Two-stage photo-biological production of hydrogen by marine green alga Platymonas subcordiformis

A marine green alga, Platymonas subcordiformis, was demonstrated to photobiologically evolve hydrogen (H-2) after the first stage of photosynthesis, when subjected to a two-phase incubation protocol in a second stage of H2 production: anaerobic incubation in the dark followed by the exposure to light illumination. The anaerobic incubation induced hydrogenase activity to catalyse H? evolution in the following phase of light illumination. H,) evolution strongly depended upon the duration of anaerobic incubation, deprivation of sulphur (S) from the medium and the medium pH. An optimal anaerobic incubation period of 32 h gave the maximum H2 evolution in the second phase in the absence of sulphur. Evolution of H,) was greatly enhanced by 13 times when S was deprived from the medium. This result suggests that S plays a critical role in the mediation of H-2 evolution from R subcordiformis. A 14-fold increase in H-2 production was obtained when the medium pH increased from 5 to 8; with a sharp decline at pH above eight. H-2 evolution was enhanced by 30-50% when supplementing the optimal concentrations of 25 mM acetate and 37.5 mM glucose. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A two-stage process with temperature-shift for enhanced anthocyanin production in strawberry cell suspension cultures

A two-stage process with temperature-shift has been developed to enhance the anthocyanin yield in suspension cultures of strawberry cells. The effect of the temperature-shift interval and the shift-time point was investigated for the optimization of this strategy. In this process, strawberry cells were grown at 30 degrees C (the optimum temperature for cell growth) for a certain period as the first stage, with the temperature shifted to a lower temperature for the second stage. In response to the temperature shift-down, anthocyanin synthesis was stimulated and a higher content could be achieved than that at both boundary temperatures but cell growth was suppressed. When the lower boundary temperature was decreased, cell growth was lowered and a delayed, sustained maximum anthocyanin content was achieved. Anthocyanin synthesis was strongly influenced by the shift-time point but cell growth was not. Consequently, the maximum anthocyanin content of 2.7 mg.g-fresh cell(-1) was obtained on day 9 by a temperature-shift from 30 degrees C, after 3-d culture, to 15 degrees C. The highest anthocyanin yield of 318 mg.L-1 on day 12 was achieved when the temperature was shifted from 30 degrees C, after 5-d culture, to 20 degrees C. For a global optimization of both the yield and productivity, the optimum anthocyanin yield and productivity of 272 mg.L-1 and 30.2 mg.L-1.d(-1) on day 9 were achieved by a two-stage culture with a temperature-shift from 30 degrees C after 3 d to 20 degrees C.

Size Dependent Nanoindentation of a Soft Film on a Hard Substrate

Nanoindentation experiments on Al/glass systems show that, as the indentation depth increases, the hardness decreases during a shallow indentation, and increases when the indenter tip approaches the film–substrate interface. We associate the rise in hardness during two stages with the strong strain gradient effects, the first stage is related with the small scale effects and the second stage with the strain gradient between the indenter and the hard substrate. Using the strain gradient theory proposed by Chen and Wang and the classical plasticity theory, the observed nanoindentation behavior is modeled and analyzed by means of the finite element method, and it is found that the classical plasticity cannot explain the experiment results but the strain gradient theory can describe the experiment data at both shallow and deep indentation depths very well. The results prove that both the strain gradient effects and substrate effects exist in the nanoindentation of the film–substrate system.

Atomistic investigation of the effects of temperature and surface roughness on diffusion bonding between Cu and Al

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are carried out to analyze the diffusion bonding at Cu/Al interfaces. The results indicate that the thickness of the interfacial layer is temperature-dependent, with higher temperatures yielding larger thicknesses. At temperatures below 750 K, the interface thickness is found to increase in a stepwise manner as a function of time. At temperatures above 750 K, the thickness increases rapidly and smoothly. When surface roughness is present, the bonding process consists of three stages. In the first stage, surfaces deform under stress, resulting in increased contact areas. The second stage involves significant plastic deformation at the interface as temperature increases, resulting in the disappearance of interstices and full contact of the surface pair. The last stage entails the diffusion of atoms under constant temperature. The bonded specimens show tensile strengths reaching 88% of the ideal Cu/Al contact strength. (c) 2007 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electric characteristics of pseudo-spark during breakdown phase

An analysis of the time-dependent resistive voltage and power deposition during the breakdown phase of pseudo-spark is presented. The voltage and current were measured by specially designed low-inductance capacitive voltage divider and current measuring resistor. The measured waveforms of voltage and current are digitized and processed by a computer program to remove the inductive component, so as to obtain resistive voltage and power deposition. The influence of pressure, cathode geometry and charging voltage of storage capacitors on the electrical properties in the breakdown phase are investigated. The results suggest that the breakdown phase of pseudo-spark consists of three stages. The first stage is mainly hollow cathode discharge. In the second stage, field-enhanced thermionic emission takes place, resulting in a fast voltage drop and sharp rise of discharge current. The third stage of discharge depends simply on the parameters of the discharge circuit.

Analysis of micro-indentation problem of a soft film on a hard substrate

Two stages have been observed in micro-indentation experiment of a soft film on a hard substrate. In the first stage, the hardness of the thin film decreases with increasing depth of indentation when indentation is shallow; and in the second stage, the hardness of the film increases with increasing depth of indentation when the indenter tip approaches the hard substrate. In this paper, the new strain gradient theory is used to analyze the micro-indentation behavior of a soft film on a hard substrate. Meanwhile, the classic plastic theory is also applied to investigating the problem. Comparing two theoretical results with the experiment data, one can find that the strain gradient theory can describe the experiment data at both the shallow and deep indentation depths quite well, while the classic theory can't explain the experiment results.

A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF LESIONS OF AREA-7 OF THE PARIETAL CORTEX ON THE SHORT-TERM VISUAL SPATIAL MEMORY OF RHESUS-MONKEYS (MACACA-MULATTA)

This research is focused on the contribution of area 7 to the short-term visual spatial memory. Three rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained in the direct delayed response task in which 5 delay intervals were used in each session. When each monkey reached the criterion of 90% correct responses in 5 successive sessions, two monkeys underwent a surgery while the other one received a sham operation as a control. In the first stage of the surgery, bilateral areas 7a, 7b and 7ip of the parietal cortex of two monkeys were precisely lesioned. After 7 days of recuperation, the monkeys were required to do the same task. The average percentage of correct responses in the lesioned animals decreased from 94.7% to 89.3% and 93.3% to 82.0% respectively (no significance, P > 0.05, n = 2). In addition, the monkeys' complex movements were mildly impaired. The lesioned monkeys were found to have difficulty picking up food from the wells. In the second stage, bilateral area 7m was lesioned. In the 5 postoperative sessions, the average percentage of correct responses in one monkey, with a relatively precise 7m lesion, decreased from 94.7% to 92.2% (no significance, P > 0.05), while the other monkey, with widely spread necrosis of lateral parietal cortex, showed an. obvious decline in performance, but still over the chance level. After 240 trials this monkey reattained the normal criterion. The results of this research suggest that the lesions of area 7 of the parietal cortex did not significantly affect the short-term visual spatial memory, which has been shown to be sensitive to lesions of the prefrontal cortex; they also support the notion of dissociation of spatial functions in the prefrontal and parietal cortices.

The accumulation and metabolism of astaxanthin in Scenedesmus obliquus (chlorophyceae)

The biosynthesis and metabolism of astaxanthin in coenobium alga Scenedesmus obliquus were investigated using a two-stage culture. The first stage was for the analysis of biosynthesis and accumulation of astaxanthin in alga cells which were cultured under induction conditions (incubation at 30 degrees C and illumination of 180 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) for 48 h. The composition of the secondary carotenoids in algal cells was analyzed and seven ketocarotenoids were identified. The results implied that S. obliquus synthesized astaxanthin from beta-carotene through three possible pathways. In the second stage, the cultures were transferred to normal conditions (incubation at 25 C and illumination of 80 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) for 72 h. Algal cells accumulated more chlorophyll and biosynthesis of secondary carotenoids terminated, the content of secondary carotenoids decreased from 59.48 to 6.57%. The results inferred that accumulation and metabolism of astaxanthin could be controlled by cultivated conditions which also could lead the mobilization of secondary carotenoids to support the algal cell growth. The results also implied that presumed conversions from astaxanthin to lutein or antheraxanthin could be modulated by culturing conditions. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

黄土丘陵区上黄试区农业生态经济系统演变阶段划分及其驱动力初探

黄土丘陵区固原上黄试验区近20年(1986-2005)来农业生态经济系统演变过程可划分为三个阶段:第Ⅰ阶段(1986-1999)、第Ⅱ阶段(1999-2002)、第Ⅲ阶段(2002-2005)。在对农业生态经济系统演变三个阶段的特征及互动过程分析的基础上,利用通径分析方法探讨了各个阶段的驱动力。第Ⅰ阶段:提高单产是主要驱动力;第Ⅱ阶段:退耕还林还草是主要驱动力;第Ⅲ阶段:经济利益是主要驱动力。

Concentration and time dependant behavior of chlorpromazine interaction with supported bilayer lipid membrane

The interaction of chlorpromazine (CPZ) with supported bilaver lipid (dipalmitoyphosphatidylcholine) membrane (s-BLM) on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance spectroscopy. The experimental data, based on the voltammetric response of Ru(NH3)(6)(3+) associated with the oxidation of CPZ on the electrode, indicated that the interaction of CPZ with s-BLM was concentration and time dependant. The interaction between them could be divided into three stages by the concentration of CPZ: low, middle and high concentration. At the first stage, s-BLM was not affected by CPZ and the interaction was only a penetration of a small quantity of CPZ molecule into s-BLM. At the second stage, the defects formed in s-BLM due to the penetration of more CPZ molecule into s-BLM. At the last stage, a high CPZ:lipid ratio reached in s-BLM, resulting in the solubilization of s-BLM. The interaction time had different effect at three stages.

基于立体视觉的移动机器人自主导航定位系统

描述了一种基于立体视觉的移动机器人自主导航定位系统。该系统采用双目立体视觉完成环境特征的 3D信息提取 ,实时计算出机器人相对作业目标的位姿 (6D)关系 ,导引移动机器人控制系统按目标导向进行运动。系统在相对位姿计算中采用旋动(Screw)理论 ,将带约束的多变量函数的非线性优化问题转化为线性方程组的最小二乘问题 ,简化了计算复杂性。实验表明 ,这个导航定位系统在定位精度和数据处理速度上均可满足机器人导航的要求。

柴达木盆地西区新生代构造演化

The Qaidam Basin constitutes a major portion of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and an understanding of its tectonic development will help decipher how the Tibetan Plateau was formed. It is shown that Late Cretaceous–Paleocene deposits of the western Qaidam Basin can be well correlated with their counterparts of the southwestern Tarim Basin, implying that the two regions were originally connected or were in the same depositional basin during that period of time. The Qaidam Basin commenced subsiding due to crustal shortening in the Eocene, and it has subsequently evolved into an independent basin since the Miocene. The main depocenter was noticeably persistent in the middle of the western Qaidam Basin from Eocene to Miocene time, and then it shifted to the east. On the basis of spatial stratigraphic correlation and restoration of sedimentary processes, we surmise that there existed a proto–Qaidam Basin during the Paleogene, where the Suhai and Kumukol Basins represent its northern and southern margins, respectively. The Suhai and Kumukol Basins were subsequently isolated from the Qaidam Basin as a result of basinward thrusting in basin-margin areas. It is shown that the western Qaidam Basin experienced three distinct stages: the first stage was characterized by a simple synclinal depression; the second stage was marked by occurrence of reverse faults at inflection points of the megafold and continuous subsidence in the middle of the basin; and the third stage featured intrabasinal deformation and uplift. The eastern Qaidam Basin underwent a diverse evolution and became the main depositional area in the Quaternary. It is suggested that the Qaidam Basin should be generated as a result of crustal buckling or folding, manifesting itself as a synclinal depression. The crustal folding model can account for a number of observations, including localization of the depocenter in the middle of the basin, nearly concomitant deformation on the south and north sides of the Qaidam Basin, occurrence of major high-angle reverse faults at basin margins, and generation of adjacent intermontane Suhai and Kumukol Basins. A tectonic model is accordingly advanced to illustrate Cenozoic tectonics of the Qaidam Basin.

东喜马拉雅构造结新生代碰撞变形与岩石圈演化

The Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS) is one of the strongest deformation area along the Himalayan belt resulted from the collision between Indian plate and the Eurasian Plate since the 50～60Ma, and has sensitivity tracked and preserved the whole collisional processes. It should depend on the detail geological investigations to establish the deformational accommodate mode, and the uplift history, to elucidate the deep structure and the crust-mantle interaction of the Tibet Plateau of the EHS. The deep-seated (Main Mantle Thrusts) structures were exhumed in the EHS. The MMT juxtapose the Gangdese metamorphic basement and some relic of Gangdese mantle on the high Himalayan crystalline series. The Namjagbawa group which is 1200～1500Ma dated by U/Pb age of zircon and the Namla group which is 550Ma dated by U/Pb age of zircon is belong to High Himalayan crystalline series and Gangdese basement respectively. There is some ophiolitic relic along the MMT, such as metamorphic ocean mantle peridotite and metamorphic tholeiite of the upper part of ocean-crust. The metamorphic ocean mantle peridotites (spinel-orthopyroxene peridotite) show U type REE patterns. The ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios were, 0.709314～0.720788, and the ~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd ratios were 0.512073～0.512395, plotting in the forth quadrant on the ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr-~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd isotope diagram. Some metamorphic basalt (garnet amphibolite) enclosures have been found in the HP garnet-kynite granulite. The garnet amphibolites can be divided two groups, the first group is deplete of LREE, and the second group is flat or rich LREE, and their ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr, ~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd ratios were 0.70563～0.705381 and 0.512468～0.51263 respectively. Trace element and isotopic characteristics of the garnet amphibolites display that they formed in the E-MORB environment. Some phlogolite amphibole harzburgites, which exhibit extensive replacement by Phl, Amp, Tc and Dol etc, were exhumed along the MMT. The Phl-Amp harzburgites are rich in LREE and LILE, such as Rb, K etc, and depletes Eu (Eu~* = 0.36 ～ 0.68) and HFSE, such as Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, P, Ti etc. The trace element indicate that the Phl-Amp harzburgites have island arc signature. Their ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr are varied from 0.708912 to 0.879839, ~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd from 0.511993 to 0.512164, ε Nd from- 9.2 to - 12.6. Rb/Sr isochrone age of the phlogolite amphibole harzburgite shows the metasomatism took place at 41Ma, and the Amp ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar cooling age indcate the Phl-Amp harzburgite raising at 16Ma. There is an intense crust shortening resulted from the thrust faults and folds in the Cayu block which is shortened more 120km than that of the Lasha block in 35～90Ma. With the NE corner of the India plate squash into the Gangdese arc, the sinistral Pai shear fault and the dextral Aniqiao shear fault on the both sides of the Great bent of Yalun Zangbu river come into active in 21～26Ma. On the other hand, the right-lateral Gongrigabu strike-slip faults come into activity at the same period, a lower age bound for the Gongrigabu strike-slip fault is estimated to be 23～24Ma from zircon of ion-probe U/Pb thermochronology. The Gongrigabu strike-slip faults connect with the Lhari strike-slip fault in the northwestern direction and with the Saganing strike-slip at the southeastern direction. Another important structure in the EHS is the Gangdese detachment fault system (GDS) which occurs between the sedimental cover and the metamorphic basement. The lower age of the GDS is to be 16Ma from the preliminary 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology of white mica. The GDS is thought to be related to the reverse of the subducted Indian crust and the fast uplift of the EHS. Structural and thermochronology investigation of the EHS suggest that the eastern Tibet and the western Yunnan rotated clockwise around the EHS in the period of 35～60Ma. Later, the large-scale strike-slip faults (RRD, Gaoligong and Saganing fault) prolongate into the EHS, and connect with the Guyu fault and Gongrigabu fault, which suggest that the Indianchia block escape along these faults. Two kind of magmatic rocks in the EHS have been investigated, one is the mantle-derived amphibole gabbro, dioposide diorite and amphibole diorite, another is crust origin biotit-garnet adamellite, biotit-garnet granodiorite and garnet-amphibole-biotite granite. The amphibole gabbro dioposite diorite and amphibole diorite are rich in LREE, and LILE, such as Ba, Rb, Th, K, Sr etc, depleted in HFSE, such as Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ti etc. The ratio of ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr are from 0.7044 to 0.7048, ~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd are from 0.5126 to 0.5127. The age of the mantle origin magamatic rocks, which result from the partial melt of the raising and decompression anthenosphere, is 8Ma by ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar dating of amphibole from the diorite. The later crust origin biotite-garnet adamellite, biotite-garnet granodiorite and garnet-amphibole-biotite granite are characterized by aboudance in LREE, and strong depletion of Eu. The ratios of ~(87)Sr-~(86)Sr are from 0.795035 to 0.812028, ~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd from 0.51187 to 0.511901. The ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar plateau age of the amphibole from the garnet-amphibole-biotite granite is 17.5±0.3Ma, and the isochrone age is 16.8±0.6Ma. Their geochemical characteristics show that the crust-derived magmatic rocks formed from partial melting of the lower curst in the post-collisional environment. A group of high-pressure kaynite-garnet granulites and enclave of high-pressure garnet-clinopyroxene grnulites and calc-silicate grnulites are outcroped along the MMT. The peak metamorphic condition of the high-pressure granulites yields T=800～960 ℃, P=1.4～1.8Gpa, corresponding the condition of 60km depth. The retrograde assemblages of the high-pressure grnulites occur at the condition of T=772.3～803.3 ℃, P=0.63～0.64Gpa. The age of the peak metamorphic assemblages are 45 ～ 69Ma indicated by the zircon U/Pb ion-plobe thermochronology, and the retrograde assemblage ages are 13～26Ma by U/Pb, ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar thermochronology. The ITD paths of the high-pressure granulites show that they were generated during the tectonic thickening and more rapid tectonic exhumation caused by the subducting of the Indian plate and subsequent break-off of the subducted slab. A great deal of apatite, zircon and sphene fission-track ages, isotopic thermochronology of the rocks in the EHS show that its rapid raising processes of the EHS can be divided into three main periods. There are 35～60Ma, 13～25Ma, 0～3Ma. 3Ma is a turn in the course of raising in the EHS which is characterized by abruptly acceleration of uplifting. The uplift ratios are lower than 1mm .a~(-1) before 3Ma, and higher than 1mm .a~(-1) with a maximum ratio of 30mm .a~(-1) since 3Ma. The bottom (knick point) of the partial anneal belt is 3.8km above sea level in the EHS, and correspond to age of 3Ma determined by fission-track age of apatite. The average uplift ratio is about 1.4 mm .a~(-1) below the knick point. The EHS has raised 4.3km from the surface of 2.36km above sea level since 3Ma estimated by the fossil partial anneal belt of the EHS. We propose a two-stage subduction model (B+A model) basing on Structural, thermochronological, magmatical, metamorphic and geophysical investigations of the EHS. The first stage is the subduction of the Indian continental margin following after the subduction of the Tethys Ocean crust and subsequent collision with the Gangdese arc, and the second stage is the Indian crust injecting into the lower crust and upper mantle of the Tibet plateau. Slab break-off seems to be occurred between these two stages.

新第三纪红河盆地特征及红河断裂活动对其形成与发育的控制

Based on geodynamic analysis of sedimentary basins, combined sedimentology with structural geology and other methods, the author studied the Honghe basin located in Yunnan province of Southwestern China. Sandstone slice grain size analysis, combined with field geology and indoors study indicate that a set of inland alluvial fan diposits, fluvial deposites, delta deposits and some lacustrine sediments are in Honghe basin. Studying on shape of the Honghe basin, sedimentary and structural characteristic and distribution of different kinds of conglomerate and its structural significance, we hold the idea that the formation and evolution of Honghe basin are controlled by the activity of Red River faut. Correlation of lithostratic cross section in Honghe basin and studying on activity of Red River fault indicate that Honghe basin was formed in two stages. It is a complex basin constitutes of the first-stage trans-releasing basin and the second-stage trans-downfaulted basin. Due to the uplift of Qinghai-Xizang plateau and deformation of orogeny, the western Yunnan and adjacent area move to SE direction as a result of Tectonic Escape. Right lateral strike slip occurred along Red River fault, trans-releasing basin formed at the bend part of the fault due to stress relexation. As the block escaping, it moves away from the other block of the Red River fault, the upper block move down obliquely and trans-downfaulted basin formed. Combined the age of phytolite and regional structural events, we think the first-stage transreleasing basin was formed in late Miocene, on the other words, the dextral strike slip of Red River fault may began in late Miocene (10-7Ma). The second-stage trans-downfaulted basin may be formed in early stage of Pliocene (about 4.7Ma). Subsequently, the bilateral faults dipping to the inside of the plateau and thrusting outwards occurred in the marginal region of Qinghai-Xizang plateau during its uplifting as a fan-shaped mountain body, this results in the uplift of the strata to the east of Red River fault and supply large quantity of provenance for the Honghe basin. In last Pliocene (about 3Ma), strong uplift of Qinghai-Xizang plateau leads to massive clastic sediment entered Honghe basin and causes its closure. As a kind of trans-tentional basin, trans-releasing basin is different to pull-apart basin. The author compared the Mosha trans-releasing basin with Jinggu pull-apart basin in SW Yunan, China, and described their character correspondingly. Otherwise, the author combined the predecessors' studding with conclusion of own study, discussed the kinematics of Ailaoshan-Red River belt in Cenozoic, and the relationship between the formation of Honghe basin and uplifting of Qinghai-Xizang plateau.

山东莱芜中生代高镁侵入岩及其超镁铁质岩捕掳体的成因研究

In order to know better about the Phanerozoic lithosphere thinning process of Sino-Korea Plate, four Cretaceous intrusion complexes and their ultramafic xenoliths are investigated by this thesis, which are located in Laiwu, Shandong Province, Eastern China, a region far away from plate margin. The four complexes, Kuanshan, Jiaoyu, Jingniushan and Tietonggou, intruded into Archaeozoic granite gneiss and Paleozoic carbonate rocks with scam iron ore at their contact zone. The four complexes can be divided into two magma series, abyssal rocks for the early and hypabyssal rocks for the later. K-Ar dating show that the abyssal rocks intrusion began with 120 ±2 Ma and the hypabyssal rocks intruded about 113 Ma. Abyssal rocks, mainly made up of augite diorites, amphibole diorites and gabbros for the lesser, are chemically characterized with high-Mg (Mg#>0.5) high-K calcalklic rock, which are depleted with Nb, Ta and Ti related to LILE and extremely enriched with Sr and Pb. Comparatively, augite diorites are the most LREE enriched in abyssal rocks, and they show no Eu abnorrnity or weak positive Eu abnormity. Gabbros show the least LREE enrichment with a strong Eu abnormity relatively. In (~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_1 -ε Nd(T) diagram, the abyssal rocks show a mixing trend , a rapid change in ε Nd(T) with a relatively small change in (~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_1. Low radiogenic Sr and Pb composition with high radiogeic Nd composition indicate that the mixing processes happened in lower crust Melt-rock interactions in lower crust might be the most possible processes to produce these high-Mg and high-K calcalklic magmas. Hypabyssal rocks, mainly made up of granite porphyry and dioritic porphrite, show much higher ε Nd(T) than abyssal rocks. Granite porphyry are distinct with an adakite geochemical characteristics, high (La/Yb)_N, Sr/Y and low Rb/Sr ratio. The adakitic granite porphyry indicates a new lower crust produced by underplating within plate. Ultramafic xenoliths had been found only in augite diorites and amphibole diorites. Field investigations show that ultramafic xenoliths in augite diorites had been inherited from amphibole diorites, so ultramafic xenoliths had been only entrained by hydrous dioritic magma. Ultramafic xenoliths are mainly made up of dunite and harzburgite, orthopyroxenite and bistangite are the lessor. Coarse olivines in dunite often show many chromite exsolution lamellae. Opx in orthopyroxenite often show dense chromite exsolution lamellae. The presence of exsolution minerals indicates that ultramafic xenoliths had cooled before entraining. Metasomatism phenomenons are popular in dunite and harzburgite xenoliths, including two kinds of assemblage, cpx+phlogapite and opx+pl. The first metasomatism assemblage indicates an ancient enrichment. Rb-Sr dating of xenoliths shows that the ancient enrichment happened in 223 ± 7Ma. The second metasomatism assemblage indicates a recent, relatively not deep melt-rock interaction, which might be related with the genesis of the high-Mg high-K calcalklic rocks. Mineralogy and geochemistry indicate that these ultramafic xenoliths might sample the crust-mante transition zone (or the base of lower crust, moho). Investigation of high-Mg intrusions and their ultramafic xenoliths in Laiwu indicate that the thinning processes of Sino-Korea Plate can be divided into two stages. The first stage is lithosphere mantle thinning with crust thickening by underplating in lower crust. The second stage is that the thickened lower crust delaminated into the underlying mantle.