151 resultados para 372
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Biosorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions by nonliving green algae Cladophora albida was investigated in batch experiments. The influence of pH, algal dosage, initial Cr(VI) concentration, temperature and coexisting anions on removal efficiencies of C. albida was studied. Cr(VI) removal process was influenced significantly by the variation of pH, and the optimum pH was chosen at a range of 1.0-3.0. The optimum algal dosage 2 g/L was used in the experiment. The removal rate of Cr(VI) was relatively rapid in the first 60 min, but then the rate decreased gradually. Removal mechanism was studied by analyzing Cr(VI) and total Cr in the solution. Biosorption and bioreduction were involved in the Cr(VI) removal. Biosorption of Cr(VI) was the first step. followed by Cr(VI) bioreduction and Cr(III) biosorption on the algal biomass. Actual industrial wastewater was used to evaluate the practicality of the biomass C. albida. From a practical viewpoint, the abundant and economic biomass C. albida could be used for removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater by the reduction of toxic Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III). (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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在整理蓝雪科标本时,发现了补血草属的一个新变种:玛多补血草(Limonium aureum Hill.var.maduoensis),生境为海拔4000 m以上的滩地紫花针茅高寒草原和盐碱化土壤中.
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大通河流域共有野生种子植物77科、368属、1 154种.分别占本区所属的青藏高原植物亚区唐古特地区总科数的85.56%、总属数的72.44%、总种数的50.50%.区系特征如下:(1)本区是唐古特地区一个值得提倡大力保护的植物模式标本的集中产地,种类相对较丰富.(2)属的分析表明,本区属于以北温带成分,特别是欧亚大陆温、寒地带典型成分为优势的,兼具温性、寒温和高寒类型的温带区系性质.(3)区系具有年轻和衍生的性质.具体表现在木本类型较少,多年生草本多,缺乏古老的和原始的类群,一些中国特有属种为衍生类群.(4)作为青藏高原的边缘地带和过渡区系,本区系在受到我国华北区系和西南高山区系的双重影响的同时,保持了其高原、高山类型的区系性质.(5)为我国黄土高原植物区系向青藏高原植物区系过渡的代表区系之一.本文的分析表明,在中国种子植物区系分区中,本区属于青藏高原植物亚区中的唐古特地区.
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在过去叶表皮实验的基础上,本文从鹅观草属不同组、系中新增解剖了16 个有代表性的种。根据这些种叶片反映的表皮微形态特征,进一步证实了鹅观草属共族分属以及属下类群划分的正确性,揭示了属中各主要类群的演化水平和系统发育关系。研究结果最后表明:鹅观草属的半颖组最原始,在系统发育中它可能既派生了较进化的小颖组和大颖组,又派生了最进化的长颖组;在大颖组中,齿草系较原始,纤毛草系较进化,宽叶草系最进化,纤毛草系和宽叶草系可能相继起生于齿草系。并且,鹅观草属的这种进化关系同过去细胞学和形态学提供的证据是基本一致的。
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Plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi) is one of the blind subterranean mole rats that spend their life solely underground in scaled burrows. It is one of the special species of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. In their burrows, oxygen is low and carbon dioxide is high and their contents fluctuate with the change of seasons, soil types, rain and depth of burrows. However, plateau zokors show successful adaptation to that extreme environment. In this study, their adapting mechanisms to the hypoxic hypercapnic environment were analyzed through the comparison of their blood-gas properties with that of pikas (Ochotona curzniae) and Sprague-Dawley rats. The results indicated that plateau zokors had higher red blood corpuscle counts (8.11 +/- 0.59 (10(12)/L)) and hemoglobin concentrations (147 +/- 9.85 g/L), but hematocrit (45.9 +/- 3.29%) and mean corpuscular volume (56.67 +/- 2.57 fL) were lower than the other rodents. Their arterial blood and venous blood pH were 7.46 +/- 0.07 and 7.27 +/- 0.07. Oxygen pressure in arterial blood of plateau zokors was about 1.5 times higher than that of pikas and rats, and it was 0.36 and 0.26 times in their venous blood. Partial pressure for carbon dioxide in arterial and venous blood of plateau zokors was 1.5-fold and 2.0-fold higher, respectively, than in rats and pikas. Oxygen saturation of plateau zokors was 5.7 and 9.3 times lower in venous blood than that of pikas and rats, respectively. As result, the difference of oxygen saturation in arterial blood to venous blood was 2- and 4.5-fold higher in plateau zokors as that of pikas and rats, respectively. In conclusion, plateau zokors had a high tolerance to pH changes in tissues, together with strong capabilities to obtain oxygen from their hypoxic-hypercapnic environment. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Inc.
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为具有前轮导向的牵引车-拖车提出了一种最优控制法.这种最优控制法是基于位置误差和方向误差及导向角的二次性能指标为最小.
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在系统研究墨江金矿床地质事件的基础上,以富金石英脉中的石英流体包裹体为测定对象,获得RbSr等时线年龄为(135±3)Ma。上三叠统地层中含金石英脉旁侧发育的铬水云母脉K-Ar法年龄为(109.5±1.7)Ma。结合前人的研究资料,认为墨江金矿床经历了多期次成矿作用,其中构成本矿床的主体——富金石英脉的形成时代可能为135~90Ma,相当于燕山晚期。
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藏北羌塘盆地双湖地区发育一套以灰黑色油页岩、泥岩、泥灰岩互层为特征的岩相组合,含有丰富的菊石化石。该层位发现早侏罗世早Toarcian期Har poceras sp.菊石,它与欧洲广泛出现的早Toarcian期大洋缺氧事件的地层相当。通过分析,有机碳含量最高可达26.1%,有机碳同位素组成从-26.22%。变化到-23.53%0(PDB)。在地层剖面上,油页岩的8℃干酪根变化曲线显示明显的正偏移,偏移量接近2.17‰,与欧洲早Toarcian期缺氧事件地层同位素异常有很好的可对比性。
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Fluvial Sedimentation of alluvial facies prevailed during the Late Jrassic in the Minhe Basin.On the basis of the study of sedimentary facies of the Upper Jurassic series.this paper focuses on the river types suing the "Architecture Element" analysis method proposed by Miall,and calculated all the quantitative parameters to reflect the characteristics of the stream channel geometry and hydrodynamic conditions of paleo-rivers with the equations of ethrideg,schumm et al.Finally,we discussed the characteristics of environmental evolution of palsorivers on the quantitative basis.Our conclusion indicates that the evolution of paleo-rivers during the Late Jurassic,from early to late,shows such a tendency as alluvial fan river→ braid river→alluvial fan river→mid-sinuoisty river→ high-sinuosity river.
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REE geochemistry data from the Fanshan alunite deposit indicated that its ore-forming materials came chiefly from the country rocks, with δCe〉0 for alunite ores. According to the differences in δEu, the alunite ores were divided into three types: weak negative Eu anomaly, weak positive Eu anomaly and remarkable positive Eu anomaly. The phenomena of Ce-enrichment in the ores indicated that the Fanshan alunite deposit was formed in an oxidizing environment. Variations in fO2 are corresponding to those in δEu: Eu anomaly varies from negative to positive with increasing fO2. And two other important factors may impact the occurrence of Eu anomalies: the contents of alkaline feldspar and the protolith structure in the mineralization period.
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在东秦岭地区分布14个大型、中、小型的钼矿床,构成了长200km、宽20km的巨量钼矿化集中区。根据对钼矿床特征分析,矿床形成在燕山期活动的中酸性小岩体内部、接触带和外围,岩石类型主要有花岗斑岩和石英二长岩,它们具有较高的酸、碱和钾含量特征。主要的矿床类型有:①斑岩型钼矿;②斑岩.夕卡岩型钼矿;③夕卡岩型钼矿;④爆破角砾岩型钼矿;⑤热液脉型钼矿。尽管这些矿床类型不同,但是他们都与花岗斑岩的活动有关,深部格子状构造控制了一系列中酸性花岗岩浆的侵位和构造-岩浆-流体成矿作用.
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本研究根据贵阳市区域内不同土地利用方式,选择了自然土壤、农业土壤和城市土壤为主要研究对象。对表层土壤实行多样点的统计分析、以及典型剖面有机碳迁移过程分析,同时结合同位素地球化学示踪原理,探讨了贵阳市区域内土地利用方式变化对土壤有机碳的影响,以及不同土地利用方式间土壤有机碳的来源和降解过程的差异。主要结论如下: (1) 自然土壤转化为农业土壤后,表层(0~10cm) SOC有较为明显的降低趋势。其中,相对于自然土壤(黄壤) 表层SOC(平均值)而言,玉米地、水田、果园下降了40%左右,菜地下降了15%左右。然而,不同菜地土壤间耕种强度存在较大差异,其SOC变异程度高于其它几类农业土壤(CV=57.07%)。与之相反,农业土壤表层DOC(18.86~48.20mg•L-1)接近或超过自然土壤(10.74~36.30 mg•L-1),且ƒDOC占SOC的比例明显大于自然土壤。其中,玉米地DOC最高(平均值:48.20mg•L-1),菜地次之(平均值:30.00mg•L-1),果园第三(平均值:29.87mg•L-1),水田最低(平均值:18.86mg•L-1),但水田由于干湿交替的影响,DOC的变异程度最大(CV=128.57%)。据此推断,在相同气候条件下,自然土壤转化为农业土壤后,由于表层DOC数量和比例的增加,提高了SOC的迁移性,进而加速了碳素在土壤中的迁移转化进程。 (2) 自然土壤转化为农业土壤后,剖面内部(>10cm)多数层次SOC相对于黄壤和黄色石灰土有明显的增加趋势。且通过对不同类型农业土壤人为干扰强度的调查表明:人为干扰强度越强,剖面中一定深度内SOC增加幅度越大。即:离城市较近的菜地2增长最为突出,果园其次,水田和玉米地相当。离城市较远的菜地1由于受人为干扰层次较浅,且出现了犁底层,剖面内SOC的含量水平与黄色石灰土相当。 (3) 原始土壤经搬运重组后形成城市公路绿化带土壤,表层SOC和DOC变幅较宽、离散程度较大,且没有随时间或植被类型等因素的变化而呈现明显的变化趋势。其中,SOC变异程度依次为新成公路绿化带2(CV=58.0%)、老成公路绿化带(CV=55.5%)、新成公路绿化带1(CV=34.1%)。DOC变异程度依次为新成公路绿化带1(CV=93.8%)、新成公路绿化带2(CV=85.7%)、老成公路绿化带(CV=78.0%)。 (4) 在自然土壤、农业土壤和城市绿化带土壤表层中,DOC与SOC、N、C/N、NO3-、NH4-,以及粘粒含量等的相关性均未达到显著水平。另据方差分析显示:果园、水田、菜地和玉米地表层土壤间DOC、SOC含量均无显著差异,说明农业土壤利用方式不是决定土壤表层SOC和DOC含量的绝对因素;新成公路绿化带1,2和老成公路绿化带表层土壤间DOC、SOC含量均无显著差异,说明植被类别和形成时间不是决定土壤表层SOC和DOC含量的绝对因素。 (5) 自然土壤中,枯枝落叶转化为表层(0~5cm)土壤有机质后,δ13CSOC值升高了1~4‰。通过不同碳源间δ13Corg相互关系的判断,在具备枯枝落叶覆盖的表层土壤中,DOC主要来源于枯枝落叶;而在土壤剖面内,随土壤剖面深度的增加,来自于土壤腐殖类物质的DOC占土壤DOC总量的比例呈增加趋势。在黄壤和黄色石灰土中(>5cm土层),土壤剖面中大多数层次DOC比SOC更富13C。 (6) 大多数农业土壤有机碳δ13C值显示其有机肥源中存在C4-C源。且农业土壤中受碳源多样性的影响,菜地、果园、水田和玉米地表层土壤中δ13CSOC与δ13CDOC的相关性均未达到显著水平。其次,除玉米地土壤剖面外,其它供试农业土壤剖面大多数层次δ13CDOC值比δ13CSOC偏负,说明菜地、果园、水田土壤DOC主要为外源的加入。 (7) C3植被转化为C4植被(林-农生态系统转化)后,玉米地剖面中SOC有2.55%~20.80%源于C4-C,随剖面层次的加深有降低趋势,但表现为“之”字形反复;DOC中C4-C的比例在剖面0~40cm处较为相近(25.94%~34.54%),40cm以下则急剧下降(3.18%~15.65%)。说明玉米地剖面 DOC主要来源于土壤腐殖类物质的转化。与林-农生态系统转变过程中的变化趋势相反,洼地农业土壤退耕弃荒一段时间(林-农-林生态系统转化)后,土壤剖面内C4-C占SOC的比例随土壤层次的加深逐渐增加,变化范围在5.77~26.76%。 (8) 在C3植被转向C4植被(林-农生态系统转化)后,玉米地δ13CSOC值与C4-C、C3-C相关系数(r)分别为0.372和-0.102,δ13CDOC值与C4-C、C3-C相关系数分别为0.131和-0.339,其相关性均未达到显著水平。而再从C4植被转回C3植被后,土壤δ13CSOC与C3-C之间呈显著相关性(r=0.88,n=7),说明退耕弃荒后新加入的C3-C对土壤δ13CSOC值影响较大。其SOC的主要来源于洼地周边坡面土壤的侵蚀堆积物和新生草本植被残体。结合当前SOC降解过程的研究成果,本研究认为:洼地土壤退耕弃荒后一段时间里,土壤SOC可能处于累积大于损失状态。这有利于土壤性状向良性方向发展。 (9) 根据同位素值的相互关系和有机碳的来源调查,判断公路绿化带土壤中C4-C为原始土壤所带来。大气颗粒物和雨水中的DOC是表层土壤DOC的主要来源。公路绿化带土壤剖面中,随着时间的增加,土壤腐殖类物质与DOC的相互转化逐渐加强。 上述结论可为人类认识城市区域(特别是有强烈酸性沉降历史的喀斯特城市区域)土地利用方式改变对土壤碳循环的影响,以及不同土地利用方式间土壤有机碳迁移转化过程提供科学依据,也可为正确评估城市区域土壤与其他圈层间碳循环的源、汇关系提供基础资料。
An AES;UPS and HREELS Study of the oxidation and reaction of Nb(110);N(110)。面上氧化和反应的AES UPS和HREELS研究