ethyl gallate has been developed. The separation of five natural pharmacologically active compounds was carried out in a fused-silica capillary with 14 mM boric acid, 30 mM SDS and 2.5% acetonitrile, adjusted to pH 10.7 with NaOH. Applied potential was 21 kV. The temperature of the capillary was maintained at 25 degreesC by the instrument thermostating system, with the correlation coefficients of 0.9805-0.9989 for migration time, and relative standards of < 3.52% for peak areas. The established method is rapid and reproducible for the separation of five natural pharmacologically compounds from extracts of Rhodiola with satisfactory results.

基于拉格朗日松弛的供应链合作生产计划模型研究

为解决供应链生产计划协调问题,通过市场价格和中间库存因素使供应链上下游企业结合成一个整体,建立一种供应链上下游一体化计划模型,从整体考虑供应链合作计划问题.为获取问题的可行解,采用拉格朗日松弛技术进行优化,为供应链上下游企业在信息共享条件下实现"多赢"目标,提供了理论依据.仿真结果验证了模型和算法的有效性。

塔里木盆地奥陶系不整合面岩溶作用特征与油气储层研究

Based on the principle and methods of carbonate sedimentology and reservoir geology, and guided by the theories of carbonate reservoir geology, the palaeokarst of Ordovician carbonate rocks in Tarim Basin has been comprehensively studied with multiple methods from different branches of geology. It is indicated that the features and distribution of palaeokarstification have developed in Ordovician carbonates. The controlling of karstification to Ordovician carbonate reservoirs has been discussed. Regional distribution of carbonate reservoirs controlled by karstification has been predicted within this basin. The main consents and conclusions of the this dissertation is as follows: Nine key indicators to the recognition of palaeokarst are proposed in terms of careful observation upon the well cores, lithological and geochemical analyses, and drilling and logging responses to the karst caves and fractures. The time and environment of cave filling are documented from careful research of lithofacies, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the physical and chemical fillings within karst caves. The caves in Ordovician carbonates were filled in Early Carboniferous in Lunnan area. The muddy filling in upper caves was deposited under subaerial fresh-water setting, while the muddy filling in lower caves was formed in the mixed water body of fresh-water and dominated sea water. Although most chemical fillings are suggested being precipated in the burial diagenetic environment after karstification but mineralogic and geochemical characteristics of some chemical fillings indicates they formed in meteoric environment during the karstification. It is obvious that the palaeokarst has been zoned in vertical profile. It can be divided into four units from top to bottom: surface karst, vadose karst, phreatic and tranquil flow zones. Between two types of limestone karst and dolostone karst are firstly differentiated in Tarim Basin, based on the comparison of features of each karst zone in limestone and dolostone regions. In Tabei area, the lowest depth of karstification is approximately 300 m below the Upper Ordovician unconformity interface, while the bottom depth of karstification in Tazhong area ranges commonly from 300 to 400 m, in rare cases may be up to 750 m below the upper Ordovician unconformity interface. In Lunnan and Tazhong areas, the palaeokarst morphology and the surface hydrosystem are firstly reconstructed based on the top of carboniferous "Shuangfeng limestone bed (Double-Peaks limestone)" as basal. According to the palaeomorphologic feature, karst topography can be divided into three units: karst upland, karst slope, and karst valley. Vadose zone was well developed in karst upland, and it can be found in a quite depth. Both vadose and phreatic zones were well developed in karst slope and upstream valley. In downstream valley, the karstification is not strong, the vadose and phreatic zones are thin in thickness. In Tazhong and Yingmaili areas, karstification is also developed in relict carbonate palaeo-hills which existed as isolated blocks admits clastic strata.

太湖表层沉积物中多磷酸盐检出的环境意义

在氮限制型富营养化湖泊中，沉积多磷酸盐（Poly-P）可以用来示踪营养盐磷的输入和湖泊的富营养化过程。太湖是一个典型的磷限制型富营养化湖泊，通过对太湖表层沉积物中总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、氢氧化钠可提取磷（NaOH-P）以及Poly-P 的提取分析，初步探讨了太湖营养盐磷输入的历史记录，并揭示了该湖Poly-P 的主要来源和保存机制。太湖Poly-P 的质量浓度较低，变化范围为0.004~0.065 mg·g-1。NaOH-P 占TP 组成的22%，是太湖沉积物总磷的主要组成部分之一。结果显示，在湖泊水体藻类生物量较大和NaOH-P 是沉积物TP 重要组成部分的磷限制型湖泊中，Poly-P 也是沉积物磷汇组成的一个重要部分，同时还是一个可以反映由人为磷输入增大导致湖泊富营养化程度加剧的敏感指标。

胡敏酸的结构特征及其吸附行为

使用0. 5 mol/L NaOH和0. 1 mol/L Na4 P2O7 溶液分别从土壤中提取胡敏酸,并且对其进行了元素分析、红外光谱、固态13C核磁共振的定性、定量研究。结果表明,两种胡敏酸的性质很相似,但也存在一些微小差异,Na4 P2O7 提取的胡敏酸比NaOH提取的具有芳香度较大、聚合度较高、极性官能团含量较多的特点。测定了菲在6个胡敏酸上的吸附等温线, Freundlich模型很好的拟合了所有吸附等温线,相关系数r均在0. 992以上。有机碳分配系数Koc与胡敏酸中极性碳(POC)之间存在明显的线性相关关系,并受到提取剂类型的影响。

石英裂变径迹蚀刻条件的对比实验研究

通过40％的HF溶液、KOH饱和溶液和19mol／L的NaOH溶液这三种常用方法对大、小颗粒石英进行裂变径迹蚀刻实验的对比发现，用环氧树脂固定的小颗粒石英样品，不宜用KOH饱和溶液（150℃）和19mol／L的NaOH溶液（沸点，约120℃）作为裂变径迹的蚀刻剂，宜用40％的HF溶液；三种方法均适宜于大颗粒石英，但不同的蚀刻方法蚀刻效率不同，40％的HF溶液（29℃）的蚀刻效率最高，且操作简单、安全性高。40％的HF溶液最佳蚀刻时间为：温度在4℃左右（冬季）时为40min，温度在29℃左右（夏季）时为30min，可在全年室内常温条件下操作。

高硒环境样品中硒的形态分析方法

在恩施富硒碳质岩和土壤样品中硒矿物学研究的基础上,提出了硒连续化学提取的改进方案。化学操作上定义为7个连续步骤:水溶态(MQ 水提取) 、可交换态(0. 1 mol/ L 的K2 HPO4 + KH2 PO4 ,p H = 7. 0) 、有机结合态(011 mol/ L NaOH) 、元素态(1 mol/ L Na2 SO3 溶液) 、酸溶性提取态(15 % CH3CO2 H 溶液) 、硫化物/ 硒化物态(1 mol/ L CrCl2 + HCl 溶液) 和残渣态硒( HNO3 + HF + H2O2 混合消化液) 。使用HGOAFS 法检测了各结合态中的硒形态和总硒,上述流程提取硒加和与总硒间显著一致,平均回收率为9912 % ,符合平行样品间变异系数低于10 %的精度要求。该方法简单易行,能够准确地揭示富硒地质样品中硒的形态信息。

湖北恩施表生高硒环境中有机结合态硒的形态研究

硒是人体和动物必需的微量元素，摄入过高或过低均可导致不同的健康效应。已有的研究表明，硒的生物有效性不仅与地质环境中的总硒有关，更取决于硒的形态分布。不同形态的硒具有显著差异的地球化学特性，影响着环境中硒的迁移、循环、生物有效性和毒性。渔塘坝是中国唯一发生过人群硒中毒爆发性流行的地区，该地区风化富硒碳质岩和高硒土壤中有机结合态硒可达到总硒的60%以上，而有机结合态硒的进一步研究有助于深入了解硒的分布和生物可利用性，阐明富硒碳质岩风化及其成土过程中硒的生物地球化学次生富集过程与循环机制。本论文利用改进的7步连续化学浸提技术和优化的有机结合态硒提取方案，使用氢化物发生－原子荧光光谱法，研究了恩施表生高硒环境中有机结合态硒的形态分布，得出了以下几点结论： 1. 在硒七步连续提取方案的基础上，对影响硒提取的因素如液固比、提取剂浓度等进行了优化、并对不同结合态（相态）硒提取中的若干问题进行了讨论。研究结果表明，硒的连续化学提取过程中，液固比为20:1到50:1时能够满足不同结合态硒提取的要求；在水浴加热条件下，NaOH浓度0.1M～0.5M时能有效提取有机结合态硒；1M Na2SO3溶液是元素硒的较好提取剂；而对于硫化物/硒化物结合态硒，合适配比的NaOH＋H2O2混合液有利于H2Se的完全吸收，500～600mL/min的载气气流能保证其被CrCl2+HCl混合液还原所产生H2Se气体的完全吸收。 2. 利用优化的连续化学浸提方案提取风化富硒碳质岩石和高硒土壤样品的有机结合态硒，进而分离出富里酸硒和胡敏酸硒，并用高压密闭消化－氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定了硒的含量。该方案的回收率为84.4～104.2%，平均回收率为96.1%；有机结合态硒与胡敏酸富里酸硒加和值之间有良好的一致性，线性相关系数为0.999（n＝14），斜率为1.0026。而后使用自制的氢化物反应发生和吸收装置进一步分离了与富里酸（胡敏酸）吸附的Se(IV)和强结合的硒，其中分离富里酸硒的回收率为86.3%～107.6%，平均值为97.1%；分离胡敏酸硒的回收率为85.5%～105.9%，平均值为97.9%。表明本论文所采用的实验方案是切实可行的。 3. 风化富硒碳质岩石样品中胡敏酸硒比例较高，所占比例为36.3%～75.8%，平均值为58.1%，但胡敏酸硒并不是占有绝对的优势，且各个样品之间存在较大差异。高硒土壤样品中富里酸硒占有机结合态比例在25.4%～85.0%，除个别样品外，多数样品的富里酸硒所占比例均在70%～80%，表明富里酸硒是渔塘坝土壤有机结合态硒的一种主要存在形式，在适当的条件下（如环境的pH-Eh变化），能够被转化从而被植物吸收利用。并且这种岩石中胡敏酸硒含量高、土壤中富里酸硒含量高的分布特征指示了硒在风化过程中可能的迁移和转化规律。 4. 富里酸硒和胡敏酸硒的形态分析表明，不同岩石样品中各有机结合态硒的形态分布差异较大，分布规律不明显，这可能与岩石样品的风化程度有关；而对于土壤样品，不论是在富里酸还是胡敏酸中，吸附Se(IV)的含量都大于强结合硒，尤其是富里酸中的吸附Se(IV)，平均值为83.4%，最高达95.4%。这部分吸附的Se(IV)相对于强结合的富里酸硒更容易被释放，而这也进一步佐证了富里酸硒易于受环境变化（pH-Eh）和倍半氧化物等的影响而转变为生物可利用态硒。 5. 无论是胡敏酸强结合硒（HA-Se）还是富里酸强结合硒（FA-Se）均在有机结合态硒中以一定的比例存在，对这部分硒的研究还仅局限于定量，而其究竟是以何种形态、以何种方式与腐殖质结合尚不清楚。因此，有必要对这部分硒进行进一步研究。

湖泊沉积物碳氧同位素和介形虫Li/Ca比值与古环境重建

了解过去是认识现在和预测未来的基础。晚全新世是PAGES研究的目标时段之一。寻找和解译最近2000年连续、高分辨率自然记录是古气候研究的热点与难点。本项研究有针对性地选择程海、草海和青海湖开展湖泊沉积物环境记录的精细研究，结合14C、210Pb和137Cs定年，系统探讨了碳酸盐碳氧同位素、纤维素碳氧同位素、有机质碳同位素以及介形虫壳体Li/Ca比值指标的古环境指示意义。 通过研究，本论文取得了如下成果和新的认识： 1. 建立了一套有效的四阶段湖泊沉积物有机质纤维素提取方法（5%NaOH碱洗、5%HCl酸洗、亚氯酸钠和冰醋酸混合溶液漂白以及17.5%NaOH碱洗），红外光谱鉴定提取物为纯的α-纤维素，表明该实验方法是可行的，为今后广泛开展湖泊沉积物纤维素稳定同位素研究打下了坚实基础。 2. 多指标综合辨识了程海和草海沉积物碳酸盐主要是自生碳酸盐。程海和草海沉积物有机质C/N比值结合有机质碳同位素结果表明两湖的有机质分别源于水生植物藻类和大型水草。程海和草海沉积物碳酸盐含量主要反映了湖区温度的变化。 3. 程海、草海沉积物碳酸盐与青海湖沉积物介形虫壳体氧同位素组成均反映了湖区降水/蒸发比。降水/蒸发比大的湿润期，碳酸盐δ18O值小；降水/蒸发比小的干旱期，碳酸盐δ18O值大。程海沉积物碳酸盐碳同位素组成影响因素复杂，除了受大气与湖水之间的CO2交换影响外，还受水生植物光合/吸收作用的影响；草海沉积物碳酸盐碳同位素组成更大的变化范围，反映了湖区水生植物光合/吸收作用的影响，其异常的正值可能指示了湖区细菌参与有机质碳同位素分馏过程。 4. 利用草海沉积物有机质纤维素氧同位素定量恢复了湖水氧同位素组成变化。在此基础上，结合碳酸盐氧同位素组成初步恢复了草海地区过去500年来温度变化历史：草海地区在过去500年明显存在四个冷期，包括1550－1610年，1670－1730年，1770－1870年和1890－1920年冷期，其中前三个发生在传统意义上的现代小冰期时段。与其它记录研究结果的一致性表明纤维素氧同位素结合碳酸盐氧同位素是恢复古温度变化的最有效途径之一，同时也为现代小冰期在中国西南地区的存在提供了湖泊沉积学方面的证据。 5. 不同类型水生植物湖泊，湖泊沉积物有机质δ13C值对湖泊初级生产力变化的响应过程不同。大型水草为主的湖泊（草海），其沉积物有机质δ13C值随湖泊生产力的增大呈现增加的变化趋势；藻类为主的湖泊（程海），其沉积物有机质δ13C随湖泊生产力的增大呈现减小的变化趋势，藻类易降解是导致δ13C值随湖泊生产力的增大呈现减小变化趋势的主要原因。 6. 程海沉积物碳酸盐和有机质碳同位素组成的正相关变化以及草海沉积物碳酸盐和有机质碳同位素组成的负相关变化.表明湖泊生产力变化并不是导致碳酸盐和有机质碳同位素正相关变化的主要原因，湖泊水生植物类型以及湖泊大小均起着重要作用。湖泊沉积物碳酸盐与有机质之间的碳同位素分馏（△δ13C）是一种有效的湖泊生产力指示剂，即使是在有微生物参与有机质碳同位素分馏过程的草海，△δ13C值也反映了湖泊生产力的变化过程。 7. 青海湖沉积物单一种属介形虫壳体胖真星介（Eucypris inflata）Li/Ca比值与气象记录以及邻近地区都兰和祁连山树轮宽度指数恢复的古温度变化序列的对比研究揭示，介形虫壳体Li/Ca比值与温度呈明显的负相关变化（Li/Ca比值高，温度低；Li/Ca比值低，温度高），表明介形虫壳体Li/Ca比值是一种有效的古温度代用指标。 8. 青海湖沉积物单一种属介形虫壳体胖真星介（Eucypris inflata）Li/Ca比值、氧同位素与反映太阳活动的大气14C含量和冰芯10Be含量的一致性变化表明青海湖地区温度和降雨量的同步变化主要受太阳活动控制。

高温高压下钠长石熔体结构及水的溶解机理实验研究

通过对高温高压下钠长石熔体结构及水在钠长石熔体中溶解机制的Raman和FTIR光谱实验研究，可以得出以下结论：（1）随着压力升高（1bar-2.0GPa）NaAlSi_3O_8熔体玻璃Raman光谱的低频区（50-650cm~(-1)）不断变窄并向高频方向移动，同时高频区（850-1300cm~(-1)）不断变窄且向低频区方向移动，这表明随着压力升高T-O-T为（T = Si, Al）键角（0）不断减小，并且分布范围变窄，T－O－T键角这种变化从而可使T－O键的力常数减小，导致键强减弱，另外，580cm~(-1)谱峰强度随着压力升高不断减弱，并在0.8-1.0GPa时最为显著，这是由于在0.8-1.0GPa时包含（Si, Al）的平面三元环结构的“垮塌“造成的。此外，钠长石熔体结构随压力升高的这种变化特征与对其粘度的研究是相符的；（2）水在钠长石熔体中同时以OH和H_2O形式存在，这分别对应于FTIR光谱中的4500cm~(-1)及5200cm~(-1)谱峰。根据对水在钠长石熔体中溶解类型的红外光谱研究以及热力学计算都表明，在溶解初期水主要以OH存在于熔体中，此时H_2O含量相对较低；随着熔体中水含量的升高，OH所占比例越来越低，而H_2O分子则成为主要的溶解类型；（3）根据对含水钠长石玻璃的Raman和FTIR光谱研究，并结合Kohn等的MAS NMR结果，认为H_2O在NaAlSi_3O_8熔体中的溶解作用同时存在两种机制：一方面H_2O与Al-O°-Al 结构单元反应发生解聚作用而生成Q~3 Al-OH，并造成Raman光谱中900cm~(-1)谱峰的出现；另一方面水中的H~+与钠长石熔体中的Na~+发生转换作用成为电荷平衡离子。水在钠长石熔体中的溶解作用可表示为：H_2O + 3NaAlSi_3O_8 = 2NaAl(OH)Si_3O_(7.5) + HAlSi_3O_8 + NaOH 考虑到水在熔体中的溶解类型与水含量的关系以及熔体粘度的变化，在溶解初期水的溶解机制以生成Al-OH为主，随着水含量的升高，H~+与Na~+之间的置换作用变得愈加重要。

条件反射性免疫抑制及其脑机制的c-fos研究

To explore the neural mechanisms underlying conditioned immunomodulation, this study employed the classical taste aversion (CTA) behavioral paradigm to establish the conditioned humoral and cellular immunosuppression (CIS) in Wistar rats, by paring saccharin (CS) with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of an immunosuppressive drug cyclophophamide (UCS). C-fos immunohistochemistry method was used to observe the changes of the neuronal activities in the rat brain during the acquisition, expression and extinction of the conditioned immunosuppression (CIS). The followings are the main results: 1. Five days after one trial of CS-UCS paring, reexposure to CS alone significantly decreased the level of the anti-ovalbumin (OVA) IgG in the peripheral serum. Two trials of CS-UCS paring and three reexposures to CS not only resulted in further suppression of the primary immune response, but also reduced the numbers of peripheral lymphocytes and white blood cells. This finding indicates that CS can induce suppression of the immune function, and the magnitude of the effects is dependent on the intensity of training. 2. On day 5 following two trials of CS-UCS pairing, CS suppressed the spleen lymphocytes responsiveness to mitogens ConA, PHA and PWM, and decreased the numbers of peripheral lymphocytes and white blood cells. On day 15, only PHA induced lymphocyte proliferation was suppressed by CS. On day 30, presentation of CS did not have any effect on these immune parameters. These results suggest that the conditioned suppression of the cellular immune function can retain 5-15 days, and extinct after 30 days. 3. CTA was easily induced by one or two CS-UCS parings, and remained robust even after 30 days. These data demonstrate that CIS can be dissociated from CTA, and they may be mediated by different neural mechanisms. 4. Immunohistochemistry assays revealed a broad pattern of c-fos expression throughout the rat brain following the CS-UCS pairing and reexposure to CS, suggesting that many brain regions are involved in CIS. Some brain areas including the solitary tract nucleus (Sol), lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) and insular cortex (IC), showed high level c-fos expressions in response to both CS and UCS, suggesting that they may be involved in the transmission and integration of the CS and UCS signals in the brain. There were dense c-FOS positive neurons in the paraverntricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SO) of hypothalamus, subfornical organ (SFO) and area postrema (AP) etc. after two trials of CS-UCS paring and after the reexposure to CS 5 days later, but not in the first training and after the extinction of CIS (30 days later). The results reflect that these nuclei may have an important role in CIS expression, and may also response to the immunosuppression of UCS. The conditioned training and reexposure to CS 5 days later induced high level c-fos expression in the cingulate cortex (Cg), central amygdaloid nucleus (Ce), intermediate part of lateral septal nucleus (LSI) and ventrolateral parabrachial nucleus (VLPB) etc. But c-fos induction was not apparent when presenting CS 30 days later. These brain regions are mainly involved in CIS, and may be critical structures in the acquisition and expression of CIS. Some brain regions, including the frontal cortex (Fr), ventral orbital cortex (VO), IC, perirhinal cortex (PRh), LPB and the medial part of solitary nucleus (SolM), showed robust c-FOS expression following the conditioning training and reexposure to CS both on day 5 and day 30, suggesting that they are critically involved in CTA.