Kinetic Assessment of Measured Mass Flow Rates and Streamwise Pressure Distributions in Microchannel Gas Flows

Measured mass flow rates and streamwise pressure distributions of gas flowing through microchannels were reported by many researchers. Assessment of these data is crucial before they are used in the examination of slip models and numerical schemes, and in the design of microchannel elements in various MEMS devices. On the basis of kinetic solutions of the mass flow rates and pressure distributions in microchannel gas flows, the measured data available are properly normalized and then are compared with each other. The 69 normalized data of measured pressure distributions are in excellent agreement, and 67 of them are within 1 +/- 0.05. The normalized data of mass flow-rates ranging between 0.95 and 1 agree well with each other as the inlet Knudsen number Kn (i) < 0.02, but they scatter between 0.85 and 1.15 as Kn (i) > 0.02 with, to some extent, a very interesting bifurcation trend.

Thickness And Component Distributions Of Yttrium-Titanium Alloy Films In Electron-Beam Physical Vapor Deposition

Thickness and component distributions of large-area thin films are an issue of international concern in the field of material processing. The present work employs experiments and direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method to investigate three-dimensional low-density, non-equilibrium jets of yttrium and titanium vapor atoms in an electron-beams physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) system furnished with two or three electron-beams, and obtains their deposition thickness and component distributions onto 4-inch and 6-inch mono-crystal silicon wafers. The DSMC results are found in excellent agreement with our measurements, such as evaporation rates of yttrium and titanium measured in-situ by quartz crystal resonators, deposited film thickness distribution measured by Rutherford backscattering spectrometer (RBS) and surface profilometer and deposited film molar ratio distribution measured by RBS and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). This can be taken as an indication that a combination of DSMC method with elaborate measurements may be satisfactory for predicting and designing accurately the transport process of EBPVD at the atomic level.

Experimental Investigation Of Particle Velocity Distributions In Windblown Sand Movement

With the PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) measurement technology, the probability distributions of particle impact and lift-off velocities on bed surface and the particle velocity distributions at different heights are detected in a wind tunnel. The results show that the probability distribution of impact and lift-off velocities of sand grains can be expressed by a log-normal function, and that of impact and lift-off angles complies with an exponential function. The mean impact angle is between 28 degrees and 39 degrees, and the mean lift-off angle ranges from 30 degrees to 44 degrees. The mean lift-off velocity is 0.81-0.9 times the mean impact velocity. The proportion of backward-impacting particles is 0.05-0.11, and that of backward-entrained particles ranges from 0.04 to 0.13. The probability distribution of particle horizontal velocity at 4 mm height is positive skew, the horizontal velocity of particles at 20 mm height varies widely, and the variation of the particle horizontal velocity at 80 mm height is less than that at 20 mm height. The probability distribution of particle vertical velocity at different heights can be described as a normal function.

Distributions of temperature, velocity and viscosity at symmetrical axis of cylindrical plume in earth's mantle with variable viscosity

The parameters at the symmetrical axis of a cylindrical plume characterize the strength of this plume and provide a boundary condition which must be given to investigate the structure of a plume. For Newtonian fluid with a temperature-and pressure-dependence viscosity, an asymptotical solution of hydrodynamic equations at the symmetrical axis of the plume is found in the present paper. The temperature, upward velocity and viscosity at the symmetrical axis have been obtained as functions of depth, The calculated results have been given for two typical sets of Newtonian rheological parameters. The results obtained show that the temperature distribution along the symmetrical axis is nearly independent of the theological parameters. The upward velocity at the symmetrical axis, however, is strongly dependent on the rheological parameters.

Effect of coal-over-coal reburn on furnace temperature and heat flux distributions in 1 MW tangentially fired furnace

The furnace temperature and heat flux distributions of 1 MW tangentially fired furnace were studied during coal-over-coal reburn, and the influences of the position of reburn nozzle and reburn fuel fraction on furnace temperature and heat flux distributions were investigated. Compared with the baseline, the flue gas temperature is 70–90 C lower in primary combustion and 130–150 C higher at furnace exit, and the variations of the flue gas temperature distributions along furnace height are slower. The temperature distribution along the width of furnace wall decreases with the increase of the relative furnace height. In the primary combustion zone and the reburn zone, the temperature and heat flux distributions of furnace wall are much non-uniform and asymmetric along the width of furnace wall, those of furnace wall in the burnout zone are relatively uniform, and the temperature non-uniformity coefficients of the primary combustion zone, the reburn zone and the burnout zone are 0.290, 0.100 and 0.031, respectively.

The calculation of photoelectron angular distributions with jet-like structure from scattering theory

Photoelectron angular distributions produced in above-threshold ionization (ATI) are analysed using a nonperturbative scattering theory. The numerical results are in good qualitative agreement with recent measurements. Our study shows that the origin of the jet-like structure arises from the inherent properties of the ATI process and not from the angular momentum of either the initial or the excited states of the atom.

A scaling law of photoelectron angular distributions in one-cycle laser pulses

The photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) from above-threshold ionization of atoms irradiated by one-cycle laser pulses satisfy a scaling law. The scaling law denotes that the main features of the PADs are determined by four dimensionless parameters: (1) the ponderomotive number u(p) = U-p/hw, the ponderomotive energy U-p in units of laser photon energy; (2) the binding number E-b = E-b/h(w), the atomic binding energy E-b in units of laser photon energy; (3) the number of absorbed photons q; (4) the carrier-envelope phase phi(0), the phase of the carrier wave with respect to the envelope. We verify the scaling law by theoretical analysis and numerical calculation, compared to that in long-pulse case. A possible experimental test to verify the scaling law is suggested.

The intensity distributions of collected signals in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy with the combining of confocal and CARS techniques is a remarkable alternative for imaging chemical or biological specimens that neither fluoresce nor tolerate labeling. The CARS is a nonlinear optical process, the imaging properties of CARS microscopy will be very different from the conventional confocal microscopy. In this paper, we calculated the propagation of CARS signals by using the wave equation in medium and the slowly varying envelope approximation (SVEA), and find that the intensity angular distributions vary considerably with the different experimental configurations and the different specimen shapes. So the conventional description of microscopy (e.g.. the point spread function) will fail to descript the imaging properties of CARS microscopy. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Photoelectron angular distributions of molecules in bichromatic laser fields of circular polarization

Photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) from above-threshold ionization of O-2 and N-2 molecules irradiated by a bichromatic laser field of circular polarization are Studied. The bichromatic laser field is specially modulated such that it can be used to mimic a sequence of one-cycle laser pulses. The PADs are greatly affected by the molecular alignment, the symmetry of the initial electronic distribution, and the carrier-envelope phase of the laser pulses. Generally, the PADs do not show any symmetry, and become symmetric about an axis only when the symmetric axis of laser field coincides with the symmetric axis of molecules. This study shows that the few-cycle laser pulses call be used to steer the photoelectrons and perform the selective ionization of molecules. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Angular distributions of multiphoton detachment of H- in various infrared laser fields

Using a nonperturbative quantum scattering theory, the photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) from the multiphoton detachment of H- ions in strong, linearly polarized infrared laser fields are obtained to interpret recent experimental observations. In our theoretical treatment, the PADs in n-photon detachment are determined by the nth-order generalized phased Bessel (GPB) functions X-n(Z(f),eta). The advantage of using the GPB scenario to calculate PADs is its simplicity: a single special function (GPB) without any mixing coefficient can express PADs observed by recent experiments. Thus, the GPB scenario can be called a parameterless scenario.

Photoelectron angular distributions from above threshold ionization of hydrogen atoms in strong laser fields

We apply a scattering theory of nonperturbative quantum electrodynamics to study the photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) of a hydrogen atom irradiated by linearly polarized laser light. The calculated PADs show main lobes and jetlike structure. Previous experimental studies reveal that in a set of above-threshold-ionization peaks when the absorbed-photon number increases by one, the jet number also increases by one. Our study confirms this experimental observation. Our calculations further predict that in some cases three more jets may appear with just one-more-photon absorption. With consideration of laser-frequency change, one less jet may also appear with one-more-photon absorption. The jetlike structure of PADs is due to the maxima of generalized phased Bessel functions, not an indication of the quantum number of photoelectron angular momentum states.

Spectral distributions of harmonic generation from electron oscillation driven by intense femtosecond laser pulses

The characteristics of harmonic radiation due to electron oscillation driven by an intense femtosecond laser pulse are analyzed considering a single electron model. An interesting modulated structure of the spectrum is observed and analyzed for different polarization. Higher order harmonic radiations are possible for a sufficiently intense driving laser pulse. We have shown that for a realistic pulsed photon beam, the spectrum of the radiation is red shifted as well as broadened because of changes in the longitudinal velocity of the electrons during the laser pulse. These effects are more pronounced at higher laser intensities giving rise to higher order harmonics that eventually leads to a continuous spectrum. Numerical simulations have further shown that by increasing the laser pulse width broadening of the high harmonic radiations can be limited. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Anomaly in photoelectron angular distributions

The recently observed anomaly in photoelectron angular distributions (PADs), the disappearance of the main lobes of PADs which should be usually in the direction of laser polarization, is reinterpreted as a minimum of generalized Bessel functions in the laser-polarization direction with the theory of nonperturbative quantum electrodynamics. The reinterpretation has no artificial fitting parameters and explains more features of the experimentally observed PADs, in contrast to the existing interpretation in which the anomaly is interpreted as a quantum interference of angular momentum partial waves. Some hierarchy anomalies are predicted for further experimental observations.