Larval metamorphosis and morphological characteristic analysis of triploid shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765)

Both MI and MII triploids were successfully produced by heat shock in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The inducing conditions for MI and MII triploids were optimized. The highest inducing rate obtained for MI triploids reached more than 90%, and that for MII triploids reached nearly 100% at the nauplius stage as evaluated using flow cytometry. Comparisons of survival rates at larval stages between triploids and diploids or diploids experiencing treatment and diploids without treatment were performed. At larval stage from nauplii to postlarvae, heat shocks lowered survival at larval stages even if the ploidy was not changed. Ploidy did not affect shrimp larvae survival, and no significant difference was found in the survival of shrimp larvae between MI and MII triploids. Highly significant differences were observed in the morphology of triploids and diploids, and no apparent difference was found in the morphology of MI and MII triploids at the grow-out stages. Discriminating formulae for triploid and diploid shrimp at grow-out stage were developed and could be used to distinguish triploids from diploids based on morphological parameters. MI and MII triploids of shrimp have the potential to be used in aquaculture.

Comparative growth performances of diploid and triploid Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) under different salinities

This study aimed at evaluating the ploidy effects on growth performances of Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis Osbeck, 1765) reared in different salinities under laboratory conditions. In the acute salinity experiment, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in tolerance observed in triploid and diploid shrimp due to abrupt salinity changes. The lethal salinity for 50% of the individuals in 96 h at 23-25 degrees C was about 2 g L-1 in both triploids and diploids. While for the chronic salinity experiment, statistical analyses confirmed that the differences in growth performances including the specific growth rate (SGR), the feeding rate (FR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and intermoult period (IP) between triploid and diploid were related to salinity. Diploid shrimp reared in 20 g L-1 exhibited highest SGR (P < 0.05), while triploids performed well in 20 and 30 g L-1 salinities (P < 0.05). Based on the survival and growth data, the optimal salinity for the culture of diploid F. chinensis should be 20 g L-1 and for triploids it should be between 20 and 30 g L-1.

超临界煤油超声速燃烧特性实验 Experiments on Supersonic Combustion of Supercritical Kerosene

针对各种温度、压力下，马赫数2．5流场中超临界煤油的超声速燃烧性能进行了实验研究。研制并测试了一个新型二级煤油加热系统，该系统能够把0．8kg的煤油在5．5MPa压力下加热至至950K而不产生严重的结碳。超声速燃烧试验表明，在相同的来流和燃料当量比条件下，超临界煤油的燃烧效率比室温煤油提高10％～15％，与氢气泡雾化的燃烧效率相当。

QM/MM and Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Histidine-Tagged Peptide Immobilization on Nickel Surface

The hybrid quantum mechanics (QM) and molecular mechanics (MM) method is employed to simulate the His-tagged peptide adsorption to ionized region of nickel surface. Based on the previous experiments, the peptide interaction with one Ni ion is considered. In the QM/MM calculation, the imidazoles on the side chain of the peptide and the metal ion with several neighboring water molecules are treated as QM part calculated by “GAMESS”, and the rest atoms are treated as MM part calculated by “TINKER”. The integrated molecular orbital/molecular mechanics (IMOMM) method is used to deal with theQMpart with the transitional metal. By using the QM/MM method, we optimize the structure of the synthetic peptide chelating with a Ni ion. Different chelate structures are considered. The geometry parameters of the QM subsystem we obtained by QM/MM calculation are consistent with the available experimental results. We also perform a classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with the experimental parameters for the synthetic peptide adsorption on a neutral Ni(1 0 0) surface. We find that half of the His-tags are almost parallel with the substrate, which enhance the binding strength. Peeling of the peptide from the Ni substrate is simulated in the aqueous solvent and in vacuum, respectively. The critical peeling forces in the two environments are obtained. The results show that the imidazole rings are attached to the substrate more tightly than other bases in this peptide.

有源波导环形谐振腔滤波特性分析

将掺铒有源波导材料引入环形谐振腔结构，从理论上分析了有源波导环形谐振腔的滤波特性。结果表明由于抽运光提供的增益补偿了腔内损耗，使得环形谐振腔满足临界耦合条件，实现对信号光的最佳陷波，同时发现通过改变抽运光功率，可以对精细度和带宽进行动态调谐。分析了铒离子掺杂浓度、信号光功率以及抽运光耦合系数对最佳陷波抽运功率的影响，为有源波导器件设计制作提供了理论依据。

沉积温度对HfO2薄膜残余应力的影响

用电子柬蒸发方法制备了HfO2薄膜，根据镀膜前后基片曲率半径的变化，用Stoney公式计算了薄膜应力。讨论了沉积温度对薄膜残余应力的影响。结果发现，HfO2薄膜的残余应力均为张应力，应力值随沉积温度的升高先增大后减小，在280℃左右出现极大值。对样品进行了XRD测试，从微观结构上对实验结果进行了分析，发现微结构演变引起的内应力变化是引起薄膜残余应力改变的主要因素，HfO2薄膜在所选沉积温度60～350℃内出现了晶态转变，堆积密度随温度升高而增大。

横断山区紫乌头复合体的物种形成初探

物种形成是生物进化的重要步骤，是进化生物学中的基本问题。研究一些关键地区植物的物种形成，将提高对这些地区植物区系发生与发展的认识，横断山区就是这样一个非常独特与关键的地区。本文通过对主要分布于横断山区的紫乌头A.delavayi复合体进行nrDNA ITS序列、等位酶与RAPD分析，初步探讨了横断山区紫乌头A.delavayi复合体的起源与物种形成。同时对使用RAPD与等位酶数据研究群体遗传结构的方法进行了探讨。主要研究结果如下： 1. ITS序列研究 对乌头属27个类群的ITS序列进行了简约法与邻接法的研究，两种方法得到的系统发育树基本一致。乌头亚属的蔓乌头系 Ser. Volublia不是一个单系起源的类群，显拄乌头系 Ser. Sstylosa 与兴安乌头系Ser. Ambigua各自作为单系起源也没有得到支持。特产于云南西北部横断山区的一些种之间存在非常近的系统发育关系，说明这些种是近期物种形成的产物。紫乌头A.delavayi复合体的不同类群在系统发育树上被分到不同的分支中，含西南乌头A. episcopale的分支最为独特，处于系统发育树靠近基部的位置;松潘乌头 A.sunpanense与四川西北部的弯喙乌头A.campylorrhynchum组成一个分支，另一个分支含土官村乌头A.tuguancunense、紫乌头A.delavayi、玉龙乌头A.stapfianum与黄草乌A.vilmorinianum; 表明紫乌头A.delavayi复合体有3个独立的起源，因而该复合体在遗传上是不成立的。但是为了讨论与叙述的方便，本研究仍使用紫乌头A.delavayi复合体这个名字。 2. 等位酶研究 用10种酶系统14个位点，对紫乌头A.delavayi分布于云南横断山区的4种8个居群进行了等位酶分析。结果表明横断山区紫乌头A.delavayi复合体居群的遗传多样性明显低于北美和欧洲的乌头属植物。呈垂直替代关系的紫乌头A.delavayi与玉龙乌头A.stapfianum居群之间出现有规律的遗传多样性变化，表明冰川对横断山区植物的遗传多样性有重大影响。聚类分析的结果与ITS分析的结果基本一致，西南乌头A. episcopale仍然是较为独特的一类;其余3个种的居群聚为一类，紫乌头A.delavayi与玉龙乌头A.stapfianum之间的遗传一致度非常高，超过0.95。8个居群的主成分分析没有证实西南乌头A. episcopale中存在杂交渗入。Mantel 检验的结果显示8个居群之间的遗传趋异程度与地理距离之间显著相关。基因分化系数GST与近交系数FIS均显示这些居群不是以异交为主。居群间每代迁移个体数Nm显示这些居群间基因流较弱。 3. RAPD研究 用20个随机引物得到117个RAPD位点，对23个居群进行研究。其中19个属于紫乌头A.delavayi复合体，4个属于与之近缘的瓜叶乌头A.hemsleyanum。根据RAPD表型频率与单倍型频率，分别对23个居群进行了聚类分析。结果显示这两种方法所得结果高度一致，而且也与ITS和等位酶的分析结果基本一致。西南乌头A. episco pale仍然是最为独特一个分支，在本文中称为分支1。其余的居群聚成两个关系较近的大分支，一个分支包含所有分布于云南与四川西南部横断山区的居群，称为分支2，另一个包括所有分布于四川西北部与北部横断山区、重庆东北部、湖北西部与陕西的居群。大部分种处于同一分支中，只有弯喙乌头A.campylorrhynchum与瓜叶乌头A.hemsleyanum的居群分别被聚在分支2与分支3中，完全符合居群的地理位置。从3个分支内的聚类关系可以看出居群间遗传趋异等级与地理隔离程度明显相关。在遗传多样性水平上，分支1明显比分支2和分支3低许多，分支2又高于分支3。 在分支2内部，紫乌头A.delavayi与玉龙乌头A.stapfianum之间的遗传多样性变化与等位酶结果相同。在分支3的松潘乌头 A.sunpanense 5个居群中，横断山区海拔最高的2个居群遗传多样性最低。将23个居群划分成不同等级进行AMOVA分析，结果表明总遗传多样性主要分布于地区间，其次是居群间，居群内遗传多样性所占比例很低。 4．群体遗传结构研究中的数据处理方法 本研究结果表明，在使用RAPD表型数据进行AMOVA分析时，最好采用欧氏距离平方系数。本研究还说明，计算GST的两种不同方法将导致结果不同，而要与Hamrick and Godt（1990）的总结进行对比的话，最好使用他们采用的计算方法。 基于以上研究结果，可得出如下结论：⑴ 紫乌头A.delavayi复合体有3个不同的起源。西南乌头A. episcopale是一个古特有种，其余均为近期物种形成的产物。⑵地理隔离在横断山区紫乌头A.delavayi复合体的物种形成过程中影响最大。而地理隔离主要起因于连续分布区的片段化与瓶颈效应，而这两个原因又与横断山区的地质历史与冰川进退密切相关。

Chryseobacterium flavum sp nov., isolated from polluted soil

A Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated CW-E 2(T), was isolated from a polluted soil sample collected from Jiangsu Province, China. A taxonomic study of the isolate, including phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene seque

Relaxation of selective constraints on avian mitochondrial DNA following the degeneration of flight ability

The evolution of flight is the most important feature of birds, and this ability has helped them become one of the most successful groups of vertebrates. However, some species have independently lost their ability to fly. The degeneration of flight abilit

大额牛精液低温冷冻保存方法

本发明涉及一种大额牛精液低温冷冻保存方法，属生物技术领域。本发明利用滴冻法对大额牛精液进行冷冻保存。冷冻液的配方为卵黄15％-20％v/v、甘油3％-6％v/v、乳糖1.0M-1.5M和蔗糖1.0M-1.5M；防冻液与精液稀释比例为1∶10、稀释后的精液放置在室温下平衡1小时，再转移到4℃冰箱中平衡3小时；冷冻精液的品质判定指标为：解冻复速率不低于70％；精子体外存活时间在解冻后放入37℃、5％CO2培养箱中进行培养1小时后，运动度不小于30％；金黄地鼠裸卵穿透率不低于38％；精液在50mOsm/kg的低渗溶液中，38℃的5％CO2培养相中培养1小时，精子肿胀率不低于39％。本发明具有实用且效果可靠，提供的大额牛冷冻精液品质的评定方法和判定指标科学、规范等优点。

蓝藻TIM上的一个特异抑制靶位点及其应用

本发明涉及蓝藻TIM上的一个特异抑制靶位点及其应用，属生物技术领域。该抑制靶位点位于蓝藻TIM Loop-6的铰链区，为蓝藻Synechocystis sp.TIM氨基酸编号为准的半胱氨酸位点-Cys176。该抑制靶位点可作为在设计水华抑制剂中的应用。

饮用水中浮游藻类标本制作方法

目的 研究饮用水中藻类形态学鉴定样品标本制作方法。方法 分别对不同水源供水区末梢水和同一地点水箱水采样,进行藻类形态学检测。结果城市末梢水中浮游藻类检出率为89％;饮水水箱水中浮游藻类检出率为60％,并且观察到水箱水藻类在种属和数量上增加的情况。结论 该样品标本制作方法完全可以用于饮用水藻类形态学研究。

Molecular cloning and characterization of crucian carp (Carassius auratus L.) interferon regulatory factor 7

Interferon (IFN) can induce an antiviral state via interferon-regulatory transcription factors (IRFs), which bind to and control genes directed by the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE). Here we describe a fish IRF, termed CaIRF7, cloned from a subtractive cDNA library which is constructed with mRNAs obtained from crucian carp (Carassius auratus L.) blastulae embryonic (CAB) cells infected by UV-inactivated GCHV and mock-infected cells. CaIRF7 cDNA was found to be 1816 bp in length, with a 42 bp 5' UTR and a 508 bp 3' UTR. The open reading frame translates into 421 amino acids in which a DNA-binding domain (DBD) containing the repeated tryptophan motif and IRFs association domain have been identified. Like chicken GgIRF3, CaIRF7 was most similar to mammalian IRF7 with 27 to 30% identity overall and some 37% identity in their DBDs. A single transcript of 1.9 kb was detected in virally induced CAB cells by virtual Northern blotting. RT-PCR analysis revealed a wide tissue distribution of CaIRF7 constitutive expression, with detectable transcript in non-infected CAB cells and various tissues of healthy crucian carp. In addition, CaIRF7 expression was differentially increased by stimulation of the CAB cells with active GCHV, UV-inactivated GCHV or CAB IFN, indicating that the activation of CaIRF7 was directly regulated by IFN. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd.