163 resultados para 332.6327


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大多数线型高聚物浓溶液的流动行为呈现非牛顿性,线型顺1,4-聚丁二烯(LBR)亦然,而环化顺1,4-聚丁烯(CBR)的浓溶液在浓度达17.8%时仍表现为牛顿流体。CBR溶液的临界缠结浓度明显地高于LBR,CBR分子链间的缠结效应比LBR弱得多,这是CBR的分子链结构特征所致。

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用自旋捕集技术和ESR方法,以MNP为捕集剂,研究了紫外线辐照核黄素产生超氧自由基(O)等活性氧与嘧啶碱基及其核苷的反应。确定了尿嘧啶、胞嘧啶和胸腺嘧啶及其核苷所产生的自旋加合物自由基的类别,讨论了自由基的形成机制,揭示了超氧自由基与嘧啶碱基及其核苷的反应不是直接进行的,而是通过羟基自由基(OH)来实现的。

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关于η~6-芳烃过渡金属有机络合物催化烯烃聚合的研究已早有报道.但对于η~6-芳烃稀土络合物催化烯烃聚合的研究至今未见报道.我们在研究了(η~6-C_6H_6)Nd-(AlCl_4)_3-AlR_3催化异成二烯聚合的基础上,又考察了不同芳烃烯土络合物和几种AlR_3组成的催化剂对丁二烯聚合的催化活性. 1.原料及试剂:丁二烯和烷基铝均为聚合级.汽油分别经浓硫酸,氢氧化钠水溶

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利用CO_2激光对YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-Y)块材进行熔凝处理后,证明可逆反应式YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-Y)(?)Y_2Cu_2O_5+4BaCuO_2成立,在结构上消除了孔洞等缺陷,使晶粒细化均匀,有序化程度及致密度提高,有效地提高了材料的临界电流密度J_c,从而提出用CO_2激光制备高温超导体YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-y)超导体块材、带材及线材实用化的新工艺.

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Clip domain serine protease (cSP), characterized by conserved clip domains, is a new serine protease family identified mainly in arthropod, and plays important roles in development and immunity. In the present study, the full-length cDNA of a cSP (designated EscSP) was cloned from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis by expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and PCR techniques. The 1380 bp EscSP cDNA contained a 1152 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative cSP of 383 amino acids, a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 54 bp, and a 3'-UTR of 174 bp. Multiple sequence alignment presented twelve conserved cysteine residues and a canonical catalytic triad (His(185), Asp(235) and Ser(332)) critical for the fundamental structure and function of EscSP. Two types of cSP domains, the clip domain and tryp_spc domain, were identified in the deduced amino acids sequence of EscSP. The conservation characteristics and similarities with previously known cSPs indicated that EscSP was a member of the large cSP family. The mRNA expression of EscSP in different tissues and the temporal expression in haemocytes challenged by Listonella anguillarum were measured by real-time RT-PCR. EscSP mRNA transcripts could be detected in all examined tissues, and were higher expressed in muscle than that in hepatopancreas. gill, gonad, haemocytes and heart. The EscSP mRNA expression in haemocytes was up-regulated after L anguillarum challenge and peaked at 2 h (4.96 fold, P < 0.05) and 12 h (9.90 fold, P < 0.05). Its expression pattern was similar to prophenoloxidase (EsproPO), one of the components of crab proPO system found in our previous report. These results implied that EscSP was involved in the processes of host-pathogen interaction probably as one of the proPO system members. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The effects of infection of EGFP-expressing Escherichia coli on the haemocytes of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis were investigated. The results showed that THC of the infected individuals changed significantly. Hyaline amoebocytes phagocytosed E. coli in 5 min and excreted lysosome particles that attached to the surface of the bacteria. Granular amoebocytes released lots of particles for Immoral immunity while stem-cell-like haemocytes remained intact. With the increase in THC, the stem-cell-like haemocytes showed division and proliferation. A small portion of hyaline amoebocytes was at early apoptosis stage I h after infection and typical apoptosis bodies emerged in granular amoebocytes. A few of the infected haemocytes showed DNA damage using SCGE assay. Flow cytometry analysis revealed an obvious apoptosis peak in infected haemocytes. In conclusion, apoptosis was found to be an important immune response of ascidian haemocytes response to bacterial infection. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of apoptosis of haemocytes in ascidians. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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We explore the tectono-magmatic processes in the western West Philippine Basin, Philippine Sea Plate, using bathymetric data acquired in 2003 and 2004. The northwestern part of the basin formed through a series of northwestward propagating rifts. We identify at least five sequences of propagating rifts, probably triggered by mantle flow away from the mantle thermal anomaly that is responsible for the origin of the Benham and Urdenata plateaus. Gravitational forces caused by along-axis topographic gradient and a similar to 30 degrees ridge reorientation appear to also be driving the rift propagations. The along-axis mantle flow appears to be reduced and deflected along the Luzon-Okinawa fracture zone, because the spreading system remained stable west of this major fault zone. North-east of the Benham plateau, a left-lateral fracture zone has turned into a NE-SW-trending spreading axis. As a result, a microplate developed at the triple junction.

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遗传力是数量遗传学的重要参数,对鱼类良种选育具有重要意义。可靠的遗传力估计值可以为合理制定育种计划提供宝贵信息,同时可以预测选择反应。本文按照10×3因子设计方法,10尾雄鱼与3尾雌鱼两两授精,产生10个父系半同胞、3个母系半同胞及30个全同胞家系,以微卫星分子标记为家系鉴定手段,对40日龄牙鲆生长相关性状遗传力进行了估计;同时,初步探讨了因子交配设计及人工控制条件下,亲本对子代遗传贡献率差异及有效群体大小。主要结论包括:1.初步筛选的14个微卫星位点中,有9个(Po91、Po1、Po56、Po20、Poli23、Po89、Poli121、Po42、Po13)在亲本中呈现中、高度多态性:平均等位基因9.4个;平均亲本特异性等位基因4个。用5个位点(Po91、Po1、Po56、Po20、Poli23)为346个子代中的227个个体找到所属家系;继续用另外4个位点(Po89、Poli121、Po42、Po13)分型,成功鉴定72个个体。鉴定率约86%,其中,亲本特异性等位基因的存在使鉴定效率大大提高。以上9个位点可为该群体良种选育工作提供技术支持。2. 发生降解的DNA与完整的DNA,在相同引物、相同PCR体系、相同模板浓度下扩增的带型一致。该结果证实了微卫星分型对降解的DNA同样稳定。3. 亲本对子代的遗传贡献率存在差异。雄亲的贡献率为5.8—14.3%,除3号、9号子代数较少,5号、6号子代数较多外,其它父本基本一致;母本对子代的贡献率差异较大(18.5%—50.6%),这与人工授精前雌亲发育状况、卵子质量检测结果基本一致,在一定程度上说明,母本尤其是卵子质量对鱼类早期存活具有较大影响。4. 家系内子代数目的不平衡导致实际有效群体大小下降。Ne=7.44,比理论有效群体大小(9.23)下降约19%。但与自然交配相比(有效群体下降可达75%),人工控制下的交配在一定程度上可有效限制遗传多样性的下降。5. 基于父本方差组分,40日龄生长相关性状遗传力估计值(h2s±S.E.)为(0.157±0.052)-(0.440±0.137)。加性遗传方差在表型方差中所占的比例,在一定程度上表明该牙鲆群体生长性状具有一定的选择力度。

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第一部分 刺参遗传连锁图谱的构建 利用AFLP和微卫星标记以一个远缘地理杂交家系为作图群体,以拟测交理论为作图策略,构建了刺参Apostichopus japonicus的雌性和雄性遗传连锁图谱。利用62对AFLP引物组合,对亲本和93个个体进行了分离分析,共得到3572个标记,其中具有多态性的标记为点数为1133个,多态性比例为31.5%。平均每个引物对产生18.3个多态片段。1133个多态性位点中,294个标记在父母本中都出现并在后代中分离,839个标记在父本或母本中出现并在子代分离,其中母本443(52.8%)个分离标记,父本396(47.2%)个分离标记。卡方检验显示,556个标记符合孟德尔1:1分离。筛选微卫星标记中30个在家系中具有作图信息,其中19个可用于母本作图,19个可用于父本作图。 利用Mapmaker 3.0/EXP软件对分离标记进行连锁分析。358个分子标记用于雌性遗传连锁分析,其中包括19个微卫星标记,199个AFLP标记和11个微卫星标记定位在雌性框架图谱中。雌性框架图谱共有25个连锁群,总长度为3148.3 cM。标记之间最大间隔为37.5 cM,平均间隔为17.0 cM,连锁群的分子标记数最大为21个最小为4个。用于雄性连锁分析的分子标记共有332个,其中包含19个微卫星标记。207个标记定位于23个连锁群上,其中AFLP标记数为196个,微卫星标记数为11个。23个连锁群总长度为3059.8 cM,标记间最大间隔38.6 cM,平均间隔16.6 cM。每个连锁群的长度范围在40 cM到271.4 cM之间,标记数在18到4个之间,包括二、三连体在内的雄性连锁图谱共覆盖3227 cM。雌雄基因组的预测长度分别为4053.7 cM和3816.3 cM,因此,所构建的雌雄连锁图谱覆盖率分别为84.0%和84.5%。通过共有微卫星标记,有3个连锁群在两个图谱中对应。分子标记在两个图谱中呈均匀分布,没有成簇现象。 分子标记筛选、遗传图谱的构建为刺参分子标记辅助选择育种,经济性状QTL定位和比较基因作图打下基础,并且最终将促进中国刺参遗传改良和新品种的培育工作。 第二部分 卵母细胞成熟过程研究 对刺参卵母细胞的体外诱导成熟方法进行探索,并且通过透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜结合超薄切片技术及间接免疫荧光染色技术研究卵母细胞成熟的生物学过程。 分别利用在海参中有诱导作用的海星神经提取液和二硫苏糖醇(DTT)对从成熟卵巢解剖出的刺参卵母细胞进行诱导成熟试验,结果显示,刺参的卵母细胞在海水中不会发生自发成熟,海星神经提取液以及神经提取液加滤泡悬浮液对卵母细胞没有诱导成熟的作用,而二硫苏糖醇处理可以诱导卵母细胞生发泡破裂,当DTT溶液的浓度处于10-1 mol/L到10-3 mol/L之间时,对刺参卵母细胞的促熟作用较为明显,在10-2 mol/L左右时,卵母细胞的诱导成熟率可以达到90%以上。未成熟的卵母细胞处于第一次减数分裂前期,不具备受精能力。经DTT诱导后,生发泡发生移动并破裂,染色体排列到赤道板上,然后第一、二极体先后排出,诱导成熟的卵母细胞排出极体的时间与自然受精的卵子一致。在卵母细胞成熟过程中有受精膜举起的现象,说明精子入卵不是受精膜举起的必要条件。卵母细胞只有在生发泡破裂之后才具有受精能力,从生发泡破裂到第二极体排出前的整个减数分裂过程中,卵母细胞都可以受精,但是只有在第一极体排出前受精的卵母细胞才能发生卵裂。人工促熟的卵母细胞受精后,形成的胚胎似乎并不能正常发育,试验过程中最多只得到了8细胞期的胚胎,之后细胞便产生畸形并停止分裂,最终裂解消失。 利用DTT诱导刺参卵母细胞成熟,综合运用光镜、电子显微镜及激光共聚焦技术观察卵母细胞成熟过程,分析了卵母细胞表面动物极突起在卵母细胞脱滤泡中的作用,以及卵母细胞动物极突起和微管组织在生发泡移动过程中所起的作用。卵母细胞通过动物极突起连接到滤泡上,在脱滤泡作用开始时,卵母细胞动物极突起刺入并穿过滤泡膜,使得滤泡膜表面形成一个缺口,然后整个卵母细胞开始从缺口处挤出。脱滤泡的作用力来源有两种:胶膜层的水合作用以及滤泡的收缩。通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察,未成熟的卵母细胞中存在5种类型的微管,并且有两个微管组织中心锚定在卵母细胞突起下方。减数分裂重新启动时,生发泡沿微管向动物极移动,至细胞膜下时破裂。微管解聚对照实验证明驱动生发泡移动的细胞结构为微管束。生发泡破裂后,两个微管组织中心组织形成减数分裂纺锤体,然后第一极体以“收缩-排出”的独特方式排出。 本研究填补了刺参繁殖生物学研究中的缺失环节,为刺参人工繁育技术提供理论基础和指导。

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Chromosomal location of the major ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA) were studied in the dwarf surfclam (Mulinia lateralis, Say) using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). FISH probes for the rRNA genes were made by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), labeled with digoxigenin-11-dUTP and detected with fluorescein-labeled antidigoxigenin antibodies. Mulinia lateralis had a diploid number of 38 chromosomes and all chromosomes were telocentric. FISH with the rRNA probe produced positive and consistent signals on two pairs of chromosomes: Chromosome 15 with a relative length of 4.6% and Chromosome 19, the shortest chromosome. Both loci were telomeric. The rRNA location provides the first physical landmark of the M. lateralis genome.

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目的:研究塞隆骨提取物对弗氏完全佐剂诱导活化的腹腔巨噬细胞的免疫抑制作用。方法:小鼠腹腔注射弗氏完全佐剂诱导腹腔巨噬细胞活化并回收,体外加入LPS及IFN-γ刺激培养巨噬细胞,利用酶联免疫法测定培养上清中细胞因子(IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12p40、TNF-α水平。结果:塞隆骨水提物及90%醇沉部分体内给药均能够能显著抑制弗氏完全佐剂诱导的巨噬细胞向腹腔的浸润,能抑制巨噬细胞在LPS及IFN-γ刺激下生成细胞因子(IL-12p40、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α。结论:塞隆骨提取物对巨噬细胞功能有一定程度的影响,能够抑制其产生炎症因子,可能是其治疗类风湿性关节炎的作用机理之一。

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目的建立了青海地区唐古特大黄药材的HPLC指纹图谱.方法采用反相高效液相色谱法,乙腈-水(0.04%的磷酸)为流动相,梯度洗脱,体积流量1.0 mL/min,检测波长为280 nm,柱温为40 C.结果精密度、重现性、稳定性试验中共有峰面积和保留时间的RSD均小于5%.青海不同采集地唐古特大黄的平均相似度为0.925.结论该方法简便、实用、可靠,可用于以青海果洛地区为主产地不同海拔唐古特大黄药材质量标准的分析检测,也为栽培大黄代替野生大黄提供理论基础.

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对高寒草甸藏嵩草 (Kobresiatibetica)种群的繁殖对策进行了初步研究 .结果表明 :藏嵩草属寒冷中生密丛短根茎地下芽植物 ,在高寒生境中采用了以营养繁殖为主、有性繁殖为辅的繁殖策略 ,具体体现在以下几个方面 :藏嵩草种子产量nA=2 0 0 .1m-2 ,但种子萌发率较低 ,室内和野外萌发率分别仅有 4%和 2 % ,经氢氧化钠溶液和赤霉素溶液处理后的种子萌发率分别为 1%和 6 .7% ,而剥去种皮后种子萌发率达 47.3% ,所以种皮坚硬是造成种子萌发率低的主要原因 ;进入种子库、保留至返青期且具有活性的种子仅占种子总数的 31.49% ;单位面积上理论实生苗数仅为1.2 6m-2 ,与此相反 ,藏嵩草营养繁殖所形成的新个体数为 10 1.32m2 ,远远多于种子萌发所形成的实生苗数 .此外 ,藏嵩草营养繁殖效力也远高于有性繁殖效力,营养繁殖效力占总繁殖效力的83.46%(167)。

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本文提出一种基于遗传算法的轨迹规划方法,以解决操作臂的动态轨迹优化问题,并且结合智能发育的方法进行学习和训练,以保证算法的实时性,较好的解决了操作臂的实时轨迹规划问题。